Ethyl Acetate Fraction Research Articles

Cupressus torulosa, a Source of Antioxidant Polyphenols: An Analytical and Pharmacological Study.

Cupressus torulosa (family Cupressaceae), widely distributed in the northwestern Himalayan region of India, is a coniferous aromatic tree traditionally used for its aerial parts. Its needles are renowned for their anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties. Antioxidants from this plant are vital in combating oxidative stress, which are implicated in these diseases. This study employed a range of methods, including in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo assays; biochemical estimations such as Total Phenolics Content and Total Flavonoids Content; and UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis, to evaluate the antioxidant potential of Cupressus torulosa needles. Initial screenings demonstrated promising antioxidant activity of 25% aqueous methanol extract of the needles, with SGOT and SGPT values of 55.28±57.07 and 52.27±19.50 IU/L, respectively, when compared to the positive control glibenclamide. Fractionation of the extract into ethyl acetate and butanol fractions revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction showed notable activity, with an EC50 value of 85.6 μg/mL in the DPPH assay, indicating effective free radical scavenging and reduced oxidative damage. UPLC-QTOF-MS characterization of ethyl acetate fraction in negative ion mode identified 34 metabolites, including 10 key antioxidant compounds. These findings underscore C. torulosa's potential as a source of bioactive antioxidants, highlighting its value for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. The research provides a foundation for further isolation, characterization, and clinical testing of these compounds, enhancing our understanding of natural antioxidants in addressing oxidative stress-related conditions.

Daniellia oliveri as a type 2 diabetes remedy: evidence from in-silico evaluation

ABSTRACT The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing, and well-known conventional medications are associated with harmful effects. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the compounds present in the young leaves of Daniellia oliveri and assess their antidiabetic potential using an in-silico model. The best column chromatographic fraction obtained from ethyl acetate fraction was analyzed using HRLC-MS to identify the prominent compounds. The identified compounds were subjected to ADMET prediction using online servers to confirm their draggability. In addition, the compounds were screened for activity against type 2 diabetes using molecular docking. Eight compounds with prominent peaks were identified, viz; gallic acid, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, phenylacetaldehyde, 2,5-dimethylphenol, 3-(−4-Hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid, and 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid. Most of the identified compounds were phenolics and had little toxic effects. The molecular docking results revealed the potentials of the identified compounds in inhibiting the therapeutic targets viz; 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, human salivary alpha-amylase, glycogen phosphorylase, human protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, human sirtuin 6, and dipeptidyl peptidase IV, responsible for the development of type 2 diabetes. This study has successfully revalidated and provided scientific insight into the usage of D. oliveri in managing type 2 diabetes by Nigerians. However, the limitation of this study remains the purification of the lead compounds that can serve as lead for type 2 diabetes treatment in conventional medicinal practices.

In vitro antidiabetic evaluation of Bombax buonopozense methanol leaf extract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major worldwide health burden that requires research into cost-effective treatment alternatives. It has been claimed that herbal medicines, have improved glucose metabolism in diabetics. It has been showed that several plant extracts are useful in preserving glucose homeostasis. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical and antidiabetic activities of Bombax buonopozense methanol leaf extracts. Standard methods were used for the identification of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, cardiacglycosides and steroids. The enzyme inhibitory activities of the extracts of B. buonopozense was evaluated on α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The crude leaf extract of B. buonopozense exhibited a more effective inhibition on α-glucosidase with IC50 (Half maximal inhibitory concentration) values 888.20±35.06 μg/mL when compared to control (ascorbic acid) with values 1076±2.77 μg/mL. Fractions of ethyl acetate showed lower inhibitory property of alpha glucosidase with IC50 value 18.44±2.63 μg/mL compared to the control (ascorbic acid with IC50 value 16325±1318 μg/mL). This study showed the scientific basis for the traditional therapeutic usage of B. buonopozense by proven its antidiabetic activity in vitro. This is the first time that B. buonopozense’s antidiabetic efficacy and possible mechanisms have been documented.

