Ethyl Phosphoric Acid Research Articles

Peppers in Diet: Genome-Wide Transcriptome and Metabolome Changes in Drosophila melanogaster.

The habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense) is an increasingly important spice and vegetable crop worldwide because of its high capsaicin content and pungent flavor. Diets supplemented with the phytochemicals found in habanero peppers might cause shifts in an organism’s metabolism and gene expression. Thus, understanding how these interactions occur can reveal the potential health effects associated with such changes. We performed transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of Drosophila melanogaster adult flies reared on a habanero pepper diet. We found 539 genes/59 metabolites that were differentially expressed/accumulated in flies fed a pepper versus control diet. Transcriptome results indicated that olfactory sensitivity and behavioral responses to the pepper diet were mediated by olfactory and nutrient-related genes including gustatory receptors (Gr63a, Gr66a, and Gr89a), odorant receptors (Or23a, Or59a, Or82a, and Orco), and odorant-binding proteins (Obp28a, Obp83a, Obp83b, Obp93a, and Obp99a). Metabolome analysis revealed that campesterol, sitosterol, and sucrose were highly upregulated and azelaic acid, ethyl phosphoric acid, and citric acid were the major metabolites downregulated in response to the habanero pepper diet. Further investigation by integration analysis between transcriptome and metabolome data at gene pathway levels revealed six unique enriched pathways, including phenylalanine metabolism; insect hormone biosynthesis; pyrimidine metabolism; glyoxylate, and dicarboxylate metabolism; glycine, serine, threonine metabolism; and glycerolipid metabolism. In view of the transcriptome and metabolome findings, our comprehensive analysis of the response to a pepper diet in Drosophila have implications for exploring the molecular mechanism of pepper consumption.

Ethyl phosphoric acid grafted amino-modified polybenzimidazole with improved long-term stability for high-temperature proton exchange membrane applications

A series of membranes based on amino-modified polybenzimidazole with grafted ethyl phosphonic acid have been successfully prepared. Firstly, the amino-modified polybenzimidazole (PBI-NH2-X) was synthesized, then the ethyl phosphoric acid (EPA) were grafted on to PBI-NH2-X to obtained amino-modified polybenzimidazoles with grafted ethyl phosphonic acid groups (PBI-NH2-EPA-X). EPA is introduced into the matrix to improve the H3PO4 doping level and proton conductivity of the membranes. The obtained membranes display good dimensional and thermal stability. Long-term stability of the grafted membranes is much better than the pristine PBI membranes. Moreover, PBI-NH2-EPA-15 shows a proton conductivity of 0.062 S cm−1 at 170 °C, which is 342% higher than that of PBI.

Crosslinked ethyl phosphoric acid grafted polybenzimidazole and polybenzimidazole blend membranes for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Our previous work illustrated that blending 10–30 wt.% of ethyl phosphoric acid-grafted PBI (PBI-EPA, 12 mol% degree of grafting) in the PBI membrane enhances the phosphoric acid doping level (PAdop) and proton conductivity σ of the membrane. On the other hand, the mechanical properties were decreased, and the membrane was highly dissolved in an 85 wt.% H3PO4 aqueous solution, while the PBI-EPA concentration in the PBI/PBI-EPA blend membrane was greater than 50 wt.%. To improve the mechanical properties of the PBI/PBI-EPA blend membrane, crosslinked PBI/PBI-EPA membranes with a PBI-EPA concentration higher than 50 wt.% were prepared by blending epoxy resin as a crosslinker. These crosslinked blend membranes demonstrated greater PAdop and σ and better fuel cell performance than the neat-PBI and epoxide-crosslinked PBI membranes.

