Ethnographic Design Research Articles

A Qualitative Study on How Entrustable Professional Activities Support Medical Students in Their Transitions across Clerkships.

Medical students regularly transition between clerkships. These transitions can lead to discontinuity in their development because of the need to adapt to a new environment. The use of entrustable professional activities (EPAs) might facilitate less disruptive transitions across clerkships, as they could provide support at the start of a clerkship. This study aims to shed light on how an EPA-based curriculum contributes to medical students' learning processes during transitions. The authors used a constructivist rapid ethnographic design. They conducted observations and interviews with 11 medical students in their Pediatrics clerkship; six of them were in clerkships not utilizing EPAs, and five were using EPAs. Data collection was followed by template analysis such that all data were coded with a template that was continually updated until the authors all agreed upon a definitive template. Four themes proved important when considering the impact of EPAs during transitions between clerkships: transitions as a learning opportunity, building relationships in context, taking leadership in the landscape of practice and feedback-seeking behavior. EPAs smooth clerkship transitions, as they establish continuity in the student's development and facilitate navigating discontinuity in transitions. Students build skills and confidence in order to grow and work with increasing independence within the clerkships. Transitions offer important learning opportunities for students, which can be fully exploited by using EPA guidance.

Kaombo: Local wisdom regarding forest conservation system among the rongi indigenous people in South Buton

This article describes a local wisdom regarding forest conservation system called kaombo in the Rongi indigenous people in South Buton Regency, Indonesia. This is qualitative research with an ethnographic design. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation. Data analysis was carried out in a descriptive-qualitative ways using data reduction, presentation, and verification. The results of the research show that kaombo is a cultural institution that contains instrumental values to prevent forests from threats such as human overexploitation. The kaombo forest conservation system is reflected in the local knowledge of the Rongi indigenous people about forests and agricultural land use patterns. The principles of kaombo include forest sustainability, enforcement of customary sanctions for violations, and utilization of kaomboforest resources. Kaombo allows the carrying capacity of forest areas to be maintained.

Ethnomathematics and Curriculum: An Ethnographic Study in Limbu Community

This study was carried out to see the indigenous practices and the hidden knowledge of mathematics in the ancientartifacts inthe Limbu community. This study aims to explore,how they internalize the phenomenon related to mathematics in their daily life. The entire research process of the study was guided by the Interpretivism paradigm followed by ethnographic design with the observation of documents and daily used artifacts which can be blended intothe local curriculum. Nepal is a multicultural, multilingual, multiethnic country with diverse flora and fauna. We have many artifacts and local mathematical practices in different communities. The purpose of this paperis to introduce the concept of Ethnomathematics and its relevance to classroom activities.This paper seeks to provide a comprehensive concept of some of the current and recent scholarly literature concerning Ethnomathematics and the applicability of Ethnomathematics as a practical teaching approach, particularly for underrepresented students.

Wh-Movement in Hadhrami Arabic: A minimalist perspective

This study explores the wh-movement in Hadhrami Arabic (HA), a non-standard variety of Arabic, focusing on the simple and embedded questions as well as definite restrictive relative clauses within the framework of Chomsky’s (1995) Minimalist Program (MP). The researchers adopted a descriptive ethnographic qualitative research design collecting their data from 10 purposefully chosen HA speakers through a questionnaire, interviews and participant observation. The study reveals that the wh-phrases in HA SVO word order are base-generated and exhibit no movement. It also reveals that HA questions may have apparent optional movement of the wh-phrases in the left periphery or in the right one. Finally, it is found that HA definite restrictive relative clauses are not derived by movements.

Cultural Assets a Destination Branding Concept And Environmental Education in Selo Village Boyolali Regency

Place branding is an endeavor to increase public awareness of a destination by promoting or highlighting its advantages and possibilities so that it can develop its own identity. The major goal of this design is to spread awareness of Selo Village among a larger audience so that the community as a whole can benefit from the wealth of local wisdom values that comprise Selo Village's cultural legacy, such as the value of environmental education. This study uses a qualitative approach with an ethnographic research design and Spradley model data analysis with domain, taxonomy, componential, and cultural theme analysis. Detailed interviews, participant observation, and documentation are methods for gathering data. The findings demonstrate that Selo Village contains cultural assets that translate into verbal and visual concepts and environmental education values. The value of local wisdom contained is seen from Ecological Literacy, namely the interaction between humans and their environment must take place in a balanced and proper condition. Then its role as environmental education includes: 1) as knowledge, forming a basic understanding of the environment as a whole, 2) attitude, helping to develop a system of morals and compassionate attitudes as well as participation in environmental conservation, 3) caring, helping to develop care for the environment. life and the problems in it, 4) skills, helping to acquire skills in identifying, investigating, and solving environmental problems.