In Silico Study of the Antidiabetic Effect of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Banana Bract in Diabetic Rats

In Silico Study of the Antidiabetic Effect of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Banana Bract in Diabetic Rats

Chemical Composition and Analgesic and Antidiabetic Activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

This study focuses on identifying active compounds within Chenopodium ambrosioides extracts and fractions, with a specific emphasis on their potential analgesic and antidiabetic properties. The motivation arises from the reported therapeutic effects of the plant and the desire to pinpoint the compounds responsible for these benefits. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry spectrophotometric analysis was employed to characterize chemical constituents in the aqueous extracts (infused aqueous extract and macerated aqueous extract) and fractions (cyclohexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, butanol fraction, remaining aqueous fraction) of C. ambrosioides. Animal models were used to examine the analgesic activity, while α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzyme assays were used to investigate the antidiabetic effect. Throughout the investigation, several chemical families were found, including phenolic compounds, alcohols, acids, terpenes, steroids, and others. Trans-ascaridol glycol, palmitic acid, phenol, octadecadienoic acid, isoascaridol, eicosanoic acid, 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol, mexiletine, and thymol were among the significant chemicals found. At a dose of 500 mg/m, starting with α-amylase inhibition, among the extracts, EAF (59 ± 0.7 μg/mL) showed the highest potency, followed by FA (129 ± 0.22 μg/mL), FB (140 ± 0.9 μg/mL), and EAM (178 ± 0.9 μg/mL). Interestingly, EAI demonstrated a relatively weak inhibition (430 ± 0.2 μg/mL), and no result was reported for FCH in this category. Regarding α-glucosidase inhibition, the most potent activity was observed with EAM (1.4 ± 0.7 μg/mL), The other extracts demonstrated varying levels of inhibition, with EAI (4.4 ± 0.5 μg/mL) and EAF (140 ± 1.9 μg/mL) showing moderate activity. FA (25 ± 0.9 μg/mL) and FB (34 ± 0.3 μg/mL) exhibited lower inhibition compared to EAM but still outperformed acarbose in this test. The observed synergistic effects of phenolic compounds in Chenopodium ambrosioides provide insights into the biological properties contributing to its reported analgesic and antidiabetic effects. The study underscores the potential of natural plant products for pharmaceutical applications, especially in enzymatic inhibition. All things considered, these results add to the expanding corpus of information about substances originating from plants and their uses in industry and health.

Inhibitory effects of phenylpropionamides from the hemp seed husk on tyrosinase

Tyrosinase is an enzyme involved in melanin production. To identify inhibitors of this enzyme in natural products, extracts and fractions of hemp seed husk were screened for tyrosinase inhibition. Phenylpropionamides 1–9, which were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction, had inhibitory effects; compounds 3 and 4 had the greatest inhibitory effects. Cannabisin A (3) was a non-competitive and cannabisin B (4) was a competitive inhibitor. The binding site and interaction on tyrosinase of each inhibitor were calculated by computational chemistry. Potential inhibitor 3 decreased the melanin content and tyrosinase activity in B16F10 melanoma cells. Therefore, cannabisin A (3) has potential as a tyrosinase inhibitor.

Antioxidant and Antiaging Activity of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Ethyl Acetate Fraction in Caenorhabditis elegans

