Ethylmalonic Acid Research Articles

Nanoscale sintering of zinc micropowders for high conductivity and sensing applications of transient electronics

Abstract In the face of new social and environmental challenges, there is a need for an alternative approach to the fabrication of electronics. Increasing demand for smart healthcare applications or the growing e-waste problems inspired the work on new adaptations and materials for biodegradable, bioresorbable or even edible electronics. Such a trend is called transient electronics, which is a response to the mentioned problems, yet efficient and affordable fabrication of such elements is challenging. We report a broader approach to the application of zinc inks for printed electronics and a nanochemical sintering approach with several types of organic acids. Selectively spray-printed fine zinc microparticles subjected to acetic, lactic, malonic, ethylmalonic and citric acids were evaluated for obtaining the lowest electrical resistivity and its variations induced by the amount of applied acids. Resulting sintered Zn patterns exhibited sheet resistivity values as low as 15 · 10−2 Ω sq−1. Not all acids are suitable for fabricating stable, conductive paths, as in the case of citric and ethylmalonic acids. On the other hand, with malonic acid, there was a wide range of resistance changes in the function of applied acid doses (from one to fifteen), suggesting application as a chemical sensor for acid concentration. Such results suggest that with a low-cost zinc powder, absorbable by living organisms and disintegrating in the natural environment, using common organic acids, we can efficiently fabricate printed electronic circuits and sensors for transient electronics applications.

A-316 A quantitative gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for metabolic profiling of urine organic acids and acylglycines

Abstract Background The analysis of urine organic acids (UOA) and acylglycines (UAG) are an essential investigation for the diagnosis inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs). The vast majority of methods for these analytes use gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and are only qualitative. Gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) offers greater sensitivity and selectivity and enables the combination of qualitative screening with quantitative analysis. We describe the development and validation results of a quantitative GC-MS/MS method. Methods Urine creatinine concentrations were measured (CobasPro, Roche Diagnostics) and normalized to 1.25 mmol/L. After internal standard addition, each urine specimen, calibration standard and QC were incubated with a hydroxylamine solution followed by a liquid-liquid extraction. Further sample concentration permitted the isolated UOA and UAG to be derivatized using N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamine (BSTFA) with 1% chlorotrimethylsilane (TMCS) prior to injection. GC-MS/MS analysis was performed using a GC-MS-TQ8050 triple quadrupole system (Shimadzu) with a 30 m DB-5MS (Agilent J&W) capillary column (0.25 mm, ID of 0.25 µm). Split injection mode was deployed with an initial column temperature of 70°C. The mass spectrometer was operated in electron ionization (EI) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes. Results The optimal temperature gradient for high-resolution UOA and UAG separations was derived and their respective retention times determined. MS/MS detection parameters were optimized to permit the identification of precursor and production ions for all (N=36) derivatized analytes. Total analysis time was 33.8 min per injection. This method permits the measurement of 11 samples in one batch and is highly linear for all analytes (R^2 >0.99 and average slope 1.04). The limit of quantification (LOQ) was established and ranged from <0.05 to 2.1 µmol/mmol creatinine. Intra- and inter-day imprecision (CV%) was determined using matrix-matched abnormal and normal QC. Intra-day imprecision (N=10) ranged from 1.3% (2-ketoglutaric acid) to 9.7% (3-hydroxybutyric acid). Inter-day imprecision (N=30 over 15 days) ranged from 2.2% (ethylmalonic acid and methylmalonic acid) to 20.5% (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid). The method had an average accuracy of 113±14% for analytes included in the ERNDiM quantitative organic acids (urine) external quality assurance program. For analytes not included in this proficiency testing, the method showed good agreement when compared to a national reference laboratory, with average Deming correlation coefficients and regression slopes being 0.9944 and 1.1, respectively. No interferences were detected when monitoring the analyte quantifier and qualifier ion ratios in patient urine. Conclusions The devised GC-MS/MS protocol permits the unbiased identification and quantification of UOA and UAG used to investigate IEMs. The method has acceptable sensitivity, specificity, precision and accuracy for clinical routine clinical testing.