Transformasi produk alat masak nasi pada masyarakat Sunda sebagai basis segmentasi pasar

Cooking is a routine in the household to fulfill basic human needs. This study examines the development and changes in cooking activities in Sundanese society, characterized using tools, the cooking process, the efficiency of cooking procedures, and the values adopted in cooking activities. The approach used in this study is an ethnographic design approach and participatory observation. The purpose of this study is to observe changes in rice cooking activities and their transformation in terms of cooking utensils design, cooking process, and cooking habits, as well as their effect on changes in rice cooking design and activities with a case study of traditional houses in Sundanese people. The habits and development of traditional rice cooking utensils and traditional cooking habits and their significant changes in semi-modern and modern products in traditional Sundanese houses in Kampung Naga, Tasikmalaya, West Java were observed in a participatory manner. The findings of changes and developments in culture, habits, processes, and designs on rice cookware products are used as a basis for market segmentation for rice cookware products which are divided into two main market segments which can later be used for the needs of the target users to design products with cultural values, product efficiency, and the value of the product to the user. The two main segments are the home and business segments, which are divided into more specific segments. Specific segments for the home segment are ordinary and extraordinary households. In contrast, the business segment is divided into accommodation providers, food and drink service providers, and other service sectors.

The honorific styles of the etnolinguistic communities: An ethnography

The purpose of this descriptive-qualitative study with ethnographic design was to explore the extant honorific styles of the identified ethnolinguistic communities. Data from 37 selected participants from the Mandaya, Kagan, and Mansaka Tribes of Tagum City who took part in the KII and FGD interview using validated qualitative interview guide pointed to insight. Based on the analyses of data, the findings reveal the existence of the following appellative honorifics: Kinship, Sub-kinship, Rank, Aged, Professional, No Naming, and Identity Honorifics in the Mandaya, Kagan, and Mansaka Tribes of Tagum City. Moreover, it is also found that bound morpheme markers such as ma, dag, da, pyag, an, gi, on, ka, di, and ba exist in the dialects of the ethnolinguistic communities which describe and define the person’s characteristics and abilities in the honorific styles.

Historic Headgears of Asantehene and their Symbolisms: The Case of Manhyia Palace Museum

Artifacts are immensely useful to scholars who want to learn about a culture. When an artifact is conserved to retain its current condition, it preserves the truth of the historical story for generations to come. The Manhyia Palace Museum of Kumasi Metropolis (in Ghana) is one of the places where historical artifacts of the Ashantis (also known as the Asantes) have been preserved. However, some of the names of these artifacts remain unknown to the general public. Just as many people are ignorant about the symbolic meanings of these artifacts, the users and the occasions for utilizing such artifacts have not been documented. In light of these gaps, this study seeks to unearth the historical headgears of Asantehene. Relying principally on the qualitative research methods, the ethnographic research design was employed to gather data from four (4) sub-chiefs of Kumasi and two (2) curators of the Manhyia Palace Museum, who were purposively selected. In-depth interviews and observation were used to solicit data from the respondents. The findings of the research revealed some significance of the headgear and its physical features. Based on the conclusion, recommendations such as methods of preserving such historical artefacts have been suggested.

‘After mealtime is before mealtime’ – an ethnographic exploration of nursing home residents’ practices of dealing with meal requirements

BackgroundIn nursing homes, food is part of the care provided to residents, causing it to be strictly organised within the institutional framework. Moreover, once food has been integrated into the institutional logic, structural and economic aspects regarding organisation of food and eating may dictate individual and social needs, as a theoretical perspective informed by Goffman’s notion of the ‘total social institution’ suggests. This paper describes nursing home residents’ practices of dealing with meal requirements in two Austrian nursing homes, to understand how food integrates into the daily routine and how the institutional setting influences the social and material arrangement of food.MethodsAn ethnographic design was chosen to gain an in-depth understanding. Two urban nursing homes were studied over 21 months (approx. 800 h of participant observation and ethnographic interviews collected). Data analysis took place iteratively, following Grounded Theory strategies.ResultsAs the thick descriptions resulting from this procedure show, observing everyday practices of eating in nursing homes reveals complex dimensions of residents being subject to institutional logics, and also demonstrates that residents develop elaborate strategies to deal with the institutional circumstances.ConclusionA better understanding of the resulting tensions between the restrictions of living in a formal organisation and the agencies of residents described, may contribute to better understanding the effects of structural constraints and to designing more flexible processes.