Background/Objectives: In aerobic organisms, such as humans, oxygen radicals are inevitably produced. To counteract oxidation, the body generates antioxidant substances that suppress free radicals. However, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase due to aging and lifestyle factors, leading to exposure to various diseases. While synthetic antioxidants offer advantages like high stability, low cost, and availability, their safety remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antiaging activities of Houttuynia cordata (HC), which is rich in flavonoids and has excellent antioxidant properties, using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model. Methods: Extraction and fractionation of HC were performed to evaluate antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, superoxide radical scavenging activity) and antiaging effects (lifespan). The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) with the highest activity was selected for further investigation. Results: The EAF of HC exhibited high levels of polyphenols and flavonoids, presenting the highest DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide radical scavenging activities. This fraction increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes in nematodes in a concentration-dependent manner and provided resistance to oxidative stress, reducing ROS accumulation. Additionally, the fraction enhanced the lifespan of nematodes, improved resistance to heat stress, increased survival rates, and decreased the accumulation of aging pigments (lipofuscin). The expression of daf-2, daf-16, and sir-2.1, proteins directly involved in nematode aging, was confirmed. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry identified quercitrin in the HC extract, which may contribute to its antioxidant and antiaging effects. Conclusions: The EAF of HC demonstrates significant potential for influencing antioxidant and antiaging, as evidenced by functional investigations using C. elegans.

Phytochemical analysis and quantification of flavonoid content of ethyl acetate fraction from ‘Alugbati’ (Basella rubra L.) leaves

Basella rubra L. (Alugbati) is a branching, herbaceous vine with heart-shaped leaves widely grown in Asia, with the leaves used as a herb in soups and salads. Several studies have highlighted this plant’s nutritional and biological benefits, which contain various phytochemical substances, including flavonoids. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds known to scavenge free radicals through specific mechanisms. This study aimed to extract and quantify flavonoids from the leaves of Basella rubra L. to emphasize its potential benefits as a food or nutraceutical. The dried leaves were pulverized and macerated with 99% methanol before partitioning with ethyl acetate and water. The fractions were tested qualitatively and then analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to detect the presence of flavonoids, followed by thin layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis to confirm the presence of flavonoids. A total flavonoid content (TFC) test was performed to quantify the extracted flavonoids. The positive results from the qualitative tests and the subsequent FTIR spectra reflecting the constituent bonds and functional groups validated the presence of flavonoids in the plant fractions. The aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions yielded a total flavonoid content of 2.71 ± 0.01 and 9.61 ± 0.04 mg QE/g extract, respectively. The plant's physical and environmental background, the extraction process used, and the plant part used are all potential contributors to its flavonoid content. To maximize its nutritional and therapeutic potential, further research into other plant organs, and performing other extraction and purifying procedures, is recommended.

Unveiling phytochemicals and antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities from the leaves of Dalbergia stipulacea (Roxb.)

The study was aimed to conduct phytochemical investigation and assess the in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of crude methanol extract of Dalbergia stipulacea leaf and its various extractives. All the fractions contain quinines, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, resins, glycosides, and flavonoids, while crude methanol, petroleum ether, and ethyl acetate fractions contain saponins and steroids in qualitative phytochemical analysis. In GC-MS/MS technique, a total of 44 phytoconstituents were identified and characterized, where 3-O-Methyl-D-glucose (22.80 %), 8,11,14-Docosatrienoic acid, methyl ester (19.86 %), pentadecanoic acid, methyl ester (14.17 %), 13-docosenamide (6.62 %), nonadecanoic acid, methyl ester (4.62 %), and phytol (3.04 %) were most prominent. In addition, some promising bioactive constituents, such as pantolactone, aromandendrene, D-allose, loliolide, neophytadiene, dibutyl phthalate, kolavenol, and squalene are present in the leaf of D. stipulacea plant species. Petroleum ether soluble fraction (PESF) of the plant had the highest phenolic content (27.34 mg of GAE/gm) and showed the most effective DPPH free radical scavenger with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 3.87 μg/mL. The PESF also exhibited cytotoxicity with median lethal dose (LC50) value of 2.76 μg/mL compared to the standard medication vincristine sulfate (LC50 = 0.45 μg/mL) in brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Compared to streptokinase (63.34 %), aqueous soluble fraction (AQSF) displayed the highest percentage of clot lysis (38.61 %). The PESF exhibited the most significant suppression of heat-induced hemolysis (32.61 %) and hypotonic solution-induced hemolysis (33.86 %), respectively, revealing promising anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, the methanol extract and its fractions exerted promising antibacterial properties with notable zone of inhibition (6–25 mm) compared to ciprofloxacin (17–37 mm). The current evidence supports the traditional medicinal applications of the plant, particularly its ability to act as an antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial agent. However, further phytochemical isolation and in vivo screening is necessary to discover new drugs from the leaf of D. stipulacea plant species based on the current evidence.

