Terephthalate Glycol Research Articles

Low Temperature Area Selective Atomic Layer Deposition of Ruthenium Dioxide Thin Films Using Polymers as Inhibition Layers

AbstractArea selective atomic layer deposition (AS‐ALD) is an interesting bottom‐up approach due to its self‐aligned fabrication potential. Ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) is an important material for several applications, including microelectronics, demanding area selective processing. Herein, it is shown that ALD of RuO2 using methanol and RuO4 as reactants results in uninhibited continuous growth on SiO2, whereas there is no deposition on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) blanket films even up to 200 ALD cycles, resulting in around 25 nm of selective RuO2 deposition on SiO2. The excellent selectivity of the process is verified with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray fluorescence, and scanning transmission electron microscopy. AS‐ALD is possible at deposition temperatures as low as 60 °C, with an area selective window from 60 to 120 °C. The deposition of RuO2 using other coreactants namely ethanol and isopropanol in combination with RuO4 increases the process's growth rate while maintaining selectivity. Testing different polymer thin films such as poly(ethylene terephthalate glycol), (poly(lauryl methacrylate)‐co‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate), polystyrene, and Kraton reveals an important relationship between polymer structure and the applicability of such polymers as mask layers. Finally, the developed method is demonstrated by selectively depositing RuO2 on patterned SiO2/PMMA samples, followed by PMMA removal, resulting in RuO2 nanopatterns.

Fused filament fabrication (FFF): influence of layer height on forces and moments delivered by aligners—an in vitro study

ObjectivesTo investigate the effect of layer height of FFF-printed models on aligner force transmission to a second maxillary premolar during buccal torquing, distalization, extrusion, and rotation using differing foil thicknesses.Materials and methodsUtilizing OnyxCeph3™ Lab (Image Instruments GmbH, Chemnitz, Germany, Release Version 3.2.185), the following movements were programmed for the second premolar: buccal torque (0.1–0.5 mm), distalization (0.1–0.4 mm), extrusion (0.1–0.4 mm), rotation (0.1–0.5 mm), and staging 0.1 mm. Via FFF, 91 maxillary models were printed for each staging at different layer heights (100 µm, 150 µm, 200 µm, 250 µm, 300 µm). Hence, 182 aligners, made of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-G) with two thicknesses (0.5 mm and 0.75 mm), were prepared. The test setup comprised an acrylic maxillary model with the second premolar separated and mounted on a sensor, measuring initial forces and moments exerted by the aligners. A generalized linear model for the gamma distribution was applied, evaluating the significance of the factors layer height, type of movement, aligner thickness, and staging on aligner force transmission.ResultsFoil thickness and staging were found to have a significant influence on forces delivered by aligners, whereas no significance was determined for layer height and type of movement. Nevertheless, at a layer height of 150 µm, the most appropriate force transmission was observed.ConclusionsPrinting aligner models at particularly low layer heights leads to uneconomically high print time without perceptible better force delivery properties, whereas higher layer heights provoke higher unpredictability of forces due to scattering. A z-resolution of 150 µm appears ideal for in-office aligner production combining advantages of economic print time and optimal force transmission.

Electrostatic Repulsive Features of Free-Standing Titanium Dioxide Nanotube-Based Membranes in Biofiltration Applications.

This study presents the electrostatic repulsive features of electrochemically fabricated titanium dioxide nanotube (NT)-based membranes with different surface nanomorphologies in cross-flow biofiltration applications while maintaining a creatinine clearance above 90%. Although membranes exhibit antifouling behavior, their blood protein rejection can still be improved. Due to the electrostatically negative charge of the hexafluorotitanate moiety, the fabricated biocompatible, superhydrophilic, free-standing, and amorphous ceramic nanomembranes showed that about 20% of negatively charged 66 kDa blood albumin was rejected by the membrane with ∼100 nm pores. As the nanomorphology of the membrane was shifted from NTs to nanowires by varying fabrication parameters, pure water flux and bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection performance were reduced, and the membrane did not lose its antifouling behavior. Herein, nanomembranes with different surface nanomorphologies were fabricated by a multi-step anodic oxidation process and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, water contact angle analysis, X-ray diffraction, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The membrane performance of samples was measured in 3D printed polyethylene terephthalate glycol flow cells replicating implantable artificial kidney models to determine their blood toxin removal and protein loss features. In collected urine mimicking samples, creatinine clearances and BSA rejections were measured by the spectrophotometric Jaffe method and high-performance liquid chromatography.

