Ethyl Iso-allocholate Research Articles

Intestinal Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Potential of Arthrospira platensis Aqueous Extract on DNBS-Induced Colitis in BALB/c Mice

Background: The most common Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) affecting the gastrointestinal system are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. However, the usual therapies for them are associated with a multitude of side effects. The blue-green microalgae Arthrospira platensis is known for its safety profile, nutritional, and medicinal properties in the treatment of different inflammatory and gastrointestinal disorders. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the potential intestinal anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract derived from Arthrospira platensis (AAP) in a mouse model of DNBS-induced colitis. Methods: GC-MS and FTIR-ATR were used to determine the different types of chemical compounds found in the AAP extract. BALB/c mice that received DNBS intrarectally were treated with three doses (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) of AAP for three days. The inflammatory status was assessed daily using a Disease Activity Index (DAI). Mice were sacrificed on the third day, and the extent of colonic damage was evaluated through both macroscopic and histological examinations. Finally, biochemical assays of different markers (MDA, NO, and GSH) were performed. Results: The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eleven bioactive compounds, including 2- thiophenecarboxylic acid, 2-biphenyl ester, palmitic acid, 2-linoleoyl glycerol, ethyl isoallocholate, and methyl palmitate. In addition, FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of amino, hydroxyl, and glucosidic groups. The treatment of colitic mice with AAP decreased the severity of colitis, as demonstrated by the improvement in the clinical score and the reduction of colonic tissue damage, as well as the modulation of the local biochemical marker levels. Conclusion: The AAP effectively improves DNBS-induced colitis, but its short treatment duration and focus on acute colitis highlight the need for further research on long-term and chronic effects.

Bidens sulphurea and Tanacetum vulgare L. extracts against Staphylococcus spp. mecA positive in pregnant women

The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of aqueous extracts of Bidens sulphurea and Tanacetum vulgare L. against Staphylococcus spp. methicillin-resistant (mecA) isolates from the vaginal microbiota of pregnant women. Fifteen isolates of Staphylococcus spp. with the presence of the mecA gene, from the vaginal swabs of pregnant women, aged between 16 and 38 years, who underwent microbiological examination during the first trimester of pregnancy. The aqueous extracts of B. sulphurea and Tanacetum vulgare L. were obtained by infusion, as recommended by popular use, and then, the chemical identification of the extracts was performed by gas chromatography. The antibacterial activity of plant extracts was performed by the method of microdilution in broth. B. sulphurea extract had as major compounds: custonolide (8.06%), Isohumulene (6.19%), artemetin (21,13%), β-sitosterol (28.68%), phytol (7.36%) e 7,8-epoxylanostan-11-ol, 3-acetoxy- (7.09%). T. vulgare extract presented as the majority artemetin (13.38%), verrucarol (13.27%) and phytol (11.93%), ergosterol (5.43%), ethyl iso-allocholate (6.95%), 7,8-epoxylanostan-11-ol, 3-acetoxy- (14,46%), lycopene, 1,1',2,2'-tetrahydro-1,1'-dimethoxy-, all-trans (7.09%) e 9,19-cyclochloestene-3,7-diol, 4,14-dimethyl-, 3-acetate (8.58%). The isolates tested against aqueous extracts of B. sulphurea and T. vulgare L., obtained minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) between 1.17mg/mL and 37.5mg/mL, minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of B. sulphurea varied between 75mg/mL and 150mg/mL, on the other hand, T. vulgare L. MBC had lower values ranging from 9.37mg/mL to 150mg/mL. It was confirmed the bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity of the tested extracts against isolates that have the mecA resistance gene, and it is possible to attest that these extracts are a therapeutic alternative.

Growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa by methanol extract of Bridelia stipularis and identification of active components using in silico studies

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance among pathogens is an emerging problem, gaining significant importance recently. Pharmaceutical scientists are constantly exploring innovative and effective antibacterial agents. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a bacterium primarily responsible for pneumonia and infections in the liver, kidneys, and other body parts. It is a Gram-negative bacterium that can be controlled by antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. However, this pathogen sometimes exhibits resistance to these antibacterial agents.MethodsRecognizing the well-known potential of plants as sources of medicinal compounds, our study focused on the ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extract of the leaves of Bridelia stipularis and its impact on the growth of P. aeruginosa using well diffusion method. To gain insight into the composition of the extract, we conducted GC–MS analysis. After identifying the components present in the extract, we assessed the drug-likeness, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and conducted docking studies of the molecules with the selected structural receptors of P. aeruginosa to find out the active component present in the extract.ResultsRemarkably, only methanol extract of Bridelia stipularis demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against this pathogen. In silico investigations revealed that two compounds, namely ethyl iso-allocholate and toluene sulfonylhydrazone derivative, exhibited high inhibition potencies. All structural receptors of the pathogen taken for this study were well inhibited by ethyl iso-allocholate while the receptors such as laconizing lipase and penicillin-binding protein of the bacterium were bound well with the 4-phenyl-3-penten-2-one p-toluene sulfonylhydrazone.ConclusionsObservations of this study clearly establish that the two phytochemicals present in the methanolic extract, i.e., ethyl iso-allocholate and toluene sulfonylhydrazone derivative of Bridelia stipularis leaves are highly active against the growth of the opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa.Graphical abstract

Purification of Potential Antimicrobial Metabolites from Endophytic Fusarium oxysporum Isolated from Myrtus communis.

The rise of microbial resistance and emerging infections pose significant health threats. Natural products from endophytic fungi offer a promising source of novel compounds with the potential as major drug leads. This research aims to screen Myrtus communis and Moringa oleifera for endophytic fungi and screen their metabolites for antibacterial and antifungal potential. Six endophytic fungal strains were isolated using a potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. The M. communis isolates were designated MC1, MC2, and MC3, and the M. oleifera isolates were named MO1, MO2, and MO3. Preliminary bioactivity testing revealed that the MC3 isolate exhibited significant growth inhibition against multidrug-resistant bacterial and fungal pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata. The MC3 isolate was identified as Fusarium oxysporum through morphological and microscopic methods. For metabolite production, the fungal strain was cultured in potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium at 28°C for 14days in a shaking incubator. The metabolites were purified using various chromatographic techniques, HPLC and GC-MS. The GC-MS analysis of the bioactive compound containing fungal strain (F. oxysporum) revealed multiple compounds at different retention times using the NIST-20 Library. Based on RSI values and probability indices, two compounds were targeted for further purification. Structure elucidation was performed using 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments on a Varian 500 NMR machine. The compounds identified were ethyl iso-allocholate (C26H44O5, exact mass 436.32) and 1-monolinoleoyl glycerol trimethylsilyl ether (C27H56O4Si2, exact mass 500.37). The MS (NIST-20) library facilitated the investigation of the in silico antimicrobial activity of these compounds against the elastase virulence protein of P. aeruginosa and protease Sapp1p from C. parapsilosis. Both the compounds were docked with druggable proteins using the Glide induced fit docking (IFD) algorithm. The ethyl iso-allocholate and 1-monolinoleoyl glycerol trimethylsilyl ether compounds showed binding scores - 10.07kcalmol-1 and - 7.47kcalmol-1 against elastase, and - 8.16kcalmol-1 and - 6.89kcalmol-1 against aspartic protease, respectively. In vitro studies confirmed the inhibitory activity of these compounds against multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis. Ethyl iso-allocholate exhibited higher bioactivity against P. aeruginosa with inhibition rates of 41%, 27%, and 35% at concentrations of 1000, 500, and 250µgmL-1, respectively. These results suggest that bioactive compounds from F. oxysporum have the potential as antimicrobial agents, warranting further research.

