Ethnographic Design Research Articles

Eksplorasi Etnomatematika pada Permainan Tradisional Bekles

The purpose of this study is to explore the ethnomathematical values ​​contained in traditional games in West Java, namely bekles or beklen. This study uses an ethnographic research design with a qualitative research approach. The object of this research is the rules of the game and the object of the game itself. The research subjects were two resource persons consisting of 1 child aged 8 years and 1 teenager aged 13 years. This research is located on Jl. Raden Soleh, RT 01 RW 05 Sindangsari Village, Kec. Kadupandak, Kab. Cianjur, West Java. Data was collected by using the methods of documentation, interviews, and observations. The results of this study indicate that there are ethnomathematical values ​​contained in traditional bekles games, namely the concept of integers from 1 to 10, the concept of modulu or remainder of division, the shape of the ball space, and probability. In addition, it can also be used as a problem in learning physics about the material of upper vertical motion and free fall motion. Based on the research results, it is known that the potential for ethnomathematics development in traditional bekles games is very large, which can be used as materials, teaching materials, or learning media such as student worksheets (LKPD).

DESIGNING CO-EXISTENCE OF SOCIAL-CULTURAL-ECONOMIC SPACES IN TRADITIONAL SETTLEMENT: LEARNING FROM BANG-PHLI, THAILAND

Integrating socio-economic development-led spatial-physical design intervention in traditional settlement needs a deeper understanding of the social-cultural-economic dimensions of the people, place, and environment. Such intervention at the settlement level involves the challenge of context-sensitive placemaking concerning the existing social-cultural-economic space systems that contain the social way of life and livelihood. This research explored this challenge taking Bang-Phli, Samutprakan, Thailand, a successful water-integrated placemaking project. With a mixed research approach that combines methods from design ethnography and built environmental design, this study focused on exploring the spatial-physical design approach, process, and considerations behind the context-sensitive placemaking. Outcomes of this research suggests how people-place-environment sensitive placemaking can nurture the co-existence of socio-cultural way of life, environmental stewardship, and economic development in traditional settlement in a socially and environmentally sustainable manner.

“It’s cleaner, definitely”: Collaborative Process in Audio Production

Working from vague client instructions, how do audio producers collaborate to diagnose what specifically is wrong with a piece of music, where the problem is and what to do about it? This paper presents a design ethnography that uncovers some of the ways in which two music producers co-ordinate their understanding of complex representations of pieces of music while working together in a studio. Our analysis shows that audio producers constantly make judgements based on audio and visual evidence while working with complex digital tools, which can lead to ambiguity in assessments of issues. We show how multimodal conduct guides the process of work and that complex media objects are integrated as elements of interaction by the music producers. The findings provide an understanding how people currently collaborate when producing audio, to support the design of better tools and systems for collaborative audio production in the future.

Intermediaries’ role in urban fresh fruits and vegetables supply chain in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

The study examines the supply chain for fresh fruits and vegetables in cities. In particular, the study determines the functions of intermediaries in the supply chain for fresh fruits and vegetables in urban settings. The study is qualitative with an ethnographic design. The study involved a sample of 92 participants obtained purposively. Data are obtained using In-Depth Interviews (IDIs), document reviews and researchers’ observations. Findings demonstrate that intermediaries typically facilitate transportation services that involve the collection, packing and handling facility selection, and delivery of fruits and vegetables. Secondly, intermediaries provide efficient storage services for storing fruits and vegetables and education about proper storage practices. Thirdly, intermediaries have involved value addition and improvement of the quality of fruits and vegetables through sorting, grading, gathering, inspection, branding, and packing. Fourthly, they execute marketing services and facilitate information flow and exchange. It is presented that to enhance intermediaries’ roles, there is a need to improve the road infrastructure networks and control corruption among unethical police officers. There is a great need to strengthen electricity. This will facilitate a reliable power supply that will enhance the easy storage of fruits and vegetables. Farmers and intermediaries need more education on quality, and financial assistance. This will support the continuum of the fresh fruits and vegetable supply chain.

Home care nursing practice for older persons with heart failure living at home.

To enhance knowledge of how older people with heart failure, living at home, manage their illness with the support of their family caregivers and home care nursing services. Heart failure monitoring and self-care have been important means of reducing the serious impact of heart failure. Drawing on theories of practice as enacted and conceptualising service users and their family caregivers as active, the idea of attunement was used to explore how home care nurses work in supporting them. Ethnographic case study. Data collection involved home visits and interviews (10 home care users, 10 caregivers, five home care team leaders). Data were field-notes and transcribed interviews. Themes were deductively developed from the findings, informed by the theoretical background, using content analysis. The COREQ checklist was used. Three themes were developed from the data: (1) Practices of attunement in relations, (2) Becoming among difficulties and (3) Off track-difficult to attune around self-care. The findings reflect the complexity of heart failure monitoring at home, showing how, in addition to self-care measures, users are supported by an array of informal and formal care. The caregiving situation is shaped by relations among participants and involves making oneself available to the situation. We suggest a stance of attunement for home care nurses, which demands tact and calls for interest, engagement and openness. Study findings caution against limiting heart failure monitoring to circumscribed tasks, instead calling for a holistic understanding of what may be helpful for users. Home care nurses need time to attune with users living with heart failure and their caregivers to prevent exacerbations and promote well-being. Although patients were not formally involved in study design ethnography favours their voice.