Multiomics of parkinsonism cynomolgus monkeys highlights significance of metabolites in interaction between host and microbiota

The gut microbiota has been demonstrated to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, conflicting findings regarding specific microbial species have been reported, possibly due to confounding factors within human populations. Herein, our current study investigated the interaction between the gut microbiota and host in a non-human primate (NHP) PD model induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) using a multi-omic approach and a self-controlled design. Our transcriptomic sequencing of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) identified key genes involved in pro-inflammatory cytokine dysregulation, mitochondrial function regulation, neuroprotection activation, and neurogenesis associated with PD, such as IL1B, ATP1A3, and SLC5A3. The metabolomic profiles in serum and feces consistently exhibited significant alterations, particularly those closely associated with inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunctions and neurodegeneration in PD, such as TUDCA, ethylmalonic acid, and L-homophenylalanine. Furthermore, fecal metagenome analysis revealed gut dysbiosis associated with PD, characterized by a significant decrease in alpha diversity and altered commensals, particularly species such as Streptococcus, Butyrivibrio, and Clostridium. Additionally, significant correlations were observed between PD-associated microbes and metabolites, such as sphingomyelin and phospholipids. Importantly, PDPC significantly reduced in both PD monkey feces and serum, exhibiting strong correlation with PD-associated genes and microbes, such as SLC5A3 and Butyrivibrio species. Moreover, such multi-omic differential biomarkers were linked to the clinical rating scales of PD monkeys. Our findings provided novel insights into understanding the potential role of key metabolites in the host-microbiota interaction involved in PD pathogenesis.

Combining Metabolomics and Machine Learning to Identify Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Pre- and Post-Radiation Therapy.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for over 85% of cases and poor prognosis in advanced stages. This study explored shifts in circulating metabolite levels in NSCLC patients versus healthy controls and examined the effects of conventionally fractionated radiation therapy (CFRT) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). We enrolled 91 NSCLC patients (38 CFRT and 53 SBRT) and 40 healthy controls. Plasma metabolite levels were assessed using semi-targeted metabolomics, revealing 32 elevated and 18 reduced metabolites in patients. Key discriminatory metabolites included ethylmalonic acid, maltose, 3-phosphoglyceric acid, taurine, glutamic acid, glycocolic acid, and d-arabinose, with a combined Receiver Operating Characteristics curve indicating perfect discrimination between patients and controls. CFRT and SBRT affected different metabolites, but both changes suggested a partial normalization of energy and amino acid metabolism pathways. In conclusion, metabolomics identified distinct metabolic signatures in NSCLC patients with potential as diagnostic biomarkers. The differing metabolic responses to CFRT and SBRT reflect their unique therapeutic impacts, underscoring the utility of this technique in enhancing NSCLC diagnosis and treatment monitoring.

A New Look at the Mechanism of Cocrystal Formation and Coformers Exchange in Processes Forced by Mechanical and/or Thermal Stimuli - ex situ and in situ Studies of Low-Melting Eutectic Mixtures.

Three different devices: ball mill, hot stage melting, and magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR rotor were used for the preparation of ethenzamide (ET) cocrystals with glutaric acid (GLU), ethylmalonic acid (EMA) and maleic acid (MAL) as coformers. In each case, well-defined binary systems (ET:EMA, ET:GLU, ET:MAL) were obtained. The common features of the two solvent free methods of cocrystal formation (grinding, melting) are presented on the basis of arguments obtained by solid state NMR spectroscopy. Thermal analysis (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) proved that the eutectic phase arises over a wide range of molar ratios of components for each of the binary systems. NMR techniques, supported by theoretical calculations, allowed to provide details about the pathway of the reaction mechanism with atomic accuracy. It was found that the formation of ET cocrystals is a complex process that requires five steps. Each step has been recognized and described. Variable temperature 1D and 2D MAS NMR experiments allowed to track physicochemical processes taking place in a molten state. Moreover, it was found that in a multicomponent mixture consisting of all four components, ET, EMA, GLU, and MAL, ET in the molten phase behaves as a specific selector choosing only one partner to form binary cocrystals according to energy preferences. The process of exchange of coformers in binary systems during grinding, melting, and NMR measurements is described. The stabilization energies (Estab ) and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps computed for the cocrystals under discussion and their individual components rationalize the selection rules and explain the relationships between individual species.

Discrimination of serum samples of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia with 1H-NMR metabolomics.

