Ethnographic Design Research Articles

Socioenvironmental conflicts and social representations surrounding mining extractivism at Santurban

During the process of delimitation of the Santurban moorland ecosystem (Colombia), a socioenvironmental conflict arose from small and large-scale mining extractivism. This study analyzes the social representations of settlers in this moorland ecosystem, regarding the meaning, practice and value of their territory and water as a vital resource, in order to interpret their perceptions on the internal dynamics of conflict and the different aspects symbolizing their complexity. An ethnographic design was implemented by NVIVO software information coding. The findings underscore the uncertainty of rural stakeholders facing the impossibility to continue to develop ancestral mining activities and the disputes arising from the urban setting for the defense of water. It was concluded that the socioenvironmental conflict presented requires ongoing participation from rural and urban settlers, in consideration to their permanent questions regarding the current situation in their regions and the permanent search for solutions.

Intercultural sailing ethnography: methodological challenges and reflexivity across the North Sea

ABSTRACT This paper presents an ethnography study that explores the formulation of interculturality from the unique experiences of sail trainees who were bound by space and time during a sailing voyage across the North Sea. The author immersed herself as a mentor-researcher into a 107-year-old tall ship’s expedition, sailing across 1000 nautical miles. Empirical data were collected and analysed, ranging from interviews, observations, fieldnotes, to the participants’ diaries and logbooks. The study reveals that situated in a confined space largely shaped by the unpredictable conditions at sea, both the researcher and the participants confront challenges due to various factors, driving them out of their comfort zones and prompting them to co-create fluid communicative approaches in the sailing ethnography. Given the uniqueness of the research site, this study provides methodological insights for intercultural or adventure ethnographic research design.

MANAJEMEN PENERAPAN PEMBELAJARAN BILINGUAL DI PONDOK PESANTREN MODERN MUHAMMADIYAH BOARDING SCHOOL JETIS PONOROGO JAWA TIMUR

The era of the industrial revolution 4.0 encourages every field to be able to run with the times, not least in the field of education. Educational institutions must be able to improve the quality of services and learning so that they can produce graduates who are ready to fill every required field. One effort that can be done is to apply bilingualism in learning so that students have sufficient soft skills in English and Arabic. The purpose of this research was to determine the school management in implementing bilingualism in their learning both inside and outside the classroom, as well as the effectiveness of bilingual learning activities at Muhammadiyah Boarding School Jetis Ponorogo. This research uses a qualitative approach, with an ethnographic research design. This design in data collection uses direct observation techniques in the field, conducts in-depth interviews, and collects various documentary information. The data analysis technique is data reduction, data presentation, data validity validation and drawing conclusions. The results of this research are as follows: Bilingual learning at PP MBS Jetis Ponorogo is one of the visions and missions of MBS Jetis. MBS Jetis conceptualizes a bilingual learning strategy so that the achievement of language standards can be achieved. The implementation of bilingual learning at MBS Jetis is carried out in stages and on a scheduled basis, starting with activities after Fajr until Dhuhur, after which activities are continued in the dormitory. Bilingual learning that has been carried out at MBS Jetis has a positive impact both in terms of academic and non-academic.

Linking Community and Pedagogy: Ethnomodels from Coastal Villages in Panay, Philippines

This design ethnography was conducted in two fishing villages on Panay Island, Philippines. The study aimed to gather data about the mathematical activities of the fisherfolks to identify ethnomodels for the integration of learners' local mathematical knowledge into mathematics instruction. The local mathematical knowledge of the fisherfolks was used as inspiration and grounding for designing and developing a context-based teaching-learning material. Seven key informants were chosen purposively. Participant observation, ethnographic interviews, and elicitation techniques were used for data gathering and triangulation. Furthermore, IDEO's design thinking toolkit for human-centered design was used as a guide for designing and developing the teaching-learning material. The three-part analyses using LeCompte's item, pattern, and structure level analysis revealed that mathematical ideas were embedded in the activities of the fisherfolks and their cultural artifacts. Their mathematical ideas were elaborated in four ethnomodels integrated into the context-based activity book: "The Mathematics of the Fisherfolks".