Subcritical water extraction of mangrove fruit extract (Sonneratia alba) and its antioxidant activity, network pharmacology, and molecular connectivity studies

Functional foods containing antioxidant molecules can limit the prevalence of various diseases, increase immunity, slow aging, and improve physical appearance. The aim of this study was to use non-toxic to prepare extracts from the Sonneratia alba fruit, determine the phytochemical composition, and assess the biological activity via in silico and in vitro antioxidant capability. Variations in temperatures and times showed that the conditions for best phytochemicals and antioxidant activity were 100 °C and 10 min. The highest values were 23.33 mg quercetin equivalent/g (flavonoids), 1.24 mg tannic acid equivalent/g (tannins), and IC50 = 62.38 ppm (antioxidant activity). Gas chromatography displayed 7 peaks that were attributed to 21 possible compounds. Molecular docking analysis results showed that the mechanism of three of the compounds (1) Ethyl iso-allocholate, (2) Gibb-3-ene-1,10-dicarboxylic acid,2,4a,7-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylene-,1,4a-lactone,10-methyl ester,(1a,2β,4aa,4bβ,10β)-, and (3) Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione,17,21-dihydroxy-,bis(O-methyloxime) could be due to their binding via hydrogen bonding to 3 reactive oxygen species (ROS) proteins (nitric oxide synthases). Subcritical water extract of Mangrove fruit (S. alba) has potential as a functional food that has antioxidant activity in silico and in vitro.

Exploring chemical composition and insecticidal activities of Alpinia calcarata rhizome essential oil against three major storage insects

Alpinia calcarata (Roscoe), generally recognized as snap ginger or lesser galangal of the Zingiberaceae family, undergoes widespread cultivation in tropical nations. It is characterized by its noteworthy pharmacological attributes, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antinociceptive, reproductive, anti-cancer, and gastro-protective effects. Many storage pests now resist traditional chemical pesticides. Transitioning to organic alternatives is a preferable and sustainable solution. This research investigates the insecticidal activity of essential oil from A. calcarata rhizomes, obtained via hydro-distillation. Chemical analysis was conducted, and the study assessed its toxicity and repellent effects on Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Lasioderma serricorne (F.), and Callosobruchus chinensis (L). A yield of 0.44 ± 0.02 % essential oil was obtained from dry rhizomes. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) characterization revealed the major chemical constituents as 1,8-cineole (25.71 %), ethyl iso-allocholate (16.01 %), and fenchyl acetate (15.15 %). The findings from the investigation into the pesticidal characteristics of essential oils derived from the rhizome of A. calcarata unveiled significant contact (LC50 at 24 h was 10.9 mg/cm2 for T. castaneum, 1.0 mg/cm2 for L. serricorne and 0.5 mg/cm2 for C. chinensis) and fumigant toxicity (LC50 at 24 h was 4.05 mg/L air for T. castaneum, 1.75 mg/L air for L. serricorne, and 1.03 mg/L air for C. chinensis). The repellent efficacy was evaluated through an area preference test, revealing robust repellent activity at various concentrations. Undoubtedly, the essential oil extracted from the rhizome of A. calcarata is valuable and has the potential to be a safe, organic pesticide for controlling storage pests.

Characterization, phytochemical profiling, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity of underutilized medicinal plants and composite flour

In this investigation, three medicinal plant powders and a composite flour developed from them were analyzed. FESEM/EDS illustrated irregularly shaped particles in the plant powders except for Withania, which had round to oval shape particles. XRD analysis displayed a semi-crystalline nature of powders, except for Asparagus, which showed amorphous behavior. Both methanol and ethanol plant extracts exhibited significantly higher antioxidants, total phenols, and cell viability. Amongst, optimized composite flour (OCF) methanolic extract demonstrated the highest total phenolic content (69.2 ± 0.11 μg GAE/ml), potent cell viability against A549 cells (3.35 ± 0.15% at 50 μg/ml), and strong free-radical scavenging activity (48.89 ± 0.67 at 200 μg/ml). GCMS and FTIR analyses of the methanolic extracts demonstrated the presence of essential phytoconstituents and functional groups. In silico studies of the phytocomponents, ethyl isoallocholate, 3-Deoxy-d-mannoic lactone, and 4,5-Diamino-2-hydroxypyrimidine suggested good binding affinity against BAX, P53, and EGFR proteins with no toxicity and a good drug score.