Prostate cancer continues to be a prominent health concern for men globally. Current screening techniques, primarily the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test and digital rectal examination (DRE), possess inherent limitations, with prostate biopsy being the definitive diagnostic procedure. The invasive nature of the biopsy and other drawbacks of current screening tests create the need for non-invasive and more accurate diagnostic methods. This study utilized 1H-NMR (Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) based serum metabolomics to differentiate between prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Serum samples from 40 PCa and 41 BPH patients were analysed using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. PepsNMR was utilized for preprocessing the raw NMR data, and the binned spectra were examined for patterns distinguishing PCa and BPH. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed a moderate separation between PCa and BPH, highlighting the distinct metabolic profiles of both conditions. A logistic regression model was then developed, which demonstrated good performance in distinguishing between the two conditions. The results showed significant variance in multiple metabolites between PCa and BPH, such as isovaleric acid, ethylmalonic acid, formate, and glutamic acid. This research underlines the potential of 1H-NMR-based serum metabolomics as a promising tool for improved prostate cancer screening, offering an alternative to the limitations of current screening methods.

Metabolomic analysis of seminal fluids in infertile individuals.

Infertility impacts a substantial number of couples worldwide, and about 50% of cases are linked to male factors. The analysis of seminal fluid composition can improve diagnostic accuracy and offer deeper insights into the pathophysiology of male factor infertility. This study seeks to identify novel markers for diagnosing and treating male infertility by comparing organic acid profiles in the seminal fluid of individuals with normospermia, oligospermia, and azoospermia. Semen samples were collected from men with normospermia, oligospermia, and azoospermia. The organic acid profile in the seminal fluid was analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS). Data analysis was performed using SPSS and MetaboAnalyst. The study revealed significant differences in metabolite levels among normospermic, oligospermic, and azoospermic individuals. In groups with oligospermia, there were significant decreases in the levels of 2-OH-Isovaleric Acid, 3-Methyl-2-Oxovaleric Acid, Ethyl-Malonic Acid, Citric Acid, Oxoproline, Malic Acid, N-Acetyl-Aspartic Acid, Suberic Acid, Glutaconic Acid, and Succinic Acid. Similarly, individuals with azoospermia exhibited a notable reduction in the levels of Citric Acid, Malic Acid, and Suberic Acid. Furthermore, according to the Variable Importance in the Projection (VIP) score analysis, Ethyl-Malonic Acid, Glycolic Acid, and 3-Methyl-2-Oxovaleric Acid were identified as crucial factors for diagnosis and potential treatment strategies. The data obtained from the study highlights the significant potential of metabolites in assessing infertility and gaining a more in-depth understanding of the underlying pathological mechanisms.

Degradation of 17 α-ethynyl estradiol by Pseudomonas citronelolis BHUWW1 and its degradation pathway

17 α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) is the main component of birth control medications and is in huge demand worldwide. A major part of this hormone is excreted in the environment, where it acts as Endocrine Disrupting Compound (EDC). Thus, the removal of this hormone from the environment is essential. In this study, a bacterial strain identified as Pseudomonas citronelolis BHUWW1 was isolated from sewage-contaminated water of the Assi River by using enrichment in minimal medium supplemented with EE2 as a sole source of carbon. The strain was able to metabolize 94% of 10 mg/L of EE2 after eight days of incubation. Supplementation of co-carbon sources showed a positive impact on EE2 degradation. It was observed that supplementation with sodium acetate, sucrose, and glucose increased the efficiency of EE2 degradation. In the presence of metal ions, a decrease in EE2 degradation was observed. However, the strain BHUWW1 was able to degrade EE2 in the presence of tested metal ions. The metabolites arising after degradation of EE2 were identified by GC MS and a possible pathway of degradation was elucidated. It was observed that EE2 was first converted to estrone and then to 17 β-estradiol (E2). E2 was then hydroxylated, which led to an opening of the ring structure and its subsequent degradation. A few metabolites such as methyl succinic acid, ethyl malonic acid, and 4- hydroxyl butanoic acid formed during the degradation were also identified. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the role of strain BHUWW1 in the remediation of this hormone.