BORDER GOVERNANCE ON THE WAVES OF THE AEGEAN SEA: ACTORS, DISCOURSES AND PRACTICES

Bu araştırma, Ege Denizi’ndeki düzensiz göçe ilişkin sınır yönetimi uygulamalarının kapsamlı bir ampirik analizini sunmaktadır. Çalışma, deniz sınırının ayırt edici materyalliğine atıfta bulunan “ıslak ontoloji” kavramını kullanarak, Ege Denizi’nin siyasal alanını oluşturan söylemler ağını, fiili pratikleri ve teknolojileri analiz etmektedir. Ege Denizi’nin kendine has siyasi coğrafyası, mekânsal ve hukuki konfigürasyonu bağlamında revize edilen “ıslak ontoloji” kavramı, sınır aktörlerinin durdurma tekniklerini hangi yöntem ve aygıtlar aracılığı ile kurtarma faaliyetine içkin hale getirerek meşrulaştırdıklarını incelemektedir. Amaç: Bu makale, Ege Denizi’ndeki düzensiz göçe ilişkin sınır pratiklerinin ampirik bir analizini sunmaktadır. Çalışma, deniz sınırının ayırt edici materyalliğine ve siyasi coğrafyasına atıfta bulunan “ıslak ontoloji” kavramını kullanarak, Ege Denizi’nin siyasal alanını oluşturan söylemler ağını, fiili günlük sınır pratiklerini ve kullanılan teknolojileri analiz etmektedir. Yöntem: Çalışmanın ampirik verileri etnografik bir araştırma tasarımına dayanır. 2015-2018 yıllarında Yunanistan (Midilli adası) ve Türkiye’de (Küçükkuyu, Dikili, Çeşme, Bodrum), sahil güvenlik ekipleri, AB sınır güvenliği (Frontex) personeli ve arama kurtarma sivil toplum örgütleri ile derinlemesine görüşmeler ve katılımcı gözlemci analizi yapılmıştır. Araştırmacı, etnografik araştırma tasarımına içkin olarak, bahsedilen yıllar arasında Midilli adasında bulunan sivil toplum örgütleri bünyesinde arama ve kurtarma faaliyeti yürütmüştür. Bulgular: Çalışmanın bulguları nezdinde, Ege Denizi’nin coğrafi bağlamı içerisinde anlam kazanan ıslak ontolojisi, sınır aktörlerinin politikalarını ve anlatılarını şekillendirerek çoklu askeri durdurma tekniklerinin kurtarma görevine içkin olarak meşrulaştırılması için belirli bir yönetim aygıtının üretilmesine zemin hazırlar. Ilımlı ve orantısal bir şiddet olarak kurgulanan durdurma ve geri itme uygulamaları, kurtarma görevi ile bütünleştirilir ve bu sayede meşrulaştırılır. Özgünlük: Çalışma, sınır aktörlerini, söylemlerini ve uygulamalarını Türkiye ve Yunanistan örnekleri üzerinden karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemektedir. Makalede, ilk olarak Ege Denizi’nin coğrafi yapısı, uzamsal ve hukuki konfigürasyonu ile detaylandırılmaktadır. Ardından, bu konfigürasyon içerisinde iki egemen devletin gündelik sınır pratikleri ve söylemleri incelenmektedir. Çalışma, Ege Denizi’ndeki sınır yönetimi üzerine yapılmış ilk etnografik araştırma olması açısından literatüre önemli bir katkı sağlamaktadır.

How EFL teacher Modelling Politeness: Pragmatic Analysis of Classroom Interaction

Purpose- This study aims to find the types of politeness strategies used by English teachers during the learning process.
 Design/methodology/approach- This study uses a qualitative research method with ethnographic communication design to find politeness strategies in speech used by English teachers at SMA Negeri 1 Prambon. Research data were taken through observation and interviews. Researchers used a coding scheme to analyze the data that has been obtained.
 Findings/results – It was found 134 teacher utterances, classified according to politeness strategies that were applied during the English learning process. Of the 134 teacher utterances, there are 35 utterances categorized as positive politeness strategies, 8 utterances as negative politeness strategies, 69 as bald on-record politeness strategies, and 22 utterances as off-record politeness strategies. In other words, the bald on-record strategy is the dominant politeness strategy used by English teachers during the learning process. Thus, the politeness strategies used by teachers are influenced by certain conditions and situations in the classroom.
 Originality/value - Politeness strategy is a very crucial thing which needs to be considered in its use based on the appropriate conditions and situations, especially by the teacher as an example or role model for his students is not the case in the delivery of subject matter but also attitude or speech.
 Paper type – Research paper 
 Keywords: Teacher talk, pragmatic, politeness strategies