Evaluation of bark phytochemical composition of the genus Sorbus plants as a source of biologically active compounds

Phytocompounds have attracted considerable scientific interest due to their promising healing properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Plants of the genus Sorbus L. are well known in traditional medicine, but the constituents responsible for the pharmacological activity of herbal preparations have not yet been sufficiently identified. In this work, the composition of non-phenolic phytocomponents in the bark of natural for Ukraine Sorbus plants was investigated. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 33, 39, and 36 phytocompounds belonging to alkanes, aldehydes, alcohols, fatty acids and their esters, ketones, terpenoids and nitrogen-containing compounds were identified in extracts of the bark of Sorbus domestica L., S. aucuparia L., and S. torminalis (L.) Crantz., respectively. The largest classes of compounds were alkanes in the bark of S. domestica, and terpenoids in the bark of S. aucuparia and S. torminalis. Extracts of S. aucuparia were dominated by tetracyclic terpenoid ethyl isoallocholate (12.44% of the total), while the pentacyclic terpenoids lupeol (15.71%) and alpha-amyrin (7.41%) were predominant in S. torminalis and S. domestica extracts, respectively. Many of the compounds identified in Sorbus bark extracts are well known for their biological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, hepatoprotective and anti-arthritic effects. The study results indicate that the bark of the genus Sorbus plants is a promising source of phytocompounds with significant bioactive potential.

GC/GC-MS analysis and biological activities of Lantana Camara Linn.

Medicinal plants have been a part of human history for thousands of years and are still used as healthcare throughout the world. The current research aims to explore the chemical constituents of the methanol soluble extract (LC-Me) and petroleum ether soluble fraction (LCM-PES) from the leaves of Lantana camara Linn by GC/ GC-MS. This chemical analysis revealed the existence of 16 and 23 phytoconstituents in LC-Me and LCM-PES respectively. The major constituents in LC-Me were found to beethyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate (31.9%), hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (12.6%), n-hexadecanoic acid (11.1%), linoleic acid ethyl ester (9.1%), squalene (8.7%), di-n-octyl phthalate (6.2%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (4.2%), (E)-9-octadecenoic acid ethyl ester (2.7%) andcyclopropanebutanoicacid,2-[[2-[[2-[(2-pentylcyclopropyl)methyl]cyclopropyl]methyl]cyclopropyl]methyl]-, methyl ester (2.3%). The chief bioactive compounds in petroleum ether soluble fraction were found to beandrost-8-en-3-ol, 4,4,14α-trimethyl-17-(2-bromo-1-methylethyl (57.9%), 14,17-nor-3,21-dioxo-β-amyrin, 17,18-didehydro-3-dehydroxy- (13.0%), barringtogenol B (2.5%), olean-12-ene-3,16,21,22,28-pentol, 21-(2-methyl-2-butenoate), [3β,16α,21β(Z),22α]-(1.7%),perhydrocyclopropa[e]azulene-4,5,6-triol, 1,1,4,6-tetramethyl (1.7%), ethyl iso-allocholate (1.6%) and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester (1.6%). Both the extract and its fraction have exhibited very significant antibacterial, antifungal,mosquito repellent and larvicidal propertiesoriginated by numerous bioactive metabolites. Twenty eight (20 Gram-positive and 8 Gram-negative) bacteria were tested against LC.Me and LCM-PESwith noteworthy zone of inhibition.The significant in vitro antifungal activity was observed against fifteen fungi in LC-Me and LCM-PES. Very robust initial repellency was observed for LC-Me and LCM-PES (94% and 80% respectively) against the dengue-carrying mosquito (Aedes aegypti) at 2% concentration. The extract and its fraction were also found to be an efficient larvicidal agent against fourth-stage larvae of Aedes aegypti. The effective larvicidal property was noted in methanol soluble extract as compared topetroleum ether soluble fraction and standard with LC50value of 20 and 400 ppm respectively.

The Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Analysis of an Ayurvedic Formulation Amruthadi Kashaya

Amruthadi Kashaya is a Ayurvedic formulation mentioned in the book Arogya Kalpadruma for the treatment of Pandu (anaemic syndrome), Kamala (jaundice) and Raktapitha (bleeding disorders). The Yoga contains six drugs namely Amrutha (Tinospora cordifolia), Vasa (Adhatoda vasica), Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Tiktha (Solanum anguivi), Ela (Elettaria cardamomum), Pichumantha (Azadirachta indica). This Kashaya is rich in phytoconstituents, such as phenolics, terpenoids, and lipids, which are known for their many biological benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant effects. The purpose of the current study is to use Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis to identify the different types of bio molecules that are present in this Kashaya. Kashaya was prepared according to standard protocol. It was concentrated in the rotary vacuum evaporator, and the total soluble solid (TSS) obtained was used for GCMS analysis. The GCMS of Kashaya showed the presence of bio molecules such as 7 Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, Methyl tetradecanoate, Diethyl Phthalate, Dodecanoic acid, methyl ester, Methyl stearate, à-Terpineol, Methyl 8-methylnonanoate, 3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, à, à,4-trimethyl-, acetate, Decanoic acid, methyl ester, 1,6,10-Dodecatrien-3-ol,3,7,11-trimethyl-, (E)-, Ethyl iso-allocholate, Spiro [2,4] hepta-4,6-diene, Butylated Hydroxytoluene, 9-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z) etc. à-Terpineol, 7-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, Butylated hydroxytoluene, Nerolidyl acetate have antioxidant activity likewise some of the bio molecules have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer activity. It is concluded that Ayurvedic formulation Amruthadi Kashaya contains many bio molecules having therapeutic actions.

Elucidation of the mechanism of Zhenbao pills for the treatment of spinal cord injury by network pharmacology and molecular docking: A review.

To explore the mechanism of the Zhenbao pill (ZBP) in treating spinal cord injury (SCI). The TCMSP Database, HERB Database and literature search were used to screen the effective ingredients and targets of ZBP; SCI-related genes were searched in GeneCards, OMIM, PharmGkb, TTD and DrugBank databases; the potential targets of ZBP for treating SCI were predicted and Venn diagrams were drawn, and the "herb-ingredient-target" network was constructed by Cytoscape software. The PPI network was constructed by STRING software, and the core targets were screened by cytoNCA plug-in; GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis were performed on the predicted targets using the DAVID Platform, and visualized with the Microbiology Network Platform. The molecular docking between the key ingredients and the core target was carried out by AutoDockVina software. 391 active ingredients and 836 action targets were obtained from ZBP and there are 1557 SCI related genes in 5 disease databases. The top 5 active ingredients were Quercetin, Camptothecin, Kaempferol, Ethyl iso-allocholate, and Ethyl linoleate, and 5 core genes were SRC, CTNNB1, TP53, AKT1, and STAT3. GO enrichment analysis showed that the core targets were involved in 1206 biological processes, 120 cellular components and 160 molecular functions; KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the core targets involved 183 pathways, including PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and other signaling pathways. Molecular docking indicated that CTNNB1, SRC, TP53, AKT1 and STAT3 showed good binding ability with the active ingredients quercetin, kaempferol and ethyl isobutyric acid. ZBP improves SCI through multi-components, multi-targets and multi-pathways.