Investigation into polymorphism within ethenzamide-ethylmalonic acid cocrystal using Raman and terahertz vibrational spectroscopy

Two cocrystal polymorphs of ethenzamide (ETZ) and ethylmalonic acid (EMA) were synthesized by solvent evaporation. Crystal structure analysis revealed that the main amide − carboxyl heterosynthon in ETZ-EMA cocrystal Form I and Form II are the same, but the crystal structure of these two polymorphs are different. Terahertz (THz) and Raman vibrational spectroscopy were used to characterize ETZ, EMA, ETZ-EMA cocrystal polymorph Form I and Form II respectively. The experimental results showed that ETZ, EMA, ETZ-EMA cocrystal Form I and ETZ-EMA cocrystal Form II exhibited completely different characteristic peaks. Both THz and Raman vibrational spectroscopy can be used to distinguish ETZ-EMA cocrystal Form I from Form II. Furthermore, the investigation of phase transition induced by temperature and solid-state grinding was also performed. In the temperature phase transition experiments, when the powder sample was heated to a temperature range of 80–82 °C, the metastable ETZ-EMA cocrystal Form I transformed into the more stable ETZ-EMA cocrystal Form II. Solid-state grinding analysis revealed that the results of the ETZ-EMA cocrystal polymorph synthesis in grinding experiments depended on the polarity of the solvents used. Grinding without solvent or with high polarity solvents tended to result in the stable ETZ-EMA cocrystal Form II. Moreover, the metastable ETZ-EMA cocrystal Form I would transform into Form II after further grinding process. These results demonstrate that THz and Raman vibrational spectroscopy have high sensitivity and accuracy in the detection of both cocrystal synthesis and cocrystal polymorph phase transitions.

B-201 Development of a Quantitative Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Metabolic Profiling of Urine Organic Acids

Abstract Background Urine organic acids (UOA) analysis is an essential investigation for inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs). The vast majority of methods use gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and are only qualitative. Gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) offers greater sensitivity and selectivity, and enables the combination of qualitative screening with quantitative analysis. We describe the development and preliminary validation results of a quantitative GC-MS/MS method. Methods Urine creatinine concentrations were measured (CobasPro, Roche Diagnostics) and normalized to 1.25 mmol/L. After internal standard addition, each urine specimen, calibration standard and QC were incubated with a hydroxylamine solution followed by a liquid-liquid extraction. Further sample concentration permitted the isolated UOA to be derivatized using N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamine (BSTFA) with 1% chlorotrimethylsilane (TMCS) prior to injection. GC-MS/MS analysis was performed using a GC-MS-TQ8050 triple quadrupole system (Shimadzu) with a 30 m DB-5MS (Agilent J&W) capillary column (0.25 mm, ID of 0.25 µm). Split injection mode was deployed with an initial column temperature of 70°C. The mass spectrometer was operated in electron ionization (EI) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes. The linear concentration ranges of the targeted metabolites within the devised GC-MS/MS protocol were determined. Results The optimal temperature gradient for high-resolution UOA separations was derived and their respective retention times determined. MS/MS detection parameters were optimized to permit the identification of precursor and production ions for all (N = 38) derivatized UOA. Total analysis time was 33.8 min per injection. The achieved linear concentration ranges for each metabolite was respectively determined. Linear concentration ranges and correlation coefficients of representative UOA: 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid (range = 9 to 708 µmol/L, R2 = 0.9874); lactic acid (range = 15 to 751 µmol/L, R2 = 0.9936); 3-hydroxybutyric acid (range = 15 to 751 µmol/L, R2 = 0.9991); and 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid (range = 10 to 501 µmol/L, R2 = 0.9996). The correlation coefficients for all remaining UOA ranged from R2 = 0.9458 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid) to R2 = 0.9998 (3-methylglutanoic acid and ethylmalonic acid). Conclusion The devised GC-MS/MS protocol permits the unbiased identification and quantification of UOA used to investigate IEMs. The linear concentration ranges for all analytes were determined and are appropriate for monitoring these markers of inherited enzyme deficiencies. The analytical performance of this UOA GC-MS/MS method must be further validated and its diagnostic performance for selected IEMs characterized.

Ethylmalonic Encephalopathy: a literature review and two new cases of mild phenotype.

Ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE) is a rare intoxication-type metabolic disorder with multisystem involvement. It is caused by mutations in ETHE1, which encodes the ETHE1 enzyme in the mitochondrial matrix that plays a key role in hydrogen sulfide (H2S) detoxification acting as a sulphur dioxygenase. This review focuses on the clinical, metabolic, genetic and neuroradiological features of 70 reported cases, including two new cases. The common manifestations of EE are psychomotor regression, hypotonia, developmental delay, petechia, pyramidal signs, chronic diarrhoea, orthostatic acrocyanosis and failure to thrive, respectively. A significant difference was found in EMA and C4 levels (p=0.003, p=0.0236)between classical and mild phenotypes. Urinary EMA, C4 and C5 levels were found to exhibit normal values in milder cases during attack-free periods. The most common ETHE1 gene homozygous state mutations were (p.R163Q) (c.488G>A), exon 4 deletion, (p.R163W)(c.487C>T), (p.Glu44ValfsTer62)(c.131_132delAG) and (p.M1I)(c.3G>T) mutations, respectively. Fifty-two patients underwent cranial MRI. Basal ganglia signal alterations were detected in 42 cases. Of the 70 cases, eight had a mild phenotype and slow neurological progression with low levels of ethylmalonic acid (EMA) and C4 acylcarnitine. The current age of alive patients in the published articles with mild phenotype was significantly higher than the classical phenotype. (p=0.002). Reducing the accumulation and inducing detoxification of sulfide is the main long-term treatment strategy for EE, including metronidazole, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), dietary modification, liver transplantation and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Measuring EMA and C4 acylcarnitine during metabolic attacks is critical to diagnosing EE, allowing for early treatment initiation to prevent further encephalopathic crises. Experience with liver transplantation, diet and CRRT, is currently limited. An early multidisciplinary approach with combination therapies is vital to prevent irreversible neurological damage.

Amorphization of Ethenzamide and Ethenzamide Cocrystals-A Case Study of Single and Binary Systems Forming Low-Melting Eutectic Phases Loaded on/in Silica Gel.

The applicability of different solvent-free approaches leading to the amorphization of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) was tested. Ethenzamide (ET), an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug, and two ethenzamide cocrystals with glutaric acid (GLU) and ethyl malonic acid (EMA) as coformers were used as pharmaceutical models. Calcinated and thermally untreated silica gel was applied as an amorphous reagent. Three methods were used to prepare the samples: manual physical mixing, melting, and grinding in a ball mill. The ET:GLU and ET:EMA cocrystals forming low-melting eutectic phases were selected as the best candidates for testing amorphization by thermal treatment. The progress and degree of amorphousness were determined using instrumental techniques: solid-state NMR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. In each case, the API amorphization was complete and the process was irreversible. A comparative analysis of the dissolution profiles showed that the dissolution kinetics for each sample are significantly different. The nature and mechanism of this distinction are discussed.

Integration of the Microbiome, Metabolome and Transcriptome Reveals Escherichia coli F17 Susceptibility of Sheep

Escherichia coli (E. coli) F17 is one of the most common pathogens causing diarrhea in farm livestock. In the previous study, we accessed the transcriptomic and microbiomic profile of E. coli F17-antagonism (AN) and -sensitive (SE) lambs; however, the biological mechanism underlying E. coli F17 infection has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the present study first analyzed the metabolite data obtained with UHPLC-MS/MS. A total of 1957 metabolites were profiled in the present study, and 11 differential metabolites were identified between E. coli F17 AN and SE lambs (i.e., FAHFAs and propionylcarnitine). Functional enrichment analyses showed that most of the identified metabolites were related to the lipid metabolism. Then, we presented a machine-learning approach (Random Forest) to integrate the microbiome, metabolome and transcriptome data, which identified subsets of potential biomarkers for E. coli F17 infection (i.e., GlcADG 18:0-18:2, ethylmalonic acid and FBLIM1); furthermore, the PCCs were calculated and the interaction network was constructed to gain insight into the crosstalk between the genes, metabolites and bacteria in E. coli F17 AN/SE lambs. By combing classic statistical approaches and a machine-learning approach, our results revealed subsets of metabolites, genes and bacteria that could be potentially developed as candidate biomarkers for E. coli F17 infection in lambs.

