Ethnographic Framework Research Articles

The Suspended States of Latinx Literature

Abstract This article lingers in the suspended time of Justin Torres’s We the Animals (2011), a story of loss, alienation, and an errant desire to remain underwater. Written in the long durée of US coloniality, Torres’s novel resists the narrative conventions of the bildungsroman to contend with the ways Latinx literature is bound to narratives of forestalled self-development and failed incorporation. Such uneven relations are traced back to the ethnographic frameworks emplotted in the Insular Cases—which are a set of Supreme Court decisions that have suspended Puerto Rico into statelessness since 1901. This article argues that Torres’s refusal of narrative convention reveals how the dictates of the Insular Cases have seeped into ethnographic understandings of Latinx as suspended from normativity at large. However, Torres’s tactical use of suspension refuses to move toward legible subjecthood or linger in despair. Rather, the novel tarries with the irregular conditions of Latinx life to posit shared alienation as the groundwork for a larger, vibrant brown sociality in the ongoing muck of the Insular Cases.

The Relationship Between Belief System and Traditional Ecological Knowledge among the Kuta Indigenous People in Ciamis, West Java

Aim. The purpose of this article is to examine the traditional ecological knowledge (environment) of the Kuta indigenous people in Ciamis, West Java. Nature, for them, is an inseparable part and a source of life. They are meticulous and maintain to remain sustainable. Method. This paper's depiction of Kuta village is more of an ethnographic framework. The paper tries to answer whether the ecological knowledge of the Kuta indigenous people is built from their religious awareness (belief system) or not. Results. The results show a relationship between belief systems and traditional ecological knowledge. The Kuta people’s worldview about their natural surroundings is holistic-ecocentric. Their view is based on a belief system that constructs cultural ethics about their environment. Conclusion. The concept of the unity of humans and nature, which is part of their belief system, results in an intersubjective relationship in which all subjects in the universe are not related in a hierarchical context but are equal and mutually exclusive. They respect, care for, influence, share, and need one another.

Deep Disorder! Revisiting Gender, Health and Social Justice in Dharavi Slum, Bombay

This essay builds on an ethnographic framework of the Dharavi slum in Bombay during the COVID-times. It explores, further, health and social conditions of women, their vulnerabilities and violence-inflicted lives, economic deprivation and mental health conditions. This article, further, builds together community sense of feeling, community spaces as a way to social justice, arguing the phenomenology of resilience in seeking social, emotional and other means of mutual support that they experience in attempts to alleviate their health-led challenges and varied conditions of vulnerabilities. Also, arguing further, the essay captures a people-centred analyses to global health, seeking further in calling for the meaning to ‘health’ as transferring the diagnostic or standardized model of a politicized biology to shifting, discursive configurations to well-being.

JARANAN TURONGGO SEKTI: TINJAUAN ETNOGRAFI ANALITIS DARI SUDUT PANDANG UNSUR-UNSUR KEBUDAYAAN

The purpose of the current study is to describe the existence of Jaranan Turonggo Sekti as an art productin Suruh Village Trenggalek which is reviewed from the analytical ethnography with the approach ofelements of culture. The underlying concept of Koentjaraningrat’s ethnography framework (2015) wasemployed, stating that there are seven elements of culture, namely (1) religion and religious ceremonies,(2) system of social organization, (3) knowledge system. (4) language. (5) arts, (6) economic system andlivelihood, and (7) living equipment and technology system. In traditional culture, seven elements of cultureare closely linked, integrated one of another, forming part of a whole system. The results of the studydemonstrate that Jaranan Turonggo Sekti describes religion or belief system and religious ceremoniesthrough the rituals of offerings and sense-making of the braid horse being used. System of socialorganization or social relations are portrayed through the spirit of the community, while local knowledgeis applied in the creation of horse figure and its decoration. Language is represented in the form of visuallanguage, whereas arts element, particularly fine arts elements is signified by the figure of the horse.Livelihood system is interpreted in a simple economic concept in which the performance is held with paidresponse model. Technology element is carried out through the process of braid horse making determinedby the technical ability of the person who creates it.