Antioxidant activity and GC-MS Analysis of Bauhinia variegata L. (Fabaceae)

Bauhinia variegata L. is reported to have medicinal properties in traditional literature. The antioxidant activities of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts were evaluated by the DPPH method, phoshomolybdenum assay, reducing power method. Characterization of leaf ethanolic extract was done by GC-MS. The major compounds identified by GC-MS are cyclopropanebutanoic acid, 2-[[2-[[2-[(2-pentylcyclopropyl) methyl] cyclopropyl]methyl] cyclopropyl]methyl] and minor compounds are, 2,7-Diphenyl-1,6-dioxopyridazino[4,5 :2',3']pyrrolo[4',5'-d]pyridazine, Ethyl iso-allocholate, Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate. The compounds identified in this study have pharmacological value, anti-microbial properties and show anti-oxidant activity.

Antioxidant, antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of ethanol extract of Zapotecca portoricensis roots

This study evaluated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of ethanol extract of Zapotecca portoricensis root. The extract was prepared via cold maceration method and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the phytochemical composition of the extract. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) procedures. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the extract were evaluated against clinical isolates of Eschericia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi using agar well diffusion technique. The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of seven (7) bioactive compounds. The extract produced concentration dependent increase in the antioxidant values in both the DPPH and FRAP assay protocols. The extract produced concentration-dependent increase in the zone of inhibition against the tested organisms. At 62.5 mg/mL and below concentrations, the zones of inhibition of Z. portoricensis root extract against E. coli and S. aureus were significantly (p < 0.05) lower when compared with the zone of inhibition of Z. portoricensis root extract against S. typhi. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Z. portoricensis root extract against E. coil, S. aureus and S. typhi were 31.25, 15.63 and 62.50 mg/mL concentration, respectively. The extract produced concentration-dependent increase in antibiofilm activity. At 7.5 mg/kg, the extract produced 28.87, 34.01 and 66.45% inhibition of biofilm production against S. typhi, E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. The extract possess antioxidant, antibacterial and antibiofilm activities which could be linked to the presence ethyl iso allocholate and hexadecanoic acid

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Functional Group Analysis of Methanol Extract of Bidara Leaves (Ziziphus mauritiana)

Bidara leaves are a plant that is quite abundant in Medan and has many benefits in the health sector. The aim of this research is to predict the content of secondary metabolite compounds in bidara leaf extract, through qualitative tests by screening using specific reagents, functional group analysis with FT-IR and mass analysis with GC-MS. The screening results showed that the methanol extract of bidara leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and phenols. Functional group analysis shows that the wavelength area is 3300 cm-1, namely OH absorption, 2700 - 2900 cm-1 shows C-H absorption, 1600 - 1700 cm-1 shows C=O absorption, 1400 - 1450 cm-1 shows C-H absorption, 1365 - 1385 cm-1 shows CH3 bent absorption, and 1000 – 1100 cm-1 shows C-O absorption. The results of mass analysis using GC-MS showed four dominant peaks from the compound, namely Z-5-Methyl-6-heneicosen-11-one, 17-Pentatriacontene, Ethyl iso-allocholate and Pentacosane.

Chemical constituents of ostracod Heterocypris salina extract, anticancer and antimicrobial activity: in silico supported in vitro study

Background The majority of bioactive compounds derived from the sea have been extracted from aquatic invertebrates. While Ostracods are a diverse class of crustaceans that inhabit marine, brackish, and freshwaters, there are no available studies testing Ostracoda in the medical field. Objective The aim of this work was to produce H. salina on a large scale to evaluate its crude extract for anticancer and antimicrobial activities. Materials and methods Ostracod, Heterocypris salina was collected from its habitat in the eastern side of Lake Manzalla, Egypt, and the species was cultured in Soaba System of the National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Al-Khairia City, Egypt). Crude extract of Heterocypris salina was prepared and the extract was tested as an anticancer against different human cancer cell lines. Also, the extract was investigated as antimicrobial against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, chemical composition of the extract by GC-MS analysis and molecular docking were also studies. Results and conclusion Ostracod Heterocypris salina was cultured, at day 50 of the culturing, about 500 L of the culturing pond was harvested using plankton to collect the biomass of H. salina. A methanol extract of H. salina was prepared and showed a moderate to good anticancer effect against liver (HepG2), lung (A549), colon (HCT), and breast (MCF7) cancer cell lines with IC50 values in the range of 12.8–23.2 µg/ml), being safe for the healthy cells of the same organs. Also, the H. salina extract showed activity against three tested Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Salmonella typhi) and two Gram-positive (Sarcina lutea and Bacillus cereus) bacteria. GC-MS analysis of H. salina extract revealed the presence of 11 compounds including ethyl iso-allocholate (23.1%), 9(Z)-octadecenamide, (Z)-(20.6%), oleic acid (12.3%), palmitic acid (11.65%), and α-amyrin (10.73%). Moreover, a molecular docking study was performed in order to determine the possible binding interactions of the test compounds with the essential amino acids in the binding site of thymidylate kinase (TMK).