A study of polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PET) pyrolysis mechanisms using reactive molecular dynamic simulations

ABSTRACT In the present work, the pyrolysis of polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PET) was analyzed with reactive molecular dynamics (ReaxFF MD) simulations. The results of non-isothermal pyrolysis simulation were compared with those from thermogravimetric (TG) experiments to determine the simulation temperature for ReaxFF MD. It was indicated that the weight loss curve in ReaxFF MD simulation at 500–2500 K was agreed well with that of TG experimental data at 400–900 K. In isothermal pyrolysis simulation at 1900 K, the final char, tar, and gas yields were 7%, 65%, and 28%, respectively. The activation energies for the conversion of PET to tar and gas were 231 and 143 kJ/mol, respectively. CO2, CO, CH2O and C2H4 are the major gaseous products, and their formation pathways are revealed by analysis of simulation trajectories. The migration and transformation of oxygen during PET pyrolysis at 1900 K were also examined. About 5%, 53%, and 42% of the oxygen were converted into char, tar, and gas, respectively. Among all the gas products, 50%, 35.6%, 5.5%, and 1.2% of oxygen was in CH2O, CO2, CO, and H2O, respectively. The oxygen in C5–15, C16–25 and C26–40 species accounted for 51.76%, 27.46%, and 20.78% of the total oxygen in tar, respectively. The results indicated that most of the oxygen in tar products was in light tars. Finally, the development of char is analyzed. It is found that the final O/C and H/C ratios of char were 0.3 and 0.61, respectively. The maximum pore diameters of char at char conversions of 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% were 7.24, 9.85, 6.01, 4.51, and 4.43 Å, respectively.

From Virtual Reconstruction to Additive Manufacturing: Application of Advanced Technologies for the Integration of a 17th-Century Wooden Ciborium.

3D modelling and 3D printing techniques have become increasingly popular in different fields, including cultural heritage. In this field, there are still many challenges to overcome, such as the difficulty of faithfully reproducing complex geometries or finding materials suitable for restoration, due to the limited scientific studies. This work proposes an example of the application of advanced technologies for the reproduction of four missing columns of a 17th century polychrome wooden ciborium. The difficulties of an automatic scan due to its reflective surface (water gilding and estofado decorations) were overcome by creating a 2D manual survey and a subsequent manual 3D redrawing. The CAD model was used to print the missing elements with fused filament fabrication (FFF) in polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), using the following printing parameters: nozzle 0.4 mm, infill 20%, extrusion temperature of PLA 200 °C and of PETG 220 °C, plate temperature 50 °C, printing speed 60 mm/s, layer height 0.2 mm. The conservation and restoration of the ciborium is nearing completion. This study highlights the importance of collaboration between different professionals for the correct design of a restoration, as well as the need to promote scientific research into the development of new high-performance 3D printing materials suitable for conservation.

Quantify the food delivery package waste generation of Dongguan in grid level using empowerment calculation method

ABSTRACT Food delivery service is under prosperous development in China, and the huge FDPWG (food delivery package waste generation) has brought unignorable environmental burdens. Thus, it’s important to clarify the distribution and composition of FDPW (food delivery package waste). Choosing Dongguan as the study objective, this study developed an empowerment calculation method based on the POI (Point of interest) data, DHM (demographic heat map) data and FDPW data, to clarify the spatial patterns of FDPWG from food delivery merchants to consumers. The FDPWG results were aggregated into 1 km × 1 km grid, town, and functional area levels. Total FDPWG of Dongguan was 4796.68 t per month, composed of 67.61% plastic, 30.88% paper & wood, and 1.51% aluminum. Among plastic materials, HDPE (high density polyethylene), LDPE ((high-density polyethylene), PP (polypropylene), PS (polystyrene), PET (polyethylene glycol terephthalate), and the others took the share of 4.56%, 7.44%, 75.86%, 6.74%, 0.30%, and 5.12%, respectively. It illustrated that FDPWG had a positive correlation with population and GDP (Gross domestic production), and the influences of population and GDP were almost the same. With the level of local urbanization decreased, the plastic proportion had a decreasing trend, and the paper & wood proportion and aluminum proportion had an upward trend oppositely. Policy implications for FDPW management were raised based on the calculation results of FDPWG.