An atypically mild case of ethylmalonic encephalopathy with pathogenic ETHE1 variant

Ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE) is a rare, severe, autosomal recessive condition caused by pathogenic variants in ETHE1 leading to progressive encephalopathy, hypotonia evolving to dystonia, petechiae, orthostatic acrocyanosis, diarrhea, and elevated ethylmalonic acid in urine. In this case report, we describe a patient with only mild speech and gross motor delays, subtle biochemical abnormalities, and normal brain imaging found to be homozygous for a pathogenic ETHE1 variant (c.586G>A) via whole exome sequencing. This case highlights the clinical heterogeneity of ETHE1 mutations and the utility of whole-exome sequencing in diagnosing mild cases of EE.

Serum organic acid metabolites can be used as potential biomarkers to identify prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and prostate cancer.

Noninvasive methods for the early identify diagnosis of prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer (PCa) are current clinical challenges. The serum metabolites of 20 healthy individuals and patients with prostatitis, BPH, or PCa were identified using untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In addition, targeted LC-MS was used to verify the organic acid metabolites in the serum of a validation cohort. Organic acid metabolites had good sensitivity and specificity in differentiating prostatitis, BPH, and PCa. Three diagnostic models identified patients with PROSTATITIS: phenyllactic acid (area under the curve [AUC]=0.773), pyroglutamic acid (AUC=0.725), and pantothenic acid (AUC=0.721). Three diagnostic models identified BPH: citric acid (AUC=0.859), malic acid (AUC=0.820), and D-glucuronic acid (AUC=0.810). Four diagnostic models identified PCa: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (AUC=0.804), citric acid (AUC=0.918), malic acid (AUC=0.862), and phenyllactic acid (AUC=0.713). Two diagnostic models distinguished BPH from PCa: phenyllactic acid (AUC=0.769) and pyroglutamic acid (AUC=0.761). Three diagnostic models distinguished benign BPH from PROSTATITIS: citric acid (AUC=0.842), ethylmalonic acid (AUC=0.814), and hippuric acid (AUC=0.733). Six diagnostic models distinguished BPH from prostatitis: citric acid (AUC=0.926), pyroglutamic acid (AUC=0.864), phenyllactic acid (AUC=0.850), ethylmalonic acid (AUC=0.843), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (AUC=0.817), and hippuric acid (AUC=0.791). Three diagnostic models distinguished PCa patients with PROSTATITISA < 4.0 ng/mL from those with PSA > 4.0 ng/mL: 5-hydromethyl-2-furoic acid (AUC=0.749), ethylmalonic acid (AUC=0.750), and pyroglutamic acid (AUC=0.929). Conclusions: These results suggest that serum organic acid metabolites can be used as biomarkers to differentiate prostatitis, BPH, and PCa.

Protection of Copper and Its MNZh 5-1 Alloy with Sodium Salts of Malonic and Ethylmalonic Acids in a Neutral Chloride Solution

Protection of Copper and Its MNZh 5-1 Alloy with Sodium Salts of Malonic and Ethylmalonic Acids in a Neutral Chloride Solution

Osteocalcin active center models: Electrochemical adsorption on platinum and quantum chemical analysis

An attempt was made to simulate the electrochemical behavior of the osteocalcin active site simple models on the platinum component of a bimetallic Ti/Pt implant. Dicarboxylic glutamic acid and dicarboxylic aspartic acid, and ethylmalonic acid as the third model successfully complementing the model range. The surface coverage of the platinum electrode during adsorption of model dicarboxylic acids was estimated using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. All three compounds demonstrate similar trends in the surface coverage dependencies on the adsorption potential, acids' adsorption onto platinum surface is weak, and in none of cases studied amino group participates in adsorption on the platinum electrode surface. Using quantum chemical calculations, the most stable conformations of model compounds and the values of voids between adsorbed dicarboxylic acid molecules were obtained. Since all three models have a relatively low surface coverage and are participants in the outer sphere process of nonspecific adsorption on platinum, the residues of γ-carboxyglutamic acid present in osteocalcin will not be specifically adsorbed on the platinum component of the bimetallic implant, and the absence of interactions between it and the platinum electrode should have a positive effect on the dynamics of osteoregeneration.