The Infusion of Folk Catholicism to Tambal Binisaya as an Indigenous Healing System in Iligan City

For generations, folk medicines have been used to cure various diseases with supernatural and naturalistic causations. With ethnographic descriptive design, mananambals, Tambal Binisaya vendors, and loyal patrons served as key informants in this qualitative study. In obtaining the data, observations, field notes, and interviews were the main instruments used to investigate inculturation, which is the underlying phenomenon behind the folk Catholicism evident in Tambal Binisaya. As such, it was revealed that there are strong pieces of evidence of pre-Christian practices in Tambal Binisaya, such as belief in abyans, balance in natural elements in the body, and even animism, which are somehow divergent from Catholic beliefs that put a premium on God and the total healing of the mind, body, and spirit. Despite these differences, Tambal Binisaya somehow integrated these aspects of the two systems into a hybrid healing practice. The indigenous have indeed been married to Catholicism in Tambal Binisaya.

Women's experiences of perinatal depression: Symptoms, barriers and enablers to disclosure, and effects on daily life and interaction within the family

ObjectiveNearly half of all cases of perinatal depression are not detected, despite routine appointments with healthcare professionals (HCP) during pregnancy and after childbirth. Early identification of perinatal depression is crucial to provide the required support and offer timely treatment. This study aimed to explore women's experiences of perinatal depression to help identification and management of perinatal depression by HCPs. DesignTheoretical perspective of symbolic interactionism and methodological design of ethnography was adopted. Face-to-face individual interviews were used. Thematic analysis was conducted to analyse interview data. ParticipantsFifteen women who had experienced perinatal depression in the last five years were interviewed. FindingsThree themes were identified: 1) Getting closer to the perinatal depression; 2) Decision to disclose or hide real feelings; 3) Hidden face of perinatal depression. Key conclusions and implications for practiceFindings demonstrate the importance of HCPs’ attitudes towards women, as if women perceive they being dismissed or neglected by HCPs, may have an impact on women refraining from disclosing their feelings.

Textual Organization of Hemodialysis Nursing Practice: An Institutional Ethnography.

Nursing today deals with organizational changes and reforms within the increased demands of care amid competing resources. In some developing countries, dealing with text documents is a challenge in hemodialysis service organizations. This study aimed to explicate the social organization of textual nursing practices in a hemodialysis unit of a public university hospital in Nepal. This is a qualitative study that followed institutional ethnography design. Ten registered nurses who worked for at least six months in the hemodialysis unit were included for in-depth interviews. Data were also collected through 167 hours of observations, field notes, and two focus groups. Texts including policy, protocols, and record documents were incorporated in the analysis. Data analysis followed Smith's (1987) institutional ethnographic analysis. Nepalese nursing work in a hemodialysis unit was mainly organized by the free hemodialysis policy of the government which was not available to the nurses at the hemodialysis unit, but it determined most of the nursing activities of patient care and documentation. Hemodialysis record form, hemodialysis schedule, and free hemodialysis claim form also had a great influence on nursing work. However, the nurses were not quite aware of how the textual documents determined their practices to meet the politico-economic interests of the hospital and government. The hospital and Nepal's health ministry established the activities and recording requirements. Identification of texts and exploration of their influences on nurses' decisions, patient care, and documentation are essential to find the optimal solutions in daily care and determine the appropriate support for nurses in hemodialysis settings.

Exploración del Desarrollo de la Competencia Comunicativa en un Salón de Enseñanza del Inglés como Lengua Extranjeras de Cursos Libres

The present article is intended to report on a study carried out with students of level three at Cursos Libres. The research focused mainly on describing how the materials and the methodology implemented by the teacher contributed to the development of the students’ Communicative Competence. To reach that research objective, an ethnographic case study design was used. Observations, interviews to students and teacher were employed as data collection instruments. The results are expected to contribute to the issue of the development of Communicative Competence in classroom contexts.