Phytochemical characterization of a leafy liverwort Plagiochila asplenioides using GC-MS analysis

The aim of present investigation was to carry out the presence of bioactive compounds found in methanolic extract of a leafy liverwort, Plagiochila asplenioides (L.) Dumort. of the family Plagiochilaceae of Marchantiophyta using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). By comparing the retention time and peak area, 16 major phytochemical compounds were identified. Out of which, Azulene, Phytol, Globulol, L (+)-Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate, and Ethyl iso-allocholate were found to be biologically active. The methanolic extract of P. asplenioides prevails potentially bioactive chemicals that may be significant for phyto-pharmaceutical purposes. The phytochemical characterization of P. asplenioides collected from the Kumaun region of Western Himalayas is being presented for the first time. Future research on compound characteristics, however, will provide invaluable information for developing new drugs.

Larvicidal Activity of Ethyl Acetate Leaf Extract of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Against Aedes aegypti

Aegle marmelos leaf contains secondary metabolites that have bioinsecticidal effects. This study aimed to analyze phytoconstituents of the ethyl acetate extract of Aegle marmelos leaves, its larvicidal activity, and its effects on histopathological changes of the midgut of Aedes aegypti larvae. The ethyl acetate extract was obtained from the concentrated maceration of the leaf powder and analyzed with GCMS. The instar III or IV larvae were used and divided into six groups where each group was exposed to an extract with a concentration of 1%; 4%; 8% and 16%, and one other control group without exposure to such extract. The histopathology of larval midgut was prepared, stained with Hematoxyllin-Eosin, and observed using light microscopy. GC-MS analysis revealed that the extracts contain 8 compounds, Oleic acid, 9-Hexadecenoic acid, Cis-1,3-Eicosenoic acid, Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester), Digitoxin, Z-(13,14-epoxy)tetradeg-11-en-ol acetate; 2,3-dimethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-1-phen-1,4-diol, ethyl iso-allocholate. Probit test revealed that the LC50 value of ethyl acetate extract of Aegle marmelos leaves was 3.917% and histopathological results are damage to brush borders, nucleus and nucleolus, epithelial cells, and hypertrophy of the gastric caeca. The leaf ethyl acetate extract from Aegle marmerlos can be considered as a probable natural insecticide to kill Aedes aegypti. Aegle marmelos can be applied as natural insecticide to eradicate the population of Ae. aegypti.