Implementing Independent Learning Curricula: A Case Study from MAN 2 Kediri, Indonesia

This research examines four aspects of the independent learning curriculum at MAN 2 Kediri City, namely objectives, materials, methods and evaluation. The main focus is to examine the impact on the development of students' independence and their readiness to face future challenges. This qualitative case study involves field observations, interviews with educational figures, and document analysis within an ethnographic framework. The research results show that the curriculum is designed to shape student character according to the national education profile, with broad and inclusive content. This approach focuses on developing critical thinking and problem solving abilities through a variety of teaching methods. The evaluation uses a multilevel assessment strategy to ensure the effectiveness of the curriculum. The implementation was successful, marked by student academic achievement. However, there are limitations to this research, namely the absence of visual data analysis. For this reason, further studies are needed. These findings contribute to curriculum theory, by proposing a framework that prepares students with essential skills and attitudes for the 21st century.

Бухтарминские старообрядцы как этноконфессиональная группа в СССР в постосоветской русскоязычной историографии

In the study, using the comparative historical method, the post-Soviet historiography of the history of the Bukhtarma Old Believers is studied. The author studies Russian post-Soviet historiography and Qazaq post-Soviet Russian-language historiography. The most important scientific problems and approaches to the study of the history of the Old Believers are highlighted and compared. The article contributes to the discussion of why it is necessary to jointly study the achievements of both Russian and Qazaq post-Soviet historiography. The author reveals the expansion of the modern ethnographic framework in the study of the Bukhtarma Old Believers. The problem of the identification of the Bukhtarma Old Believers in modern historical literature is revealed. The author notes that in the last decade, new studies have appeared in which the Bukhtarma Old Believers are identified with the Old Believers of Altai. Modern Russian and Qazaq historians systematically turn to Soviet historiography. Soviet historical studies written in the 1920s and 1930s act as a historical source. The author analyzes the historiography of the most important problems in the history of the Bukhtarma Old Believers. The most significant problems are Soviet repression, preservation of identity, and preservation of traditionalism. The historiography presents case studies on selected issues related to common scientific problems. The author concludes that the historiography of modern Bukhtarma Old Believers can successfully develop as a single “post-Soviet Russian-language historiography.” National historiography is inferior in depth to scientific analysis.

An ethnographic framework for identifying dog sledding in the archaeological record

For at least 9000 years dogs have been pulling sleds across the Arctic, facilitating subsistence strategies and migrations. Despite the enduring presence of dogs in the Arctic there is an absence of comprehensive studies of the material culture associate with dog sledding, including the diverse technical elements needed for the activity. This study proposes a framework for the recognition of reliable archaeological indicators of dog sledding. The outcome is based on comparisons between ethnographic information of the dog traction technology and archaeological sites from the Arctic regions of Siberia, Alaska, Canada, and Greenland using multivariate analysis. These sites were selected as case studies to encompass the breadth of geographical and Inuit cultural diversity where dog sledding traditionally has been practiced. We argue, that by using this framework it is possible to study dog sledding in the Arctic prior to the Thule Inuit period and gain more knowledge about the origin of the practice. By combining sources from ethnography, history and archaeology, our framework identified items involved in dog sledding that were universal to the practice as well as items that were regionally specific. However, the most reliable evidence for dog sledding is the presence of both sled parts, dog bones and equipment for harnessing the dogs.

Educators’ perceptions of supporting parents of deaf and hard-of-hearing children

ABSTRACT In this article, we address the question: How do educators of the deaf and hard-of-hearing (EODs) perceive their role vis-a-vis communication modality and educational philosophy of deaf and hard-of-hearing (D/HH) children? Using an ethnographic framework, we report on findings from semi-structured interviews conducted with 16 EODs across public, private, and state levels in California. Through thematic analysis of interview transcripts, we found that EODs have strongly adopted a perspective of supporting informed parent choice. Building on a relational sociology framework, we discuss how these efforts are impacted by ableism, which permeates the network of interdependent social relations and systems that constitute the larger D/HH field. In highlighting the socially structured and produced nature of the decision-making process for parents of D/HH children (Bourdieu, P. 1977. Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge University Press), we argue that to support informed parent choice more effectively, the entire system of relations would need to reflect on the way in which ableism and audism are pervasive throughout the system.

Attending to the Cultures of Data Science Work

This essay reflects on the shifting attention to the “social” and the “cultural” in data science communities. While recently the “social” and the “cultural” have been prioritized in data science discourse, social and cultural concerns that get raised in data science are almost always outwardly focused – applying to the communities that data scientists seek to support more so than more computationally-focused data science communities. I argue that data science communities have a responsibility to attend not only to the cultures that orient the work of domain communities, but also to the cultures that orient their own work. I describe how ethnographic frameworks such as thick description can be enlisted to encourage more reflexive data science work, and I conclude with recommendations for documenting the cultural provenance of data policy and infrastructure.