Exploration of Malay Language Acquisition and Learning Experience among Orang Asli Students

Orang Asli, the indigenous community in Malaysia, is among minority groups facing difficulties acquiring the Malay language as a second language. Poor achievement and lack of research on the secondary school level among indigenous students have motivated the inquisition for this study. Using an ethnographic case study research design, a qualitative research approach was used to explore indigenous students' Malay language acquisition and learning experience. A total of 13 participants were chosen by purposive sampling technique in this research, comprising eight Orang Asli students from the Temiar tribe, two teachers and three of the students' parents. To acquire an in-depth picture of the phenomena, the data was collected using observation methods, interviews, and field notes at the only secondary boarding school of indigenous people on the Malay Peninsula's west coast. The study findings were analysed using the continuous comparison method to identify the themes and subthemes involved. The findings revealed that the learning and acquisition of the Malay language as a second language were among the skills learned in school, just like any other subjects. This study shows that efforts to cultivate the use of the Malay language were found challenging due to the less conducive school and social environments for a second language acquisition process. Thus, this study contributes to a better understanding of indigenous students perceive their second language, which has implications for improving Malay language teaching and learning practices as a second language, particularly among the Orang Asli community in Malaysia.

Identidad cultural en colegios bilingües

The present research study sought to analyze if the daily and systematic teaching of a foreign culture within the context of a bilingual school in Barranquilla constituted a risk factor for mainstream cultural identity. Research objectives aimed at determining to what degree learners used foreign cultural markers and at characterizing how school community perceived status of foreign culture. Primary data collected came from a group of fifth grade students. The research study used a qualitative approach with an ethnographic case study design. Concepts explored in theoretical framework are culture, language, identity, and intercultural competences. Research results indicate that learners have not adopted a foreign cultural identity and that mainstream culture prevails in school ground. It is inferred based on results that the teaching of a foreign culture does not necessarily compromise mainstream cultural identity. However, further research is necessary to specify which factors safeguarded community’s cultural identity from foreign one.

‘. . . It Makes Me Want to Shut Down, Cover Up’: Female Bartenders’ Use of Emotional Labour While Receiving Unwanted Sexual Attention at a Public House

This article seeks to provide a detailed account of emotional labour adopted by female bartenders when faced with unwanted sexual attention at work. In the field, I implemented an ethnographic research design and maximised opportunities for data collection through the use of interviews with eight participants and participant observations while employed at the same venue. Drawing on previous theoretical thought, the data gathered will outline the learnt, and most common, forms of display rules barstaff demonstrate while engaging with unwanted interactions, and, from the viewpoint of the female barstaff, the expected display rules envisioned by some male customers. I also detail the collapse of display rules during some unwanted scenarios (e.g. infrequent) and the inevitable impact of implementing emotional labour under the duress of unwanted encounters–emotional dissonance and burnout. I conclude with a suggestion that there is a potential for a multitude of display rules that are adopted by barstaff dependent on the customer interaction (e.g. aggressive, sickness due to intoxication) in a public house.

Creating opportunities for patient participation in managing medications across transitions of care through formal and informal modes of communication.

BackgroundCommunicating about medications across transitions of care is important in older patients who frequently move between health care settings. While there is increasing interest in understanding patient communication across transitions of care, little is known about older patients' involvement in formal and informal modes of communication regarding managing medications.ObjectiveThe aim of this paper was to explore how older patients participated in managing their medications across transitions of care through formal and informal modes of communication.MethodsThe study was conducted across two metropolitan hospitals: an acute hospital and a geriatric rehabilitation hospital in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. A focused ethnographic design was used involving semi‐structured interviews (n = 50), observations (203 h) and individual interviews or focus groups (n = 25). Following thematic analysis, data were analysed using Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis.ResultsData analysis revealed two major discursive practices, which comprised of an interplay between formal and informal communication and environmental influences on formal and informal communication. Self‐created patient notes were used by older patients to initiate informal discussion with health professionals about medication decisions, which challenged traditional unequal power relations between health professionals and patients. Formal prompts on electronic medication administration records facilitated the continuous information discourse about patients' medications across transitions of care and encouraged health professionals to seek out older patients' preferences through informal bedside interactions. Environmental influences on communication comprised health professionals' physical movements across private and public spaces in the ward, their distance from older patients at the bedside and utilization of the computer systems during patient encounters.ConclusionOlder patients' self‐created medication notes enabled them to take on a more active role in formal and informal medication communication across transitions of care. Older patients and family members did not have continuous access to information about medication changes during their hospital stay and systems often failed to address older patients' key concerns about their medications, which hindered their active involvement in formal and informal communication.Patient or Public ContributionOlder adults, family members and health professionals volunteered to be interviewed and observed.