Identification of Compounds in the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Hyptis suaveolens Leaves by HPLC-ESI- Q-TOF -MS/ MS Analysis

Identification of Compounds in the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Hyptis suaveolens Leaves by HPLC-ESI- Q-TOF -MS/ MS Analysis

Triglochin maritima Extracts Exert Anti-Melanogenic Properties via the CREB/MAPK Pathway in B16F10 Cells

Triglochin maritima, a salt-tolerant plant, has demonstrated antioxidant effects, the ability to prevent prostate enlargement, antifungal properties, and skin moisturizing benefits. This study aimed to explore the anti-melanogenic potential of the 70% ethanol extract of T. maritima (TME) along with its ethyl acetate (TME-EA) and water (TME-A) fractions. TME (10–200 µg/mL), TME-EA (1–15 µg/mL), and TME-A (100–1000 µg/mL) were prepared and applied to B16F10 cells with or without α-MSH for 72 h. MTT assays were used to assess cytotoxicity, and anti-melanogenesis activity was determined by measuring melanin content, conducting a tyrosinase activity assay, and evaluating the expression of melanogenesis-related genes and proteins via RT-PCR and Western blotting. HPLC-PDA was used to analyze TME and TME-EA. The IC20 cytotoxicity values of TME, TME-A, and TME-EA without α-MSH, were 198.426 μg/mL, 1000 μg/mL, and 18.403 μg/mL, respectively. TME and TME-EA significantly decreased melanin and tyrosinase activity in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells, with TME-EA showing comparable effects to arbutin, while TME-A showed no influence. TME-EA down-regulated melanogenesis genes (Tyr, Trp1, Dct, Mitf, Mc1r) and reduced CREB, p-38, and JNK phosphorylation while increasing ERK phosphorylation, suggesting the CREB/MAPK pathway’s role in the anti-melanogenic effect. Luteolin was identified as a potential active ingredient. TME-EA may serve as an effective cosmeceutical for hyperpigmentation improvement due to its anti-melanogenic properties.

Investigations on the Endemic Species Taraxacum mirabile Wagenitz: HPLC–MS and GC–MS Studies, Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Properties, and Isolation of Several Phenolic Compounds

In this study, the aim was to investigate the chemical content and in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities of petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), and n-butanol (n-BuOH) fractions obtained from ethanol extracts of the aerial parts and roots of the endemic Taraxacum mirabile Wagenitz. This plant is found in the Aksaray–Eskil region and has not been studied in phytochemical studies before. In this context, the chemical content of the aerial parts and root PE fractions was analyzed by GC–MS analysis in terms of terpenes and steroid substances. The composition of phenolic compounds in the aerial parts and root DCM and EA fractions was determined by HPLC–MS analysis. Apigenin, luteolin, and caffeic acid were isolated from the EA fraction of aerial parts. The total amounts of phenolic substances and the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP antioxidant activities of PE, DCM, EA, and n-BuOH fractions were investigated, and it was found that the fractions had the ability to scavenge DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals, as well as to reduce Fe (III) to Fe (II); however, all of the fractions were significantly less effective (p < 0.05) than the reference antioxidant quercetin. Considering that antioxidants can also exert an anti-inflammatory effect, these fractions were evaluated for their ability to inhibit cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), the key enzymes of arachidonic acid metabolism that lead to the production of important mediators of inflammation. It was observed that fractions had the ability to inhibit both enzymes, suggesting their possible beneficial effects against inflammation. However, no extract had greater inhibitory activity than the positive control, indomethacin. The antimicrobial activity was determined against different bacterial and fungal strains. It was observed that the aerial parts and root n-BuOH and EA fractions showed weak antibacterial effects. No antifungal activity has been detected against Candida sp.

