Ethyl Formate Research Articles (Page 1)

The fumigant ethyl formate exposure induces metabolic changes in the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).

NiO/ZnO nanocomposites for high-performance ethyl formate detection in fish meal

The global ethylenemarket is rapidly expanding, and as demandgrows, emissions are projected to rise, underscoring the urgent needfor sustainable technologies to mitigate its carbon footprint. Anoriginal manufacturing approach integrated carbon capture and utilization(CCU), esterification, and dehydration to explore the utilizationof intermediate chemicals for a circular economy. Initially, CO2 was reduced to formic acid via electrocatalysis. Subsequently,esterification with ethanol produced ethyl formate, which was thermallycatalyzed into ethylene. Comprehensive techno-economic and life cycleassessments identified opportunities and bottlenecks in designingthis novel supply chain. Despite high production costs ($4.79 ±1.19/kg), the environmental performance was promising. The LCA indicateda low carbon footprint, with up to 86% of emissions falling belowbenchmark levels (average 0.88 ± 0.55 kg CO2 eq/kg),whereas other burdens exhibited an inverse trend. An original frameworkcombining TEA-LCA, sensitivity analysis (SA), and uncertainty analysis(UA) was applied to forecast variability effects on the net presentvalue (NPV) and product carbon footprint (PCF). Wastewater treatment,auxiliary materials, and CCU were primary contributors to the PCF’suncertainty, leading to up to 90%, 45%, and 35% of the total variance,respectively. Operational expenditures (OpEx) related to power andraw materials accounted for up to 90% of NPV uncertainty. In contrast,total capital investment (TCI) and revenue (product and green creditsfrom emissions-trading schemes, ETS) together contributed less than10%. Improvements in yield, optimization of downstream processes,economic incentives, and/or the creation of a market for industrialflue gases as extra revenues are still necessary to compensate forhigh production costs and enable the deployment of the proposed technologyto mitigate global warming burdens from ethylene production. In acomplex decision-making process, technology mapping, cutoffs to fitthe readiness level, green certification identification, UA, and SAfor a combined TEA -LCA were identified as essential steps to guidefuture developments.

Assessing the quarantine potential of ethyl formate as a stand-alone phytosanitary treatment against Ceratitis capitata: A comparative study on naked condition and natural infestation in mandarin

Evaluating the feasibility of ethyl formate fumigation as a stand-alone phytosanitary treatment of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in mandarin fruit

The oriental fruit fly (B. dorsalis) poses a critical threat to domestic mandarin trade, necessitating effective phytosanitary measures. This study evaluated ethyl formate (EF) and phosphine (PH3) fumigation as alternative disinfestation methods, either alone or in combination with cold treatment, using B. scutellata, pumpkin fruit fly, as a surrogate species. Eggs and third-instar larvae were tested under both naked and inoculated conditions. Results indicated that larvae were more susceptible to treatment than eggs. The LT99% values for cold treatment (1.7 °C) were 8.6 and 12.4 days under naked and inoculated conditions, respectively. EF LCt99% values were 265.7 and 1111.0 g h/m3. EF (LCt50%) combined with PH3 (1.0 g/m3) achieved up to 100% mortality, while EF (LCt50%) followed by cold treatment (1.7 °C for 1-3 days) significantly enhanced mortality compared to cold treatment alone. This study offers foundational data to optimize EF-based quarantine treatments against B. dorsalis, supporting shorter treatment times and more cost-effective quarantine practices. Future studies should validate these findings under practical field conditions.

The increase in nursery plant trade has heightened the risk of invasions of exotic pests, such as mealybugs and nematodes. In this study, we first evaluated the feasibility of using the currently approved methyl bromide (MB) treatment for imported nursery plants (IMP) against the longtailed mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus. We then assessed ethyl formate (EF) fumigation as a potential MB-alternative treatment and tested 2 nematicides against the root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans C. Additionally, we examined the impacts of these treatments on the quality of the IMP. During commercial trials at an importing port in Republic of Korea, the approved MB treatment of 40 g/m³ for 2 h for IMP did not result in complete control of P. longispinus. Moreover, the MB treatment caused severe and irreversible damage to the treated plants. In contrast, the suggested dose of EF (35 g/m3 for 4 h) caused significantly less phytotoxicity on the treated plants than did MB, and 66% of tested species that suffered moderate to severe treatment damage recovered within the 30 d post-fumigation period. The efficacy of EF was also confirmed in a commercial-scale trial, suggesting that EF is a feasible alternative to MB, showing similar efficacy on P. longispinus but much lower phytotoxicity. For P. penetrans, dipping plant roots in Allstar or Nemakick at 0.5 ml/L for 1 h or 4 ml/L for 10 min resulted in complete control of P. penetrans with no apparent phytotoxicity on the treated IMP. Together, our results suggest that EF fumigation and nematicidal dip treatment are two feasible phytosanitary measures for use on IMP.