Comparative Analysis of Teaching Strategies Used in Lessons on Culture and Lessons on Heritage of a Selected Chinese-Filipino School

This paper seeks to identify the teaching strategies used in Grade 4 Culture and Heritage lessons in a Chinese-Filipino School. Further, it is important to effectively address these with constructivist-based teaching strategies to help maximize the learning experience. This study used qualitative method where Ethnographic research design and Descriptive method were used to conduct classroom observations. The instruments used to obtain the results were patterned and modified from Craig Kissock’s (1981) Curriculum Planning for Social Studies Teaching: A Cross-cultural Approach, a self-made Teachers’ Self-evaluation form and Peer Observation form participated by nine teachers of a Chinese-Filipino School in Quezon City, Philippines. The analysis of the results identified five teaching strategies with Discussion and Lecture strategy as the most applied alongside Game strategy, Question and Answer strategy, and Project method. Other activities that strengthened the Culture and Heritage awareness were integrated through a collaborative effort with other subject areas. As a result, the study supported that Social Development theory affects the teaching-learning process where opportunities for social interaction helps in the development of a child. Using various teaching strategies encouraged students to interact with one another, to freely express their thoughts, and to participate in fun and healthy competition. It also encouraged students to think and to unleash their creativity and imagination. At the same time, the use of tools and other resources helped increase student engagement.

Is information power? Exploring the potential of analytics tools for student representatives

An industrial revolution based on digital technologies and data is rapidly transforming most human activities. In the case of higher education, research on learning analytics has experienced significant expansion and evolution in only a few years. However, there is still a dearth of literature on analytics tools designed to support student representatives, which could generate growing informational and technological asymmetries in higher education. To address this critical gap, this study explored the potential key data required by student representatives for their effective participation as partners in educational improvement and the main benefits that associated analytics tools could offer. To do this, this study used a micro design ethnography and a dialogic approach with participants from a Scottish university. Findings suggest that access to data and analytics could influence the participation of the student body as egalitarian partners. These results reinforce the need for further research.

Gender-Based Violence Against Trans* Individuals: A Netnography of Mary Gregory's Experience in Powerlifting.

In the context of sport, a growing body of research has reported the prevalence of violence against athletes, including sexual, physical, and psychological violence and neglect, experienced by both women and men in sport. Preliminary research has reported that gender-diverse individuals, specifically transgender athletes, may have a greater vulnerability to experiences of violence in sport, but this remains an under-researched population. In addition to limited research specifically on violence experienced by transgender athletes in sport, there is also only emerging research on virtual violence against athletes, with previous research on virtual violence in sporting spaces highlighting how online spaces are sites that can foster widespread hostility and violence. This study builds on previous research by examining discourses of virtual violence faced by transgender powerlifter, Mary Gregory, following her expulsion from the 100% Raw Powerlifting Federation. This research used a netnographic approach—an online ethnographic case study design. Data were collected from online news sources, as well as social media platforms, including Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube and were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. The data provided an insight into the cyberculture of powerlifting, and the negotiation of space, or lack thereof, for Mary Gregory within this physical culture. Five themes of were generated, including invalidation of gender identity, dehumanization, infliction of derogatory and crude language, accusations of cheating, and being compared to cisgender athletes without nuance. The study highlights the presence of significant vitriol across virtual platforms directed at Mary Gregory and the underlying presence of negative gender-based violence again trans* (GBV-T*) discourse. This case provides examples of virtual gender-based violence and transphobia in sport, a lack of readiness to accept trans* athletes, and concerns for the safety of trans* athletes in sporting spaces.