PETG/carbon fiber composites with different structures produced by 3D printing

This research presents a novel methodology for simulating the failure of a 3D-printed engineering design structure. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG)/Carbon fiber (CF) material was utilized to develop and build the structure's topology. The mechanical characteristics of PETG/CF materials were evaluated through modeling, which was quantitatively linked to the experimental results. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the fracture surface material before and after failure testing. The actual tests and numerical studies used five different fabrication structures which were correlated with deformation, force, and failure mode. ANSYS software was used with experimental results and finite element analysis (FEA) under both dynamic and quasi-static conditions. Five 3D printed materials of PETG reinforced with short CFs of approximately 7.6 μm in a weight fraction of 20% were investigated. The overall goal was to create a cost-effective and straightforward material production technology that can retain high mechanical strength while also providing suitable flexibility. The tensile test results of the 3D-printed PETG/CF solid structural design revealed a 23% improvement in yield strength over the other conventional structures. The study illustrates how FEA of 3D printing is used to evaluate the performance of a helmet chinstrap design with different production conditions, hence possibly reducing the product design and development time.

Hygrothermal aging behavior and mechanical properties of modified ramie fiber reinforced polyethylene terephthalate glycol composites

Hygrothermal aging behavior and mechanical properties of modified ramie fiber reinforced polyethylene terephthalate glycol composites

Parametric Modeling and Optimization of Dimensional Error and Surface Roughness of Fused Deposition Modeling Printed Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol Parts.

Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) is a fused deposition modeling (FDM)-compatible material gaining popularity due to its high strength and durability, lower shrinkage with less warping, better recyclability and safer and easier printing. FDM, however, suffers from the drawbacks of limited dimensional accuracy and a poor surface finish. This study describes a first effort to identify printing settings that will overcome these limitations for PETG printing. It aims to understand the influence of print speed, layer thickness, extrusion temperature and raster width on the dimensional errors and surface finish of FDM-printed PETG parts and perform multi-objective parametric optimization to identify optimal settings for high-quality printing. The experiments were performed as per the central composite rotatable design and statistical models were developed using response surface methodology (RSM), whose adequacy was verified using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) models were also developed for response prediction, having a root mean square error of not more than 0.83. For the minimization of surface roughness and dimensional errors, multi-objective optimization using a hybrid RSM and NSGA-II algorithm suggested the following optimal input parameters: print speed = 50 mm/s, layer thickness = 0.1 mm, extrusion temperature = 230 °C and raster width = 0.6 mm. After experimental validation, the predictive performance of the ANFIS (mean percentage error of 9.33%) was found to be superior to that of RSM (mean percentage error of 12.31%).

The Influence of Different Cleaning Protocols on the Surface Roughness of Orthodontic Retainers

Thermoplastic materials are sensitive to humidity, temperature variations, enzyme activities, and cyclic loading. All these factors can cause changes to the mechanical properties of the material. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of different cleaning protocols on the surface roughness of orthodontic retainers. Samples of two brands of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-G) material were exposed to four cleaning protocols: Corega (alkaline peroxide tablets), Toothbrush, Corega + toothbrush, Toothbrush + toothpaste, and Control. Measurement of the surface roughness of the sample on both the top and bottom side was carried out before and after cleaning. There was no statistical difference between the final values of the measured parameters. However, looking at the extent of the change in surface roughness, there was a statistically significant difference in the upper side of the Corega + toothbrush group between Materials A and B. This suggests that there was a greater change in the roughness of material A (Erkodur), given that the mean change in roughness of Material A was Ra 0.047, whereas the mean change in roughness of Material B was Ra 0.022. Almost all the tested cleaning procedures significantly increased the surface roughness of the PET-G retainer material. Of all the methods, the Corega tablets had the lowest influence on surface roughness.