Anti-inflammatory potential of Curcuma heyneana: An in vitro and in silico investigation

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive and chronic systemic autoimmune disease. However, currently treatment is often carried out using NSAIDs and corticosteroids. Although it reduces symptoms, this treatment has a high rate of side effects. This study aims to determine the anti-inflammatory property of Curcuma heyneana so that it can be used as an alternative treatment for RA. Based on author knowledge, this study on C. heyneana from the Indonesian region for the treatment of RA is still limited. C. heyneana’s rhizome was extracted by maceration with ethanol followed by fractionation process using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The anti-inflammatory invitro activities were determined by heat-induced hemolysis, effect on protein denaturation, and cyclooxygenases (COX) inhibition assay. Molecular docking of major predictive compounds was performed by AutoDock Vina. The results showed that some fractions of C. heyneana contained terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory activity, which was attributed to the presence of curcuminoids. Molecular docking studies further confirmed the potential of demethoxycurcumin, a curcuminoid identified in the ethyl acetate fraction, to inhibit COX-2. These findings suggest that C. heyneana, particularly its previously unreported curcuminoid-rich fractions, holds promise as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. Further research is warranted to explore the therapeutic potential of this plant in the management of RA and other inflammatory disorders.

Oxidative damage in Echinochloa crus−galli seeds exposed to Diaporthe sp. (Diaporthales, Ascomycota) fungal extract during germination

This study investigates the inhibitory effects of Diaporthe sp. isolate EC010 extract on barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) seed germination and growth. Application of sequential extraction techniques to Diaporthe sp. mycelium resulted in partial separation of the phytotoxic compounds. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction most greatly reduced seed germination (81.01%), root length (89.18%), and shoot length (84.74%) compared to the control. Chemical characterization using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed major constituents of linoleic acid, butyl ester (9.69%), hexadecanoic acid (7.99%), and 14-pentadecenoic acid (7.86%). With regard to physiological and biochemical indexes, treated seeds exhibited lower imbibition, significantly decreased α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) activity (p<0.05), and increased accumulation of malondialdehyde (85.52%) and hydrogen peroxide (141.10%). Moreover, activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) and guaiacol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) was upregulated (67.24 and 61.62%, respectively), while catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) activity was downregulated (-33.75%). The inference is that an imbalance in ROS levels combined with reduced antioxidant potential drives the gradual accumulation of oxidative damage in seed cells and consequent loss of seed viability. All told, these results confirm the Diaporthe extract to induce oxidative stress and inhibit antioxidant enzymes. This study clearly demonstrates the oxidative damage associated with Diaporthe allelochemicals.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF TARO LEAVES (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) AND ITS FRACTIONS IN RATS USING EGG WHITE-INDUCED MODEL

Taro plant (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) is empirically known to have anti-inflammatory activity. Taro leaves contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and polyphenols. This study aimed to prove the anti-inflammatory effectiveness of ethanol extract of taro leaves (EETL), ethyl acetate fraction (EAFTL), and residual fraction (RFTL) in rats induced by 1% egg white solution, and to identify the chemical compound groups contained in EETL and its fractions. Thirty-two rats were divided into eight groups, namely group I as a negative control (CMC-Na 0.5%), group II as a positive control (Diclofenac sodium 4.5 mg/kgBW), groups III-IV were administered EETL 100 and 200 mg/kgBW, groups V-VI were administered EAFTL 100 and 200 mg/kgBW, and groups VII-VIII were administered RFTL 100 and 200 mg/kgBW. The animal models were induced with 0.1 mL of 1% egg white solution subplantar 1 hour after oral treatment. The volume of rat leg edema was measured every 1 hour for six consecutive hours. This research shows that EETL 100 mg/kgBW and RFTL doses of 100 and 200 mg/kgBW have an anti-inflammatory effect with a percent inhibitory power of >50%. Phytochemical screening showed that EETL contains alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and phenolics. EAFTL contains tannins and phenolics, whereas RFTL contains saponins, tannins, and phenolics. Keywords: Taro leaves, antiinflammatory, egg white solution, fractionation