Intercultural competence development during the adjustment period of Indonesian students in the UK

International students must successfully adjust to cross-cultural differences in order to fulfil their academic goals while studying abroad. As a result, students must acquire new skills, especially intercultural competence, in order to properly communicate with people from other cultures. The purpose of this study is to investigate how Indonesian students in UK universities integrate various components of intercultural competence. This study sheds light on why intercultural competence is required and how it is developed. It is grounded in an ethnographic framework involving twelve student blogs and seven student interviews and observations. According to the findings of this study, the intercultural competencies required by Indonesian students in the United Kingdom can be divided into two categories: attitudes and skills. Accepting cultural differences and having an open mind are examples of necessary attitudes. Some necessary skills are the ability to learn new things about a different culture and the ability to follow the rules of the host society. Intercultural competence is distinct and complex phenomenon that have received little academic attention and hence merit additional examination. The data show that during their studies, all of the individuals had difficulty adjusting to cultural differences. According to the findings of this study, Indonesian students studying in the United Kingdom must adjust to cultural differences in order to create favourable views about living abroad. This study serves as evidence that intercultural competence is essential in this situation.

THE THREAT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN SOCIAL NETWORK-THINKING

The COVID-19 pandemic creates various dynamics of uncertainty that impact morbidity, mortality, and economic damage. The dynamics of these threats are expanding in the globalization era through networks and national security into a multidimensional sphere that tends to be unpredictable (Starvridis, 2015). Social transformation is always marked with certainties. Therefore, scientific regulations are needed to guide various operations, which functions as a principle in adapting to the quick-changing socio-cultural dynamics. This study aims to analyze the threat of the Covid-19 pandemic and strategic thinking steps in the ethnographic framework of social network thinking. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method with an ego-centric network approach. The research results show that through the network framework, it is possible to see threats that are relatively different from those that have existed so far (mainstream). Interhuman relationships and interactions between humans and viruses in networked societies will create a connection. A strategic step to deal with the dynamics of the Covid-19 pandemic threats is the obligation to use masks. Masks can limit the virus' circulation in social environments, especially during face-to-face interaction and communication, as the mouth and nose are vital channels for the virus to enter and spread inside the human body. Researchers recommend the implementation of strategic handling to precisely detect and handle the spread of the virus as early as possible. This strategy is a preventive effort against further severe threats caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Additional practical handling is required, including the discipline of implementing health protocols, such as wearing masks under the supervision of authorities.

The Influence of Busyness on the Therapeutic Relationship, Nursing Activities and Teamwork: An Ethnography

ABSTRACT To explore a notion of busyness within the context of pediatric acute care and how this influences the therapeutic relationship, nursing activities and teamwork between pediatric nurses and families. Ethnography was the research design. Semi-structured interviews and non-participant observation were used for data collection, which was undertaken in a level four pediatric inpatient unit in Sydney, New South Wales Australia. Brewer’s (2000) ethnographic framework for analysis and interpretation was utilized and findings are presented as a realist tale. Interviews with 10 pediatric nurses and 10 parents, and 40 h of non-participant observations were conducted. Three themes are presented, which detail the cultural dimensions of busyness: i) the meaning of busyness; ii) relationships within the pediatric nursing team; and iii) shaping the therapeutic relationship. This ethnography identified how pediatric nurse and parental expectations and collaborative partnerships were re-shaped by busyness. Importantly, the ethnography has presented how busyness is perceived by pediatric nurses and parents, which require new negotiations and a rebalance of workload. Findings have implications for the healthcare workforce and organizational structure. Future research is required to explore how different ways of working better support the pediatric nurse and families during busyness.