Prediction of quasi‐static elastic modulus for polyethylene‐terephthalate‐glycol prepared from fused deposition modeling

AbstractThis article is concerned about change of elastic modulus as a function of raster angle used in the fused deposition modeling and applicability of laminate theory to prediction of the elastic modulus. Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) was used for the experimental testing. In view that PETG shows viscous deformation which was not considered in the laminate theory, quasi‐static (QS) component of the elastic modulus was used to examine the applicability of laminate theory, which was achieved by extraction of the QS stress response to deformation through stress relaxation and then finite element modeling of the slope for the load–displacement curve before the relaxation. Two analytical approaches were used to examine the laminate theory. One was known as the mechanics of materials approach that considers matrix properties from the intralayer regions, and the other the elasticity model approach that also considers the interlayer regions. The study found that both approaches provided reasonable estimation of the QS elastic modulus but their values were slightly over the measured values. We provide evidence to suggest that the prediction accuracy could be improved by considering the change of interlayer filament contact with the change of raster angle.

Mechanical properties and numerical simulation of FDM 3D printed PETG/carbon composite unit structures

Carbon fibers (CFs) were used as reinforcement in developing a polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG)-based polymer composite using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technique. The influence of CF and process factors (infill percentage, layer thickness, infill pattern) were studied by measuring the prepared polymer composite's tensile, flexural, and compressive properties. The innovative work that was carried out for this study and the tests that were performed revealed that it is difficult to predict the position of the specimen break area before a test. The PETG-reinforced polymer only showed enhanced flexural and tensile strength at a layer thickness of 0.25 mm and a maximum infill percentage of 20% for a solid structural design. Compressive strength improved in reinforced PETG hexagonal and circle structures. The confirmation of the numerical modeling applied to determine the mechanical properties of PETG for FDM additive manufacturing is one of the goals suggested in this research, along with a comparison of experimental and computational data. Scanning electron microscopy examination of the fractured sample surfaces revealed various fracture mechanisms and morphologies for the materials tested. The research found that the 3D-printed composite could further expand the application of PETG as an engineering material.

Влияние параметров 3D-печати на механические свойства изделий из полиэтилентерефталатгликоля (PET-G)

The article considers the influence of such parameters as infill density, infill line directions and line width on the mechanical properties of samples made of polyethylene terephthalate glycol by FDM-printing. Mathematical expressions were obtained on the basis of the conducted research. These mathematical expressions allow to calculate the expected mechanical properties of the studied PET-G brand under uniaxial tensile, static and impact bending. The influence of variable FDM-printing parameters on the formed level of product properties is investigated, which will allow the selection of their values depending on the required tasks.

Exploring Orthosis Designs for 3D Printing Applying the Finite Element Approach: Study of Different Materials and Loading Conditions

Three-dimensional (3D) printing, especially using fused deposition modeling, is becoming more and more popular in the medical sector because of its exceptional advantages. While it has been used for prototyping, 3D printing has not yet been completely explored to produce a functional product. The key causes are the abundance of 3D printing materials and the lack of a comprehensive study outlining the design process. Consequently, this paper describes a reverse engineering (RE) design approach based on data acquisition utilizing laser scanning and splint design from the acquired point cloud data. This study also focuses on the evaluation of various wrist orthosis/splint designs and materials using finite element (FE) analysis in order to improve upon the conventional approach. Sixty FE analysis simulations are undertaken in flexion–extension and radial–ulnar wrist movements to investigate the displacements and the stresses. The splint is then fabricated utilizing the material and thickness that have been specified by FE analysis. The major goals of this study are to examine the RE design methodology, explore various materials, and assess the viability of 3D printing. The polylactic acid (PLA) hand splint has proven to be the sturdiest in terms of average displacements when compared to the other materials, followed by polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polypropylene, and thermoplastic polyurethanes. According to simulation data, the PLA splint has 38.6%, 38.8%, 38.5%, and 38.7% less displacement in the major loading direction in flexion, extension, radial, and ulnar, respectively, than the ABS splint. Moreover, the PLA-based hand splint has a peak stress value below the yield strength of PLA, rendering it reliable for patients to wear. Also, it turns out that PETG and ABS behave rather similarly. Furthermore, it has been shown that a balanced approach can reduce material use and building time. For instance, employing PLA and a thickness of 2 mm results in reduced material costs without compromising the effectiveness of the splint. As a result, choosing the right material and splint thickness can help the 3D-printed hand splint perform better.