In this study, a response surface methodology (RSM) using a central composite design (CCD) was implemented to investigate the influence of process variables on ethyl levulinate (EL) production from the ethanolysis of waste corn cob samples, using sulphuric acid as a catalyst. The effects of four independent variables, namely, the temperature (A), the corn cob content (B), corn cob/H2SO4 mass ratio (C) and the reaction time (D) on the yields of EL (Y1), diethyl ether (DEE) (Y2) and solid residue (Y3) were explored. Using multiple regression analysis, the experimental results were fitted to quadratic polynomial models. The predicted yields based on the fitted models were well within the experimental uncertainties. Optimum conditions for maximising the EL yield were found to be 176 °C, 14.6 wt. %, 21:1 and 6.75 h for A to D, respectively. A moderate-to-high EL yield (29.2%) from corn cob was achieved in optimised conditions, a result comparable to those obtained from model C6 carbohydrate compounds. Side products were also produced, including diethyl ether, furfural, levulinic acid, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, ethyl acetate, ethyl formate and water. Total unknown losses of only 5.69% were reported after material balancing. The results suggest that lignocellulosic waste such as corn cob can be used as a potential feedstock for the production of ethyl levulinate by direct acid-catalysed ethanolysis, but that the treatment of side products will need to be considered.

Sorption, desorption, and residue analysis of the fumigant ethyl formate in date fruits using cooled methanol extraction and GC-MS

Intermolecular Interactions in Ethyl Methanoate and C4-C7 1-Alkanol Mixtures: Experimental and Modeling

Purpose This paper aims to develop a highly sensitive resistive gas sensor for accurately detecting ethyl formate to achieve reliable and real-time monitoring of fish meal spoilage. Design/methodology/approach Based on the one-step solvothermal reduction method, in a specific triethylene glycol solution environment and high temperature, the 3D ZnO sensing material with a jackfruit-like structure was prepared for detecting ethyl formate gas in fish meal. Findings The gas sensor based on 3D ZnO displays high sensor response (69.68–100 ppm) at 280°C and 43% RH and good sensor response (12.18–100 ppm) at 280°C and 80% RH, ultra-low detection limit of 10 ppb at 43% RH, excellent selectivity, repeatability and long-term stability. The sensing mechanism is due to the gain or loss of electrons caused by the sensor surface reaction. The unique jackfruit-like structure, abundant oxygen vacancies and large surface area may be another factor contributing to its excellent ethyl formate gas sensing performance. Originality/value The authors first developed an ethyl formate gas sensor, and the results were compared with the previously published data. The analysis showed the ZnO gas sensor demonstrated excellent sensing performance. This work highlights the potential of high response ethyl formate gas sensors to accurately evaluate fish meal quality.

Fungi can degrade grain quality, produce harmful mycotoxins, and hinder germination in the post-harvest stage, resulting in significant economic losses. Ethyl formate (EF) is an efficient and eco-friendly fumigant for controlling pest insects in grains, horticulture, and quarantine treatments. However, there is a lack of research on the antifungal activity of EF and its degradation products on barley seeds. In this study, fifteen fungal species, predominantly Alternaria infectoria, were isolated and identified from seven Australian barley samples. Efficacy results indicated that EF significantly inhibited fungal growth at a commercial concentration of 2.4 mmol/L, except for Penicillium sp. 2, Fusarium chlamydosporum, and Rhizopus arrhizus. To control these EF-tolerant fungal species, the EF concentration was increased to 5 mmol/L, which achieved a 100% inhibition rate. The degradation product of EF, formic acid, effectively inhibited all EF-tolerant fungi, requiring only 0.08 mmol/L in the in vitro study. There were no significant differences in vigor and germination rates in barley treated with EF at concentrations of 2.5, 3.7, and 5 mmol/L. Additionally, EF treatments led to a significant increase in the barley root length from an average of 9.1 cm in the control group to 13.2, 13. 6, and 12.3 cm at 2.5, 3.7, and 5 mmol/L. The findings suggest that EF could be a suitable alternative fumigant to safeguard grain from fungal infestation, particularly in the context of advancing agricultural practices and improving seed germination quality. The degradation compound, formic acid, may contribute significantly to the overall antifungal function of ethyl formate fumigation, particularly in high-humidity environments.