Properties and fuel cell applications of polybenzimidazole and ethyl phosphoric acid grafted polybenzimidazole blend membranes

Polybenzimidazole doped H3PO4 (PBI/H3PO4) membrane is considered as one of the most promising proton exchange membranes for high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, the brittleness of PBI membrane limits its applications. In this study, we synthesize ethyl phosphoric acid grafted PBI (PBI-EPA; 12.0mol% degree of grafting) and prepare PBI/PBI-EPA blend membranes. The PBI/PBI-EPA blend membrane has a lower tensile stress and a larger tensile strain than the neat-PBI membrane when the PBI-EPA content is ~10–20wt% in the blend membrane. The H3PO4 doping level, proton conductivity, and fuel cell performance at 160°C with nonhumidified H2/O2 and H2/air fuel gases are also enhanced by blending 10–30wt% of PBI-EPA in the PBI/PBI-EPA blend membranes.

In vitro and in vivo studies on degradation of quinalphos in rats

A pharmacokinetic in vitro and in vivo degradation study has been carried out in rat to evaluate the deleterious effects of exposure to quinalphos on a target population. Degradation of quinalphos in simulated gastric and intestinal phases has been investigated. The metabolic intermediates of quinalphos in serum and urine of albino rats at different time intervals were identified after dosing the animals with 5mgkg−1 body weight. All the samples were lyophilised, extracted and analysed by HPLC and GC–MS. The rate of degradation of quinalphos was accelerated in the presence of the enzymes pepsin and pancreatin contained in the gastric and intestinal simulations, respectively. Quinalphos oxon, O-ethyl-O-quinoxalin-2-yl phosphoric acid, 2-hydroxy quinoxaline and ethyl phosphoric acid are among the important metabolites identified both in in vitro and in vivo investigations. In simulated in vitro study some isomerised derivatives which were missing in the blood and urine of treated animals were identified. This could possibly be either due to non-formation or faster decay of the isomerised derivatives because of slightly different conditions prevailing in the two cases. The results also indicate that the metabolites, 2-hydroxy quinoxaline and oxon, which are more toxic than the parent compound, seem to persist for a longer time.

The synthesis and evaluation of pendant oligosaccharide-lipid side chain copolymer

In this research, thein vitro anti-thrombogenecity of artificial materials was evaluated using hydrophilic/ hydrophobic copolymers containing oligosaccharide as hydrophilic moiety and phospholipid as hydrophobic moiety respectively.N-(p-vinylbenzyl)-[O-a-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]n−1-D-glucoamide (VM7A) was adopted as hydrophilic oligosaccharide and 2-acryloxybutyl-2-(triethylammonium)ethyl phosphoric acid (HBA-choline) was adopted as hydrophobic phospholipid. Copolymers having various monomer feeding molar ratios were synthesized through radical polymerization. The synthesized copolymers were identified using FT-IR,1H-NMR, XPS, and DSC. The surface energy of the copolymers were evaluated by dynamic contact angle (DCA) method and checked different roles of VM7A as hydrophilic moiety and HBA-choline as hydrophobic moiety on surface. The surface morphological differences between hydrated and unhydrated surfaces of copolymers were observed and evaluated using AFM. The platelets were separated from canine whole blood by centrifugation and adopted to the anti-thromobogenecity test of the copolymers. From the results, we find out that as VM7A ratio increases, so did anti-thrombogenecity. Such results show the possibility of using these copolymers as blood compatible materials in living body.

Synthesis of high molar mass poly(alkylene phosphate)s by polyaddition of diepoxides to difunctional phosphoric acids: Unusual elimination of the side reactions

AbstractThe reaction between diepoxides and difunctional acids of phosphorus was studied as a potential route to linear polyesters of phosphoric acid. The reaction between diepoxide and POH groups in H3PO4 and related acids leads to linear phosphates, but cyclic phosphates are also formed as side products. The formation of such unreactive groups terminates polyaddition. However, cyclization is practically eliminated when the epoxide ring is fused to another ring, such as in cyclohexene oxide. A commercially available diepoxide containing two cyclohexene oxide moieties, 3,4‐epoxycyclohexylmethyl‐3,4‐epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate (ERL), was, therefore, used for polyaddition studies. Indeed, in the polyaddition of ERL with ethylphosphoric acid, high molecular weight (number‐average molecular weight up to 104) linear polyphosphates were obtained. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3024–3033, 2001