A Curved Microstrip Patch Antenna Designed From Transparent Conductive Films

Transparent microstrip patch antennas suffer from low radiation efficiency and gain when manufactured using transparent conductive films (TCFs), mainly at low frequency (starting from the microwave S band). To address this problem, we propose a curved microstrip patch antenna designed using transparent materials. This new configuration has proven to be a simple and effective solution to improve the radiation efficiency and gain of TCF printed antennas. In fact, when typical values of the TCF surface resistance are considered (between 2 and 10 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> /sq), the new antenna features a radiation efficiency of up to 72.3% and a realized gain of up to 5.3 dBi at 2.15 GHz, with a significant improvement in comparison with the flat transparent microstrip antenna (up to 17.7% radiation efficiency, and 0.5 dBi realized gain). Good transparency and lightweight is ensured by the deposition of the TCF on a polyethylene terephthalate film, which lies, in turn, on a 3D-printed curved polyethylene terephthalate glycol supporting frame. Simulations using Ansys HFSS are presented to demonstrate the potential of the proposed configuration. Then, a prototype of the transparent curved patch antenna is fabricated and measured to assess the simulated results.

Hygrothermal aging behavior and mechanical degradation of ramie/carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymer hybrid composites

Hybrid multi-fibers reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites with reasonable structure design can maximize their physical or chemical properties to obtain outstanding comprehensive properties. To broaden the industrial applications and understand the properties of natural ramie fiber product, the hygrothermal aging behavior and flexural properties of the ramie fiber and carbon fiber (R/C) reinforced polyethylene terephthalate glycol hybrid composites with different lay-up sequences were investigated with 90-days water aging. The finite element analysis model was established to reveal the moisture diffusion evolution and the hygrothermal aging behavior. After 90-days aging, the water uptakes of the [R/R/C/C]s, [R/C/R/C]s, [C/R/C/R]s, [C/C/R/R]s hybrid composites are 2.72%, 2.41%, 2.38%, 2.36%, respectively. The results simulated with the finite element analysis show good consistency with the experimental results of moisture absorption and reveal the different moisture diffusion evolution process of the R/C hybrid composites. The cross-sectional contact angles of the hybrid composites is obviously less than surface contact angles. According to change the lay-up sequences, the flexural modulus of the unaged [C/R/C/R]s and [C/C/R/R]s composites can improve 0.98 times and 1.43 times than that of the unaged [R/R/C/C]s composite. After 90-days aging, the flexural strengths of the [R/R/C/C]s, [R/C/R/C]s, [C/R/C/R]s, [C/C/R/R]s composites decrease with 34.2%, 36.9%, 25.2%, 25.8%, respectively. Furthermore, the fracture modes of the hybrid composites before and after hygrothermal aging vary from brittle fracture to ductile fracture. The knowledge gained in this study will benefit future design optimization of natural fibers hybrid composites and their engineering applications.