The Application of Job Sheet Teaching Material Products on Project-Based Learning at Vocational School Mikael Surakarta

This study explores the role of teaching material products and job sheets in the implementation of project-based learning at SMK Mikael Surakarta. This type of research is qualitative research with a case study method. Data collection techniques through observation, documentation, and interviews. The research design uses an ethnographic design. Informants as resource persons were vice principals in the field of curriculum, heads of machining engineering competency skills, heads of production units, and teachers of machining engineering practice. The data that has been collected is then analyzed through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. Validity testing uses source triangulation and technique triangulation. This research shows that schools can fulfill the procurement of equipment and materials in stages. Based on the findings, learning tools provide support for project-based learning in the form of (1) preparing job sheet documents as a learning tool for students during practice. The job sheet is in the form of material stages to achieve student competency targets. (2) ensure that the results of objects that students work on through the competency stages can be used as products with use value.

Eksplorasi STEAM Pada Sarana Upakara Tumpeng Kering

Dried tumpeng is one of the traditional ceremonies used by Hindus in Bali. This study aims to examine the elements of STEAM contained in dried tumpeng. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with an ethnographic design. The subject of this research is the community of entrepreneurs of dried tumpeng in Guwang Village, Sukawati District, Gianyar. The data in this study were obtained through interviews, observation, and documentation. The data was then analyzed in three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and data conclusion. To get valid and objective data, triangulation method is used. The results showed that there were STEAM elements in the process of making dried tumpeng, namely the scientific element can be seen from the coloring process, adhesives and drying techniques used, the technological element can be seen from the dried tumpeng printing equipment, the machine element can be seen from the design of the printing equipment used, the art element can be seen from the various colors of the dried tumpeng, and the mathematical element can be seen from the raw production costs, income, sales, losses, and the comparison of the materials used. These STEAM elements can be used in social arithmetic learning. Students can be asked to make a project of making dried tumpeng from the beginning of manufacture, packaging to even the sales stage so that learning can be more meaningful. Keywords: Dried tumpeng, STEAM

The early marriage of the Tolaki Konawe community in the perspective of critical Islamic law

The Konawe people have a unique tradition of early marriage. Research from a critical Islamic perspective has yet to be widely studied in this tradition. This study investigated the initial legitimacy process as an ethnic tradition in early marriage. A legal ethnographic case study design was used in this study. Thirteen individuals participated in the study, including four community leaders, three indigenous peoples, two academics, and four parents of early marriage doers. In-depth interviews and observation were used to collect the data. Reduction, presentation, and interpretation are all used in data analysis methods. The study revealed three key findings: First, the chieftain decides on early marriage in the Tolakiness community. Second, decisions and agreements must be followed and upheld by everyone in the community. Thirdly, different legal systems—such as Islamic, Indonesian, or Western civil law—impact these judgments and agreements, which alters the relationship between law and freedom. This article argued that the Tolakian community needs to undergo cultural reconstruction to accommodate women's rights and freedoms and avoid coercive judgments from tribal chiefs.

Evaluation of Mathematical Competencies among Electrical Engineering Students

In universities, engineering students are often seen as a group of students with high level of intelligence. The engineering programme seeks applications from students with a strong command in Mathematics and Science. Therefore, it is believed that Mathematical Competencies (MC) are the element that plays a vital role in engineering education since there are plenty of applications of mathematical knowledge in engineering courses. This paper discusses mathematical competencies further, with emphasis on those demonstrated by the engineering students. MC consist of eight components: Thinking mathematically, posing and solving a mathematical problem, modelling mathematically, reasoning mathematically, representing mathematically, handling mathematical symbols and formalisms, communicating in, with, and about mathematics and using aids and tools. Unfortunately, many engineering students did not meet the required level as they did not perform well in the engineering course, whereby in this study, the focus was on the Electromagnetic Field Theory (EMT) course. EMT was chosen because the course contains high mathematical component. A qualitative method of ethnographic research design was selected as a mean to collect data, which was then analysed using thematic analysis. A set of EMT questions was developed for 17 participants from an electrical engineering programme. From the written work, it can be said that the participants demonstrated their MC based on their answers. It can be concluded that most of the participants with higher marks were able to demonstrate almost all of the MC components.