Isolation of secondary metabolites from leaves of Globimetula oreophila parasitizing Azadirachta indica: a spectroscopic study

Globimetula oreophila is a hemiparasitic plant commonly called mistletoe, found growing on several dicotyledonous trees using them as a host for its root-like structure called haustoria. Globimetula oreophila has been used to cure various ailments, including diarrhea, stomachache, headache, and malaria. This research study aims to isolate and characterize some phytochemical constituents in the ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and n-hexane fractions of Globimetula oreophila leaves. The powdered plant material was extracted with 70% ethanol using cold maceration. The crude extract was fractionated with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol to produce the corresponding fractions. Physical and chemical tests, FTIR, UV–visible spectroscopy, 1D, and 2D NMR analysis elucidated the structures of the compounds. Column chromatographic separation of the n-butanol fraction led to the isolation of a yellowish amorphous substance coded DG1 and DG5 as 5, 7, 3’, 4’-tetrahydroxy-quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside and 3, 5, 7, 3’, 4’-pentahydroxy flavones. Column chromatographic separation of the ethyl acetate fraction also led to the isolation of a white amorphous substance coded DG2 and a yellowish amorphous substance coded DG3 as 3,5-dimethoxy-4'-O-(2'',3''-dihydroxy-3-methyl-butyl)-dihydrostilbene and 2',4-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy chalcone. Compound DG4 was isolated as a white amorphous powder through the column separation of the n-hexane fraction and was found to be stigmasterol. Based on the findings of this study, it has been determined that the leaves of G. oreophila are a rich source of phytochemical constituents. These five compounds were isolated and reported for the first time in the plant with two being new to the genus, contributing to the chemical taxonomy of the plant.Graphical

Chemical constituents and biological activities of endophytic fungi from Fagopyrum dibotrys.

Fagopyrum dibotrys is an important wild food and feed germplasm resource. It has high nutritional and medicinal value and is rich in natural products, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarins, and alkaloids. Endophytic fungi in F. dibotrys have emerged as valuable sources of natural products. However, studies on the biological activity and chemical composition of these endophytic fungi remain limited. In this paper, a new method to obtain natural active ingredients by fermentation of endophytic fungi from medicinal plants was proposed. Then the antioxidant and pathogenic activities of the endophytic fungi extracts were determined in vitro. In addition, secondary metabolites produced by endophytic fungi with medicinal activity were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Among the 95 endophytic fungal strains in F. dibotrys, four strains with high phenol yields were selected by reaction: Alternaria alstroemeriae (J2), Fusarium oxysporum (J15), Colletotrichum karsti (J74), and Colletotrichum boninense (J61). Compared with those of various extracts, the ethyl acetate fractions of A. alstroemeriae (J2), F. oxysporum (J15), and C. boninense (J61) exhibited superior antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The results indicated that the fungal extract was an excellent natural antioxidant and might be a potential antibacterial agent. The DPPH free radical clearance of A. alstroemeriae was 94.96 ± 0.004%. These findings indicated that A.alstroemeriae had strong antioxidant activity. In addition, the extract of A.alstroemeriae had good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with MICs of 0.5 and 0.05 mg/mL, respectively. The chemical constituents of the ethyl acetate extract from A. alstroemeriae were further analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). We noted that A. alstroemeriae can create a variety of medicinal substances that have high value in medicine, such as caffeic acid (884.75 ng/mL), 3-phenyllactic acid (240.72 ng/mL) and norlichexanthone (74.36ng/mL). In summary, many valuable active substances and medicinal substances can be obtained through the study of endophytic fungi of F. dibotrys.