Surface properties and initial bacterial biofilm growth on 3D-printed oral appliances: a comparative in vitro study

ObjectivesTo investigate the initial bacterial adhesion on 3D-printed splint materials in relation to their surface properties.Materials and methodsSpecimens of five printable splint resins (SHERAprint-ortho plus UV, NextDent Ortho Rigid, LuxaPrint Ortho Plus, V-Print Splint, KeySplint Soft), one polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) block for subtractive manufacturing (Astron CLEARsplint Disc), two conventional powder/liquid PMMA materials (FuturaGen, Astron CLEARsplint), and one polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) thermoplastic sheet for vacuum forming (Erkodur Thermoforming Foil) were produced and finished. Surface roughness Ra was determined via contact profilometry. Surface morphology was examined under a scanning electron microscope. Multi-species bacterial biofilms were grown on entire splints. Total biofilm mass and viable bacterial counts (CFU/ml) within the biofilms were determined. Statistical analyses were performed with a one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test, and Pearson’s test (p < 0.05).ResultsAstron CLEARsplint and KeySplint Soft specimens showed the highest surface roughness. The mean total biofilm mass on KeySplint Soft splints was higher compared to all other materials (p < 0.05). Colony-forming unit per milliliter on FuturaGen, Astron CLEARsplint, and KeySplint Soft splints was one log scale higher compared to all other materials. The other four printable resins displayed overall lower Ra, biofilm mass, and CFU/ml. A positive correlation was found between Ra and CFU/ml (r = 0.69, p = 0.04).ConclusionsThe 3D-printed splints showed overall favorable results regarding surface roughness and bacterial adhesion. Thermoplastic materials seem to display a higher surface roughness, making them more susceptible to microbial adhesion.Clinical relevanceThe development of caries and gingivitis in patients with oral appliances may be affected by the type of material.

Effect of Infill Density of the Printed PET-G Structures Containing Iron Oxides on Magnetic Properties

This work aims to characterize printing structures with various infill densities composed of a thermoplastic material containing magnetic particles composed of mainly Iron(III) oxides with regard to their possible processing with the additive technology of Fused Filament Fabrication. A polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-G) structural thermoplastic with the addition of Iron(III)) oxides has been selected, and correct processing temperatures have been determined using thermal analysis. The paramagnetic properties of printed products consisting of different filling densities have been tested. Relative permeability has been identified to be strongly dependent on the printed internal structures of tested products. The samples composed of the densest structure have shown relative permeability higher by 18% with respect to the sample printed with the least dense structure. Finite Element Modelling (FEM) simulations have been applied to determine magnetic field distributions and, moreover, to calculate the holding forces of all printed samples. The performed simulations confirmed that produced composites might be utilized as magnetic switches and sensors or as more advanced components for homogenizing electric motors’ magnetic fields. Moreover, magnetic properties might be tuned according to the specific needs printing structure with the suitable density.

A Low-cost Surface Modified Battery-used Polyethylene Membranes for Reverse Osmosis Applications

ABSTRACT Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes have been widely used in the field of membrane separation. However, most of the commercial RO membranes are fabricated based on a polysulphones- or polyethersulfone-modified polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PET) support, which are thick and exhibit poor solvent resistance. In this study, polyethylene (PE) battery membranes without any hydrophilic modification were directly used to prepare PE-RO membranes. The structures of the products were confirmed via attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The resulting RO membrane prepared with 0.05 wt.% of trimesoyl chloride and 2 wt.% of m-phenylenediamine exhibited a water flux of 12.61 L m−2 h−1 with a desalination (NaCl) rate of 98.6%. The thickness of the PE-RO membrane is 80% of the thickness of the traditional RO membranes and hence has a wider application as a separation membrane.

Electroosmotic flow in fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printed microchannels.

Electroosmotic flow (EOF) was determined in tridimensional (3D)-printed microchannels with dimensions smaller than 100µm. Fused deposition modeling 3D printing using thermoplastic filaments of PETG (polyethylene terephthalate glycol), PLA (polylactic acid), and ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) were used to fabricate the microchannels. The current monitoring method and sodium phosphate solutions at different pH values (3-10) were used for the EOF mobility (µEOF ) measurements, which ranged from 2.00×10-4 to 12.52×10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1 . The highest and the smallest µEOF were obtained for the PLA and PETG microchannels, respectively. Adding the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide to the sodium phosphate solution caused EOF direction reversion in all the studied microchannels. The obtained results can be interesting for developing 3D-printed microfluidic devices, in which EOF is relevant.