Effects of COVID-19 on migrant workers in Ecuador

The migrant population continues to this day to be not only the main engine of world economies but also part of those who make up the vulnerable groups in society. This study aims to analyze the effects that COVID 19 has had on migrant workers in Ecuador at a legal and social level before and after the pandemic. A qualitative ethnographic design study was carried out, framed at the exploratory level, when addressing an almost unknown problem in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The interview was validated through the criteria of experts in law and research methodology. The sampling technique was non-probabilistic. The data collection instrument was the researcher himself, who, through the interview, was able to collect the narrative data in the natural and daily environments of the participants. It was an observational type of study; prospective; cross; and descriptive while, from the point of view of jurisprudence, it was socio-legal.

What can Bourdieu offer the ethnographer in neoliberal times: reflecting on methodological possibilities

ABSTRACT This article demonstrates how Bourdieu’s field theory can be used to systematise ethnographic insights, establishing and validating connections between the micro-level of participants’ experiences and macro-level contexts, whilst complementing and facilitating the reflexivity that has long been part of ethnographic traditions. Combining an ethnographic methodological design with a Bourdieusian conceptual framework provides opportunities for powerful critical analysis and contextualised socio-political commentary, particularly in the context of the neoliberalisation of education at all levels. To illustrate, this article presents examples from a study that examines the dilemmas that English primary school teachers experience as they try to enact creative pedagogies, which emphasise innovation, flexibility and autonomy, whilst adhering to neoliberal policy directives that demand conformity and standardisation. Bourdieu offers a language to acknowledge and explain such tensions as well as exposing ‘common sense’ neoliberal narratives and the mechanisms which embed relationships of domination into educational institutions and other social structures.

Cooperative Principle and Politeness in Children's Conversation in Dharma Wanita Kindergarten School Environment, Bengkulu Province)

Language is a species-specific human capacity. Language is acquired gradually and simultaneously from birth. The purpose of this study was to find out a comprehensive description of forms and factors that influence the expression of acceptance and rejection of children's conversations in Dharma Wanita Kindergarten school, Bengkulu Province. A descriptive qualitative approach and ethnographic design were used in this study. The subjects of this study were children in the Dharma Wanita Kindergarten, Bengkulu Province. The researchers themselves are the key instrument. Data analysis shows that children in Dharma Wanita Kindergarten school can express personal attitudes in communicating. However, they have not fully applied the communicative principles (cooperative and politeness principle) in conversation, and any external factors influence their conversation.

Collaborative driving tools for traffic problems: a design anthropological approach to car commuting

People use applications daily to meet some of their needs. Geo location, memory, communication, entertainment and learning are some examples, but it is well known that not every moment is suitable for the use of certain technologies, and sometimes its use is even illegal. While driving a car, a person tends to keep using their phones, even though it is distracting and dangerous, but the reasons behind this use are related to trying to make travel less unproductive and unpredictable. This problem leads this work to investigate the relationship between driving and the driver’s continuous interactions with technologies, focusing on a common identified activity: the informational collaboration, made from Geo location apps and instant messaging. For this, the Design Anthropology approach and the Design Ethnography method were used, seeking to understand how improvisations and contingencies can provide a deep understanding of the user's real needs. The results show that, by applying this methodology, it was possible to understand how and why people collaborate on traffic, including which applications they use and how they trust the information while adding their own personal knowledge.

“Bolga Baskets”: A Compendium of Trade Basketry Arts of the Gurene People of Ghana

Gurene people are domiciled in the Upper East Region of Ghana, and are reputed for producing an assortment of innovative basketry products popularly referred to as “Bolga baskets”. These products are mostly sold to tourists, basketry lovers or exported to Germany, New Zealand, Denmark, Canada, Australia, the United States of America, Zambia and Burkina Faso. This study attempts to document the miscellanea of basketry artefacts produced by the Gurene people over the years. The researcher used an ethnographic research design, and extracted data from 103 respondents using observations, interview guides and focus group discussions. The respondents were sampled using snowball and purposive sampling methods. The data amassed were transcribed and analysed using thematic data analysis techniques in an Nvivo data analysis programme. The study revealed 60 varieties of basketry products which were mostly produced from guinea and vertiveria grass species. Keywords: Bolga baskets, basketry arts, Gurene Basketry, African basketry, African art DOI: 10.7176/ADS/100-02 Publication date: April 30 th 2022