Chemical analysis of environmental samples collected in Iraq: Analysis for the presence of chemical warfare agents

AbstractNineteen samples from the United Nations Special Commission 65 on Iraq (UNSCOM 65) were analyzed for chemical warfare (CW) related compounds using a variety of spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques including multinuclear NMR, GC (phosphorus, sulfur and atomic emission detection), GC/MS (electron impact and chemical ionization), tandem MS, HPLC/ion chromatography, HPLC/thermospray/MS, FTIR, ICP and GFAA. The samples consisted of one piece of cloth, one piece of wood, six waters, six soils, two vegetation samples and two mortar shell crosscut sections. No intact CW agents were detected; however, diethyl phosphoric acid was unambiguously identified in three of the water samples and ethyl phosphoric acid was tentatively identified, at lower levels, in one of the water samples. Diethyl phosphoric acid and ethyl phosphoric acid are degradation products of munitions‐grade Tabun (GA), an organophosphorus nerve agent. However, these compounds are also degradation products of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) scheduled compound Amiton as well as many commercially available pesticides.

Sensitization to Heat by the Polyamines and Their Analogs

The polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine have been shown to sensitize Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to the cytotoxic effects of elevated temperatures. This sensitization occurs in the order spermine greater than spermidine greater than putrescine. A series of homologs of the diamine putrescine demonstrated little variance in the degree of potentiation until a chain length equivalent to that of spermidine was employed (1,8-diaminooctane). Two compounds bearing structural similarities to spermidine gave rather different results when combined with heat. Methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), an antiproliferative drug, sensitized cells to heat, while S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)-ethyl phosphoric acid (WR-2721), a radioprotector, had no measureable effect on 43 degrees C-induced cytotoxicity. Together, these results point out the primary importance of two terminal amino groups separated by either carbon, or carbon and nitrogen, atoms in an aliphatic chain in the observed sensitization of heat-induced cytotoxicity by polyamines. These data suggest specific dimensional characteristics of the presumed negatively charged structure(s) with which the polyamines are interacting to elicit this effect.

Intramolecular condensation of disubstituted n-phosphorylated imidoureas

1. Distillation of N,N′-disubstituted N″-diethylphosphorylated imidoureas, where one of the substituents is a carbethoxymethyl group and the other an alkyl (methyl, ethyl, propyl, allyl, and butyl) or phenyl group, is accompanied by detachment of an ethyl alcohol molecule and formation of a cyclic compound -N-alkyl(phenyl) — N,N′-glycolyl-N″-diethylphosphorylimidourea. 2. Reaction of ethylchlorophosphate with the ethyl ester of glycine gave the N,N′-di(carbethoxymethyl)diamide of ethylphosphoric acid.

Researches on certain ethylphosphate

The constitution, properties, and derivatives of the so-called conjugated sulphurous and sulphuric acids have been made the subject of numerous searches, and have led, in the hands of Gerhardt and others, to very interesting results. I have examined at different times several members of the methylsulphuric, phenylsulphurous, nitrophenvlsulphous and other series, but have lately turned my attention to the analogous compounds of the phosphoric series. Some remarkable substances have been thus made, their constitution seeming to have a direct bearing upon the important question of the atomicity and equivalency of certain of the metallic elements. Several substances might have served as starting-points for these new inquiries. A curious compound, phenylphosphoric acid, C 6 H 5 H 2 PO 4 , was prepared; but its instability, and the oxidation to which it and its salts are liable, rendered it unsuited for the present purpose. I intend to describe in the present paper but one series of salts, formed from Pelouze’s ethylphosphoric acid, C 2 H 5 H 2 PO 4 . This compound, containing two atoms of easily replaceable hydrogen, appeared admirably adapted for the purpose in view. It is readily prepared by digesting (for 48 hours) finely crushed glacial phosphoric acid with alcohol of 90 percent.:— C 2 H 5 H } O + H PO 3 = C 2 H 3 H H } PO 4 .