Multiplexed LC-MS/MS analysis of methylsuccinic acid, ethylmalonic acid, and glutaric acid in plasma and urine

Low molecular-mass aliphatic carboxylic acids are critically important for intermediate metabolism and may serve as important biomarkers for metabolic homeostasis. Here in, we focused on multiplexed method development of aliphatic carboxylic analytes, including methylsuccinic acid (MSA), ethylmalonic acid (EMA), and glutaric acid (GA). Also assessed was their utility in a population's health as well as metabolic disease screening in both plasma and urine matrices. MSA, EMA, and GA are constitutional isomers of dicarboxylic acid with high polarity and poor ionization efficiency, resulting in such challenges as poor signal intensity and retention, particularly in reversed-phase liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry (RP-LC-ESI-MS/MS). Derivatization using n-butanol was performed in the sample preparation to enhance the signal intensity accompanied with a positive charge from ionization in complicated biomatrices as well as to improve the separation of these isomers with optimal retention. Fit-for-purpose method validation results demonstrated quantitative ranges for MSA/EMA/GA from 5/10/20 ng/mL to 400 ng/mL in plasma analysis, and 100/200/100 ng/mL to 5000/10000/5000 ng/mL in urine analysis. This validated method demonstrates future utility when exploring population health analysis and biomarker development in metabolic diseases.

Case Series of Ethylmalonic Encephalopathy from Southern India.

Ethylmalonic encephalopathy is a rare neurometabolic disorder with central nervous system involvement and vasculopathy. It is presented in infancy with developmental delay, acrocyanosis, petechiae, chronic diarrhea, and early death. This was a retrospective study of confirmed cases of ethylmalonic aciduria from a tertiary care hospital over a period of 5 years from January 2015 to December 2020. Case details including analysis of clinical history, investigations, and outcomes are presented. Of six cases, male-to-female ratio was 4:2. Mean age of presentation was 35.5 months (range: 14-83 months). Consanguinity, global developmental delay, failure to thrive, skin rashes, microcephaly, hypotonia, and exaggerated deep tendon reflexes were observed in all cases. Chronic diarrhea was presented in five cases. The serum levels of C4 carnitine and urinary levels of ethylmalonic acid were increased in all cases. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed heterogenous bilateral symmetrical changes in the basal ganglia in five cases, and in one case, MRI could not be done. Genetic testing in two cases showed a homozygous variant in ETHE1 gene. Four children died, while the other two cases showed a decreased in recurrent encephalopathies and diarrhea after starting metronidazole. All children had global developmental delay, failure to thrive, skin rashes, central hypotonia, increased C4 carnitine levels in the serum, and increased ethylmalonic acid in the urine. Chronic diarrhea, acrocyanosis, and basal ganglia change in the MRI of the brain also give important clues for diagnosis. Metronidazole is useful in preventing recurrent episodes of encephalopathy.

Diagnosis of atypical myopathy based on organic acid and acylcarnitine profiles and evolution of biomarkers in surviving horses

BackgroundAtypical myopathy (AM), an acquired multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) in horses, induce changes in mitochondrial metabolism. Only few veterinary laboratories offer diagnostic testing for this disease. Inborn and acquired MADD exist in humans, therefore determination of organic acids (OA) in urine and acylcarnitines (AC) in blood by assays available in medical laboratories can serve as AM diagnostics. The evolution of OA and AC profiles in surviving horses is unreported. MethodsAC profiles using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) and OA in urine using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were determined in dried blot spots (DBS, n = 7) and urine samples (n = 5) of horses with AM (n = 7) at disease presentation and in longitudinal samples from 3/4 survivors and compared to DBS (n = 16) and urine samples (n = 7) from control horses using the Wilcoxon test. ResultsAll short- (C2-C5) and medium-chain (C6-C12) AC in blood differed significantly (p < 0.008) between horses with AM and controls, except for C5:1 (p = 0.45) and C5OH + C4DC (p = 0.06). In AM survivors the AC concentrations decreased over time but were still partially elevated after 7 days. 14/62 (23%) of OA differed significantly between horses with AM and control horses. Concentrations of ethylmalonic acid, 2-hydroxyglutaric acid and the acylglycines (butyryl-, valeryl-, and hexanoylglycine) were highly elevated in the urine of all horses with AM at the day of disease presentation. In AM survivors, concentrations of those metabolites were initially lower and decreased during remission to approach normalization after 7 days. ConclusionOA and AC profiling by specialized human medical laboratories was used to diagnose AM in horses. Elevation of specific metabolites were still evident several days after disease presentation, allowing diagnosis via analysis of samples from convalescent animals.