How to Use the Six-Step Digital Ethnography Framework to Develop Buyer Personas: The Case of Fan Fit

One of the key features of digital marketing is customer centricity, which can be applied to the domain of health. This is expressed through the ability to target specific customer segments with relevant content using appropriate channels and having data to track and understand each interaction. In order to do this, marketers create buyer personas based on a wide spectrum of quantitative and qualitative data. Digital ethnography is another established method for studying web-based communities. However, for practitioners, the complexity, rigor, and time associated with ethnographical work are sometimes out of reach. This paper responds to the gaps in the practically focused method of using social media for digital ethnography to develop buyer personas. This paper aims to demonstrate how digital ethnography can be used as a way to create and refine buyer personas. Using a case study of the Fan Fit smartphone app, which aimed to increase physical activity, a digital ethnography was applied to create a better understanding of customers and to create and refine buyer personas. We propose two buyer personas, and we develop a 6-step digital ethnography framework designed for the development of buyer personas. The key contribution of this work is the proposal of a 6-step digital ethnography framework designed for the development of buyer personas. We highlight that the 6-step digital ethnography could be a robust tool for practitioners and academicians to analyze digital communications for the process of creating and updating data-driven buyer personas to create deeper insights into digital and health marketing efforts.

Reflection and reflective practice in high-performance sport coaching: a heuristic device

ABSTRACT Introduction Reflection is established as important in coaching and coach development, however, no research has developed an illustrative device depicting an understanding of reflection in coaching. Instead, the concept remains poorly defined, understood, practiced and supported by coaches and coach developers. The purpose of this research was to therefore produce a device to support coaches’ thinking – their reflective practice. Methods Data were collected over a two-year period during a high-performance coach education programme delivered by a National Sports Organisation. Using an ethnographic framework, methods included participant observation of eight three-day coach education workshops, and interviews conducted at the start and end of the programme with high-performance coaches (n = 11) and coach developers (n = 12). Findings and Analysis Based on the principles of grounded theory, analysis led to the production of a heuristic device that captures an understanding of reflection across two axes: types of thinking and reflection content. Conclusion On positioning the coaches’ reflective practice data within the heuristic, opportunities for assessment and intervention to develop reflection in high-performance coach education are presented and discussed.

Biliteracy Metaphor Analysis: Examining Multilingual, Multicultural Pupils’ Interpretation of Canon Literature

ABSTRACT This article unfolds and argues for Biliteracy Metaphor Analysis (BMA), a methodology for examining the interpretation and use of metaphors in canon literature in a biliteracy context, in this case the canon of Danish literature read and interpreted by multilingual students in a ninth grade classroom. BMA combines Spradley’s ethnographic framework with conceptual blending theory, Bakhtin’s theory of the literary chronotope, and Hornberger’s continua of biliteracy. BMA seeks to guide researchers in examining the interpretive dialogue about Danish canon texts without favoring interpretations of familiar metaphors that only evoke literate trajectories matching the literacy experiences of Danish monolinguals. BMA invites researchers to also account for ways in which pupils critique, transform and expand the familiar Danish registers and already instantiated meaning potential by mapping and reframing metaphors differently and creatively. Applicability of the methodology will be analyzed, exemplified and discussed based on a contextual background consisting of monolingual, bilingual and multilingual pupils interpreting the inherent conceptual metaphors of chronotopes in texts by authors belonging to the canon of Danish literature. Examples from Kaasby’s previous Master’s thesis will be used to illustrate possible contributions of the methodology when analyzing literacy acquisition.

Livelihood Diversification as Political Translation

This article questions the ability of the resistance framework to explain local communities' political reactions to oil palm expansion. Guided by a translation and ethnographic framework, this study investigates the Modang Dayak community's political reaction from below to large-scale land acquisitions in upland East Kalimantan. It shows that, based on their knowledge and everyday life practice, the Modang Dayaks have the agency to negotiate the land scarcity that has accompanied oil palm expansion. This study contributes to reaction theory by arguing that livelihood diversification is a form of political translation used to negotiate the difficulties created by palm oil; as land has become increasingly scarce, the Modang Dayaks have redefined their relationship with it. This reality tends to be ignored in political science debates because researchers generally view political reactions through a resistance paradigm. Ultimately, however, the politics of translation go beyond the politics of resistance.