Educational practices of indigenous qene bet schools and its implications to the modern educational practices

This study explored indigenous educational practices of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church Qene Bet education and its implications to the modern educational practices. The study employed a qualitative approach with an ethnographic design. Three Qene Gubae Bets, one in Bahir Dar City administration and the other two in West Gojjam administrative Zone, were selected using purposive sampling for this study. Data was gathered through field observations, semi-structured interviews and focused group discussion from Yenetas(Qene Teachers) and students. Twenty-four participants have participated in the study. Data is analyzed and results are presented based on thematic approach. The findings indicate that Qene Bet church schools have their own indigenous pedagogical practices such as Qene “Qotera” (self-study), Qene “Negera” (oral presentation and defense) and Qene “Zerefa” (creating and presenting original Qene poems) that demands student centered and deep learning approaches. The findings also indicate that the practices of cooperative learning, peer learning, reflective learning, pace learning, critical interpretation, argumentative oral defense, differentiated instruction, self and peer assessment and scaffolding are central to the Qene education system. The study concluded that Qene Gubae Bet schools pedagogical practices have valuable insights for the current pedagogical practices of contemporary schools in Ethiopia.

Interactions and social identity of support teachers: An ethnographic study of the marginalisation in the inclusive school

Educational personnel are seen as agents of change toward inclusive schools. This research aims to examine the daily-based interactions through which inclusion is experienced by support teachers and how their social identity is constructed within a secondary school in a northern Italy province. The theoretical basis of this research is formed by the conceptual contributions of social identity approach and symbolic interactionism to understand self-categorization and identification processes, through the narratives of actors. An ethnographic design was implemented, with 4-month participant observation and 20 semi-structured interviews of long duration as the main data collection techniques. Fieldnotes and interviews transcriptions were inductively analyzed through a thematic approach to grounded theorising. Results show a school community in which there is a strong hierarchical relationship among main and support teachers, where support teachers experience strong feelings of inferiority and marginalisation, since they have entered school. These school interactions are also shaped by the school culture and management. However, support teachers have a potential avant-garde role as agents of change in the inclusion process. Future research should target this aspect to investigate best inclusive practices.

Tracing Bugis ethnicity through the existence of yellow-crested cockatoo in Masakambing Island, Indonesia

Masakambing Island has administratively located in the District of Masalembu, Sumenep Regency, East Java province, Indonesia. This island is an endemic habitat for the yellow-crested cockatoo sub-species abbotti (Cacatua sulphurea abbotti). This research aims to discover the history of the people inhabiting Masakambing island and traces of Bugis culture through the existence of the yellow-crested cockatoo. The study was conducted using a qualitative method with an ethnographic design. The study results show that the origin people who inhabited this island were from the Bugis ethnic group. The local name Beka' reflects how the yellow-crested cockatoo is very close to Bugis culture on Masakambing island. Besides, the Bugis ethnic who inhabit Sulawesi island is familiar with the yellow-crested cockatoo, sub-species sulphurea, and djampea. The existence of yellow-crested cockatoos on Masakambing island still triggers questions because the location of Masakambing island is outside the Wallace line, which is not common to find families of parrots such as yellow-crested cockatoos.

How workplace learning is put into practice: contrasting the medical and nursing contexts from the perspective of teaching and learning regimes

Health professions education places significant emphasis on learning in the clinical environment. While experiences of workplace learning have been extensively investigated, practices of workplace learning explored through field work have been less utilized. The theoretical framework of teaching and learning regimes acknowledges aspects of power and conflict in its consideration of what guides teachers and learners in their practice of workplace learning. This study aimed to explore practices of workplace learning in the two adjacent healthcare professions; medicine and nursing. We adopted an ethnographic qualitative design. Field observations and follow-up interviews were performed in three clinical departments and the data set comprised 12 full days of observations and 16 formal follow-up interviews. Thematic analysis was performed deductively according to the theoretical framework. Four teaching and learning regimes were found in the data. In the medical context, workplace learning was either practiced as reproduction of current practice or through stimulation of professional development. In the nursing context, workplace learning was either based on development of partnership between student and supervisor or on conditional membership in a professional community. The medical and nursing contexts demonstrated varying underpinnings and assumptions relating to teaching and learning. The respective practices of workplace learning in the medical and nursing context appear to hold substantial differences which might have implications for how we understand practices of workplace learning. We further conclude that the theoretical framework of teaching and learning regimes in this study proved useful in exploring workplace learning.