Frozen tofu with a porous and elastic structure and a unique taste is formed by steaming, soaking and freezing fresh tofu. At present, no unified standard exists for the manufacture of frozen tofu. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effects of conventional freezing processes (fresh tofu was frozen at -10 °C or -20 °C for 8 days and then ripened at -4 °C for 2 days after steaming and soaking) on tofu by examining the changes in the structure and volatile substances of frozen tofu. During the 10-day storage, the color change was more significant in the water-soaked groups than in the salt-soaked groups, especially after steaming treatment. During frozen storage for 4-8 days, the pH decreased 10.9% in the water-soaked groups and 3.8% in the salt-soaked groups. The protein denaturation was more obvious in the salt-soaked groups especially in synergistic steaming, resulting in a 48.2% and 32.0% increase in carbonyl content. In addition, ten volatiles were considered as flavor markers in frozen tofu, of which ethyl formate was a key special substance produced after tofu freezing. Steaming was very important for the oxidation of tofu protein, it reconstructed the protein structure and redistributed water molecules and salt ions, which made the reformed peptide chain more stable. Furthermore, water soaking was more conducive to lipid oxidation and increased the content of the main flavoring substances compared with salt soaking. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

The significant demand for medicinal plants with special efficacy has prompted us to adopt appropriate processing methods to enhance the nutritional quality and flavor of raw materials. This study evaluated the impacts of freeze-drying (FD), hot-air drying (HAD), and spray drying (SD) on the bioactive compounds, flavor characteristics, and inhibition of starch digestion in mulberry leaf ethanol extract (MLE). Results indicated that FDMLE exhibited the highest total alkaloids content (TAC: 0.14 ± 0.02 mg/g) and total flavonoid content (TFC: 19.32 ± 0.58 mg/g), along with significant inhibitory effects on starch hydrolysis at 180 min (starch hydrolysis rate <50%). The microstructure of HADMLE was closest to that of the mulberry leaf powder (ML), but SD better preserved the color of ML (ΔE = 1.55 ± 0.04). Combined with the electronic nose and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) found HAD processing facilitated the conversion of flavor precursors in ML into Ethyl formate, rose oxide, and (Z)-3-hexenol (M). SDMLE contained higher levels of pentanal, (E)-2-hexenal (D), (E)-2-pentanone, 3-Methyl-2-butenal (D), ethyl butyrate, and 1-penten-3-one (D). FDMLE exhibited the highest diversity of novel volatile compounds (VOCs), with 18 newly identified species. In conclusion, FD is a potential method to effectively reduce the degradation of quality and efficacy of MLE during the drying process.

Abstract Fumigants are broad‐spectrum pesticides that exhibit multi‐site activity and are effective against various pests including fungi, bacteria, insects, nematodes, weeds, and rodents. These chemicals are characterized by small molecular weights, low boiling points, and high vapor pressures. Because of their unique physical and chemical properties, fumigants demonstrate excellent efficacy in pest control through robust diffusion, distribution, and penetration abilities, coupled with specialized fumigation techniques. Although predominantly utilized in soil and grain fumigation, their applications also extend to quarantine and commodity fumigation. This article reviews the mechanisms of action of both traditional and emerging fumigants, such as methyl bromide, chloropicrin, phosphine, allyl isothiocyanate, dimethyl disulfide, sulfuryl fluoride, ethanedinitrile, ethyl formate, and ethylicin. The objective is to provide a theoretical foundation for ongoing research and the development of fumigants and their applications.

Proteomic evaluation of pathways associated with phosphine-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and resistance mechanisms in Tribolium castaneum against phosphine fumigation: Whole and partial proteome identification.