Identity construction of multilingual parents in the context of parental engagement

Abstract Parental engagement is a multidimensional construct closely linked to pupils’ success at school. Despite this relevance, multilingual families often face challenges in the process of engaging with their children’s learning, since they might deal with barriers and constraints in the school space due to prevailing structures and dominant ideologies. In order to support their children in their learning process, however, multilingual parents seek to invest in practices and negotiate identities to gain membership in the school community. Considering this context, this ongoing research aims to analyze how multilingual migrant adults with kindergarten and school-aged children construct their identity while engaging with their children’s education. To achieve this goal, case studies have been conducted with multilingual parents in Austria, collecting data from diary entries, narrative interviews and observations of parent-school meetings. This triangulation of methods intends to provide an emic and etic overview of the data, which will be analyzed according to steps proposed by the Discourse Historical Approach and the ethnographic framework. Within this scope, this study aims to contribute to enhance parental engagement by multilingual families in the context of migration, by suggesting a shift from a dominant point of view to a more comprehensive understanding of parental engagement. Besides that, this research also contributes to broaden discussions in the research areas of Educational Linguistics, Applied Linguistics, as well as Teacher Education. This paper is part of the AILA Europe Special Issue in the modality short paper for Junior Researchers, which intends to give a slight overview of an ongoing research.

Discourse studies and the material turn: From representation (facts) to participation (concerns)

Discourse studies has shown how language use matters in various political and societal settings. With the »material turn«, the focus on language has meant that discourse studies have been deemed as a symbolic and representationalist approach. In contrast, this paper shows how discourse studies have been concerned about material issues, language included, in local achievements of sense. »Nexus analysis« is introduced as an ethnographic framework to study »assemblages« and affects as entangled material-discursive practices, where close analysis of embodied practices is crucial. Nexus analysis encourages participatory research, providing a framework for agential research on matters of concern.

An evaluation of training using singing as a tool for community building in changing societies.

This article investigates lived experiences of participation in a training programme entitled 'Singing as a Tool for Community Building in Changing Societies', facilitated by Musicians Without Borders (MWB) and coordinated in partnership with the Health Research Institute PART-IM (Participatory and Arts-Based Methods for Involving Migrants in Health Research) research cluster at the University of Limerick. The aim of this qualitative study is to enhance understanding of participant experience regarding programme delivery, skill acquisition and community building. The research methodology uses an ethnographic framework. Data collection approaches included participant observation, author fieldnotes, individual semi-structured interviews, and an anonymous, post-training, feedback questionnaire. Thematic analysis of the data resulted in three key themes: the importance of expert facilitation; culturally aware contextualizing and conceptualizing of singing; and professional, whole-person support. These themes were cross-referenced against the research categories of delivery, skill and community building. The findings propose the importance of experienced, expert facilitators, contextualized understandings of diverse artistic traditions delivered by a culturally diverse team, and attention to the whole-person needs of both facilitators and participants. This research enhances understanding of participant experiences of arts-based training programmes in singing and the potential application of this learning for using singing as an arts-based research (ABR) method in migrant health research.

Ethnography in Contemporary Thai Cinematic Practices: A Case Study

Expanding on the nexus of art and ethnography in contemporary Thailand, I take a case study approach in this paper to apprehend the film Din Rai Dan (Soil Without Land) through an ethnographic framework. Completed in 2019 by Nontawat Numbenchapol, Din Rai Dan was shot at the Shan State Army camp, at the border between Thailand and Myanmar. Straddling compelling visual aesthetics and thorough, on-site research, I regard ethnography in Din Rai Dan as the enabling factor in enacting artistic and interventive agency on the relation of the object-subject of inquiry, that is, the Shan State Army community. To do so, this study approaches Din Rai Dan from the perspectives of filmmaker and film subject, as well as filmmaker and film viewer. Together, these two viewpoints mutually reinforce the film’s ethnographic framework at the time of its making and deliverance to the public. Also known as Soil Without Land, the film’s original Thai title ดินไร้แดน Din Rai Dan hints to the dearth of identity to a place that is the land on which we tread but do not belong. The word ดิน (din) is commonly combined with other words to denote earth, ground, or country. Used alone, din refers to the soil that plants need to grow and thrive, or the loam that sustains nature. Din is fundamental; it is what our planet is made of. ไร้ (rai) indicates something that is missing or lacking. แดน (dan) implies land or estate. Together, ไร้ แดน rai dan means borderless; while ดิน แดน din dan refers to manmade territory. Conjoined with the interlocutory rai, the title ดินไร้แดน Din Rai Dan literally means “no land,” evoking the absence, or lack, of the essence of society. Din Rai Dan is a figure of speech, a concept, that relays the condition of inclusion or exclusion to a nation or state—any state but in this case the Shan State.