An exploration of ethnomathematics at Sewu Temple in Yogyakarta

This study explores the elements of mathematics (geometry and arithmetic) in Sewu Temple. As the research is qualitatively discussed, ethnographic design is appropriately implemented with observation, interviews, and documentation for collecting data. The data analysis technique shares four steps; collecting, reducing, presenting, and drawing a conclusion—the validity of the data using triangulation techniques. The results of this study indicate that there are mathematical elements in the shape of the building and the reliefs of Sewu Temple; flat shapes, spatial shapes, geometric transformations, and arithmetic sequences. The existing flat forms include; squares, rectangles, isosceles trapezoids, right trapezoids, circles, triangles, and octagons. Furthermore, blocks, tubes, and rectangular pyramids are included in existing shapes. The geometric transformations are in the form of reflection (mirror), translation (shift), and dilation (multiplication). The results of the ethnomathematical exploration at Sewu Temple can be used as instructional teaching for mathematics in schools, especially in geometry, geometric transformations, and arithmetic sequences.

Agile office work as embodied spatial practice: A spatial perspective on ‘open’ New Work environments

An increasing number of companies transform their traditional office spaces into open work environments, often as part of an effort for working relations to evolve away from rigid and hierarchical structures. Contrary to intentions, recent studies show how open office projects tend to re-produce social hierarchy and norms but say only little about how these socio-spatial structures come into being. In this study, we demonstrate how a workspace designed as ‘open’ is being (re-)produced and negotiated in everyday spatial practices. We investigate this question in an ethnographic research design using the example of office redesign at a German financial service company and from the perspective of social theories of space. First, we develop a critical perspective on the ‘new office’ by demonstrating that office work redesign is a political process. Through a focus on spatial practices of office work, we disclose movement and sound as crucial dimensions in the socio-political construction of ‘agile’ office work and of a social hierarchy in the open office. Second, based on our findings we propose that openness in organizational space, rather than being a design feature of a specific work environment, needs to be understood as a generative social process.

Using Participatory Co-Design to identify industries’ specific employability needs for targeted Micro-credentials

Industry-focused micro-credentials are paving the way to a new ‘culture of partnership’ between higher education and industry (Dawkins & Bean, 2021). With rapid changes in industries and workplaces, micro-credentials offer potential to enhance transitions from learning to work and respond to industries’ emerging workforce needs. However, this potential can only be realised if micro-credentialed learning achievements are both recognised and valued by industries and employers. Thus, strong and engaged partnership with industries is key. Over the past five years, we have been utilising ‘Participatory Co-Design’ (PCD) (Kristiansen & Bloch-Poulsen, 2013), combined with an evidence-based, ethnographic Design Thinking approach (Liedtka & Ogilvies 2011, Liedtka, 2018), to develop employability frameworks for several professions with both educational and professional lenses. Gomez, Kya and Mancevice (2018) argue that PCD ‘represents a sociocultural theoretical commitment to learning from, and designing for, local contexts’ (p.403). Our experience has shown that PCD offers a powerful pathway to productive partnerships that combine educational and industry expertise and insights, to surface current and future employability needs. Starting with global scans of emerging industry needs, we built out prototypes to test resonance with industry experts and gather feedback to iterate our models. This process resulted in employability frameworks that are being embedded in a range of post-graduate and professional short-form courses. The PCD process is a logical choice for validating industries’ specific employability needs for micro-credentials across tertiary and professional education. Through applying this approach, contextualised design principles are co-defined, specific employability needs are confirmed, and industry leaders and stakeholders buy into both the process and ultimately the verified learning achievements targeted by micro-credentials. This Pecha Kucha session provides an overview of our process, opportunities and challenges we have experienced, and what’s next.