Isolation and identification of diosgenin and flavonoids compound from ethanol extract of Dioscorea hispida Dennst. tuber

The tuber of Dioscorea hispida Dennst. has potential for development as a synthetic pharmaceutical ingredient due to the presence of secondary metabolites such as diosgenin and flavonoids, which exhibit biological activity within the body. Further exploration of this potential requires the isolation and identification of these compounds. Diosgenin was isolated from the ethanol extract using thin-layer chromatography, while flavonoids were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction using paper chromatography. The pure isolates of both compounds were identified using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and FT-IR spectroscopy. The UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis of diosgenin revealed maximum absorption wavelengths at 205 and 453 nm. Flavonoid isolates exhibited maximum absorption wavelengths of 264 nm for the first isolate, 265 nm for the second, 276 nm for the third, and 272 nm for the fourth. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the diosgenin isolate indicated the presence of functional groups such as -OH, aromatic C=C, and aromatic C-O, while the flavonoid isolate showed the presence of O-H, aromatic C-H, aliphatic C-H, C=O, C=C, and C-O. These identification results confirm that the isolates obtained indeed contain diosgenin and flavonoids.

Anti- Inflammatory Activities Of The Methanol Leaf Extract And Fractions Of Elaesis Guineensis In In-Vivo Animals

Abstract Objective Objective of this paper is to investigate the preliminary anti-inflammatory property of the leaves and its fractions of Elaesis guineensis using egg induced albumin and formaldehyde induced arthritis models in rats. Method Egg albumin induced inflammation was induced by sub-plantar injection of 0.1 ml of fresh undiluted egg albumin. The volume of distilled water displaced by the treated paw was measured at 0.5,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours after induction of inflammation. Formaldehyde-induced arthritis was induced after 30 min by sub-plantar injection of 0.1 ml of 2.5% formaldehyde solution and was repeated on day 3. Arthritis was assessed by measuring the volume of distilled water displaced by the paw before induction of arthritis and once every day for ten days, starting from day one, after induction of arthritis. Results The acute toxicity test revealed that the plant extract was safe even at 5000 mg/kg dose level. The methanol extract (ME) showed a dose-dependent inhibition of egg albumin-induced acute inflammation that peaked at the dose of 200 mg/kg, while the fractions of the extract showed that the hexane and ethyl acetate fractions had the highest activity during the experiment. Similarly, the crude extract of the formaldehyde induced arthritis showed a dose-dependent inhibition making the 200 mg/kg the most active dose level. Additionally, it was observed that among the fractions of the extract the hexane fraction (HF) showed the most significant inhibitory activity when compared to other fractions Conclusion this study establishes that the methanol leaf extract and fractions ofElaesis guineensis possess significant anti-inflammatory activity

Antioxidant Potential and In Vitro Antidiabetic Activity of Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda Extract and Its Isolated Compounds

This study explored the potential of Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda (P. japonica) as a natural treatment for diabetes. A methanol extract of the root of P. japonica and its fractions were investigated for their antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction was the most potent, displaying strong antioxidant activity and inhibiting enzymes that break down carbohydrates (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), which could reduce blood sugar levels. Furthermore, the EtOAc fraction inhibited glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells and stimulated the gene responsible for cellular glucose uptake (GLUT4), suggesting improved insulin sensitivity. It also effectively reduced the formation of harmful advanced glycation end products linked to diabetic complications. The isolation of bioactive compounds from the EtOAc fraction revealed the presence of 4-O-methylgallic acid and ellagic acid, which potentially contributed to the observed antidiabetic effects. Overall, this study highlights the EtOAc fraction of P. japonica as a promising source for developing natural diabetes therapies. The findings suggest its potential for regulating various diabetic pathways, warranting further research for drug development.