This investigation reports the unimolecular dissociation of ethyl formate, CH3CH2OOCH, at 193 nm using VUV synchrotron radiation-based phorofragment translational spectroscopy. We obtained the translational energy distributions and determined the fractions of energy released into product translation. Eleven dissociation pathways (five primary and six secondary dissociation reactions) resulted from five detected photofragments (m/z = +1, +15, +29, +30, and +44). Hydrogen elimination, H + CH3CH2OOC, was determined as a primary channel whose detection corresponded to 78.8% ± 5.2% of the total H atoms observed. Hydrogen elimination was also identified through two additional secondary dissociations (H + CO2 (16.8% ± 2.1%) and H + CH3CHO (4.4% ± 2.2%)) on the microsecond time scale of the experiments. Our electronic structure calculations based on the UCCSD/cc-pVDZ level of theory revealed the energy barriers for relevant secondary dissociation channels. Translational energy distributions constructed from the TOF data recorded and subsequent proposed reaction mechanisms are discussed. Also, considering the unobservable primary products CH3CH2OOC, CH3CH2O, HCOO, and HCOOCH2, we suggest several secondary dissociations involving the production of fragments CH3CH2, CO2, CH3CHO, CH3, CH2O, HCO, and H. This investigation provides more detailed insights into the multichannel dissociation mechanisms of ethyl formate.

Aldehydes are ubiquitous in star-forming regions and carbonaceous chondrites, serving as essential intermediates in metabolic pathways and molecular mass growth processes to vital biomolecules necessary for the origins of life. However, their interstellar formation mechanisms have remained largely elusive. Here, we unveil the formation of lactaldehyde (CH3CH(OH)CHO) by barrierless recombination of formyl (HĊO) and 1-hydroxyethyl (CH3ĊHOH) radicals in interstellar ice analogs composed of carbon monoxide (CO) and ethanol (CH3CH2OH). Lactaldehyde and its isomers 3-hydroxypropanal (HOCH2CH2CHO), ethyl formate (CH3CH2OCHO), and 1,3-propenediol (HOCH2CHCHOH) are identified in the gas phase utilizing isomer-selective photoionization reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry and isotopic substitution studies. These findings reveal fundamental formation pathways for complex, biologically relevant aldehydes through non-equilibrium reactions in interstellar environments. Once synthesized, lactaldehyde can act as a key precursor to critical biomolecules such as sugars, sugar acids, and amino acids in deep space.

The papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), poses a serious threat to global trade and is classified as a quarantine pest in some countries. Phosphine (PH3) is considered an alternative to methyl bromide for postharvest control of P. marginatus. However, reports addressing the impact of PH3 treatment to control P. marginatus on succulent plants are lacking. This study aims to investigate the effects of PH3 fumigation alone and in combination with ethyl formate (EF) on insecticidal activity across all developmental stages of P. marginatus and its influence on the quality of plant products. Tolerance tests showed that among all developmental stages, the egg stage of P. marginatus is the most tolerant to PH3 treatment. A concentration of 1 g m-3 PH3 for 8 h exposure at 25 °C achieved a 99.9968% (Probit-9) mortality rate for the eggs. Additionally, we examined the synergistic effects of combining EF with PH3. Combined fumigation with 0.5 g m-3 PH3 and 2 g m-3 EF for 8 h at 25 °C did not adversely affect the lifespan and quality of three succulent plant species, achieving an effective dose of 0.99991. These findings suggest that PH3 fumigation, with or without EF, are effective treatments for postharvest control of P. marginatus in succulent plants.

Insect cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) play crucial roles in the metabolic detoxification of insecticides. Ethyl formate and benzothiazole have recently regained popularity as fumigants due to rising resistance to phosphine in the stored-product pests. However, the mechanisms underlying tolerance to these two fumigants in Lasioderma serricorne, a major global insect pest of stored products, remain poorly understood. In this study, two CYP genes, named CYP6SZ3 and CYP6AEL1, were identified from L. serricorne, belonging to the CYP6 family and containing five conserved domains characteristic of CYP proteins. Spatiotemporal expression analysis revealed that both genes were predominantly expressed in the larval stage and showed the highest expression in the foregut. Upon exposure to ethyl formate and benzothiazole, both genes were upregulated, with significantly increased transcription levels following treatment. RNA interference-mediated silencing of CYP6SZ3 and CYP6AEL1 led to increased susceptibility and significantly higher mortality of L. serricorne when exposed to these fumigants. Homology modeling and molecular docking analyses showed stable binding of these fumigants to CYP6SZ3 and CYP6AEL1 proteins, with binding free energies from -26.88 to -94.68 kcal mol-1. These findings suggest that the induction of CYP6SZ3 and CYP6AEL1 is likely involved in the detoxification of ethyl formate and benzothiazole in L. serricorne.