GC-MS Analysis and Antioxidant Evaluation of Ativisa Root Extract

Plants provide an unlimited source of bioactive metabolites that have been utilized in the pharmaceutical industry as a source of diet and medication. Free radicals are known to be the major aspect of oxidative stress that creates damage to the cell. The natural sources of antioxidants which preventing and repairing the damage caused by the free radicals to the cells. Aconitum heterophyllum (Ativisa) belongs to family Ranunculaceae is traditionally utilized externally as well as internally for treating various human diseases such as rheumatic fever, painful joints, gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, oedema, Bronchial asthma. In the present study ethanolic and ethyl acetate extract of the roots of Acontium heterophyllum was investigated for its antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition using GC-MS. GC-MS studies exhibited the existence of 24 phytochemical compounds in ethanol root extract and 31 phytochemical compounds in ethyl acetate root extract. The major phytochemicals detected in ethanolic and ethyl acetate roots extracts of Acontium heterophyllum were Alpha-D-Glucopyranoside beta-D-Fructofuranosyl, Benzophenone semicarbazone, Dodecanoic acid ethyl ester, Ethyl iso-allocholate, l-(+)-Ascorbic acid 2,6 dihexadecanoate, Phytol, Methyl ricinoleate, 13-docosenamide(z), 1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine5-(1,3,5-trimethyl-4-pyrazolyl)amino. The antioxidant potency of ethanol and ethyl acetate root extracts of Acontium heterophyllum on DPPH (23.05% and 21.05 %) and NO radicals (48.58% and 46.70%) at the highest concentration (500 μg/ml) compared to standard ascorbic acid. These findings suggest Acontium heterophyllum could be used as an alternative source for the investigation of new antioxidant agents.

Micropropagation and GC–MS analysis of bioactive compounds in bulbs and callus of white squill

Medicinal herbs are the main source of bioactive compounds used in the medical industry. White squill (Urginea maritima) is an important medicinal and ornamental plant cultivated in the Mediterranean region. This study reports an efficient protocol for in vitro propagation of Urginea and investigates important bioactive compounds present in the bulbs and in vitro–produced callus. The least number of days for callus induction and shoot regeneration was achieved with Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal media supplemented with 1.0 mg L−1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) plus 0.1 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1.0 mg L−1 NAA plus 0.4 mg L−1 BAP, respectively, while the highest number of shoots and fresh weight were obtained at medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L−1 NAA plus 0.5 mg L−1 BAP. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of Urginea bulb methanol extract showed the existence of important secondary metabolites, such as palmitic acid (C16H32O2), 9-hexadecenoic acid (C16H30O2), phthalic acid 2-ethylhexyl propyl ester (C19H28O4), tetradecanoic acid (C14H28O2), undecanoic acid (C11H22O2), and oleic acid (C18H34O2), in addition to other important compounds, such as 13-heptadecyn-1-ol, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, 1-monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether, 2-methyl-1-hexadecanol, and octadecanoic acid. Callus methanol extracts showed a reduction in the percentages of most phyto-components compared to bulb extract except for oleic acid, 3-(octadecyloxy) propyl ester and 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid; on the other hand, some important compounds were detected only in callus extract possessing anti-cancer, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects, such as farnesol (C15H26O), 7-methyl-Z-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (C17H32O2), ethyl iso-allocholate (C26H44O5), 4-trifluoroacetoxypentadecane (C17H31F3O2), and 2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid (C16H32O3).

The Therapeutic Potential and efficacy determination of “Kushmanda Rasayanam” ayurvedic formulation by chromatographic techniques

Background
 The present study deals with the GC MS analysis of one Ayurvedic medicine, Kushmanda Rasayanam. Kushmanda rasayanam is a medicine prescribed to treat cough, breathing problems, chest injuries, bleeding disorders and depletive diseases. It is also claimed that its use increases memory power, intellect and is a good heart tonic.
 Results
 The medicine was procured from standard Ayurvedic vendor at Chennai, India and was subjected to GC MS analysis following proper protocol. It was observed that some important biomolecules such as beta.-1, 5-O-Dibenzoyl-ribofuranose, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 11-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, n-Propyl cinnamate, E,E,Z-1,3,12-Nonadecatriene-5,14-diol, Ethyl iso-allocholate, Cholesterol, Hexadecanoic acid, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl ester do have far reaching medicinal values.
 Conclusion
 The antioxidant, membrane stabilizing, and anti-inflammatory assays have indicated poor potential of Kushmanda rasayanam as compared to the respective standards.
 
 Key words- GC MS, Kushmanda Rasayanam, Ayurvedic, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, beta.-1,5-O-Dibenzoyl-ribofuranose, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Cholesterol