Attitudinal Analysis of Women's Political Participation in Ecuador: Social and Legal Perspectives

The main objective of this research is to analyze the participation of women in Ecuador in multi-person and single-person popular election processes at a legal and social level between 2019 and 2021. This is a documentary study corresponding to the qualitative paradigmatic modality, descriptive in scope and ethnographic design where the analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive-historical-logical and legal interpretation methods were used. Data from the 2019 elections corresponding to multi-personal positions such as mayors, prefects, urban and rural councilors and unipersonal positions corresponding to president, vice-president and national, provincial and foreign assembly members elected in the 2021 elections are analyzed. The findings show that women in Ecuadorian politics have difficulties in being elected and achieving parity, identifying a gender gap at all levels that is due to multidimensional factors explained in this study. It was determined that despite the existence of different regulations that promote gender equality and women's representation in the political world in Ecuador, these have not been able to materialize due to criteria related to the deep and marked social stereotypes that are maintained in the country.
 
 Received: 21 August 2022 / Accepted: 3 October 2022 / Published: 5 November 2022

Etnopedagogi Batang Garing Suku Dayak Ngaju sebagai Nilai Pendidikan Karakter Peduli Lingkungan

This research aims to analyze the Batang Garing symbol of the Dayak Ngaju tribe in Central Kalimantan based on an ethnopedagogical perspective, especially in environmental care character education. The research design used is an ethnographic research design that focuses on the Batang Garing symbol. This ethnographic research consists of 6 stages, selecting an ethnographic project; asking ethnographic questions; collecting ethnographic data; taking notes; analyzing the data, and writing the results of the ethnographic research. The results of this study explain that Ethno pedagogy raises the values of local wisdom as an important part of the educational process and the civilizing process. Dayak Ngaju tribe adheres to a conservationist understanding which is taken from the philosophy of the Batang Garing symbol which contributes to treating the natural environment. the value of character education in each part of the Batang Garing symbol, among others: the "Enggang" symbol contains a religious character; the bunu symbol contains the character of responsibility; the support symbol contains the character of caring for the environment; the garanuhing symbol contains a peace-loving character; the dawen dandang tingang symbol contains the value of caring for the environment; the Balanga symbol contains the value of tolerance; and the symbol of Batu Nindan Tarung Island contains the values of caring for the environment, responsibility and religion. The internalization of the environmental care character in the Batang Garing symbol is not separated from other parts of the symbol because in the internalization of the character all components are interrelated.

“You must cut that long and stinking thing”: uncovering the lived experiences of uncircumcised pokot women in North-Eastern Uganda

BackgroundFemale circumcision remains a dominant practice among the Pokot of North-Eastern Uganda. This paper explores the lived experiences of uncircumcised Pokot women, as they continue to live in a community, where the practice is cherished.MethodsThis qualitative study adopted an ethnographic research design. The study was based on thirty [30] serial interviews with 15 uncircumcised women in the Pokot local language between August and October 2021. Five [5] Key Informant Interviews were also conducted with key informants from Amudat District. A Focus Group Discussion with women, irrespective of their circumcision status, was organized as an entry point to identify the initial uncircumcised woman. Uncircumcised women were recruited using respondent-driven sampling while key informants were purposively selected. Data were analyzed thematically. Participants were allocated codes to ensure anonymity.ResultsParticipants expressed understanding of female circumcision, and the procedure although they were not circumcised. Denial of participation in community and cultural functions, rejection by elders and relatives, difficulties in getting marriage partners, denial of conjugal rights and basic needs, refusal to give names to their children, and home desertion were the negative experiences reported by uncircumcised women. Sexual enjoyment during sexual intercourse, epitomized by the ease of reaching orgasms, fewer complications while giving birth as well as reduced risk of exposure to sexually transmitted diseases were mentioned by participants as their positive experiences.ConclusionUncircumcised Pokot women continue to experience unbearable challenges since female circumcision is perceived as the only rite of passage to womanhood. This calls for intensified awareness of the population on the challenges associated with female circumcision refusal while demonstrating the positive experiences mentioned by uncircumcised women, that can be exploited as the beacon of hope.

The Embodied Journey of an Idea: An Exploration of Movement Creativity in Circus Arts

ABSTRACTKnowledge about embodied creativity is in its infancy. In circus arts, performers are nowadays ‘owning’ their creativity making this performance domain fruitful to study embodied creativity. Building on socio‐cultural creativity perspectives and radical embodied cognitive sciences, the current study aimed at exploring movement creativity by tracking the journey of embodied ideas in a Circus School. Specifically, this research questioned how the interactions between actors, audiences, affordances, and actions support the emergence and evolution of movement ideas. A narrative ethnographic research design, gathering process observations in situ, was used to scrutinize the movement ideas generated by student‐artists, teachers, and artistic advisors over a 4‐month period. Reflexive thematic analysis led to the design of an exhaustive mapping which illustrates the key findings. Namely, the journey of an embodied idea is influenced by stimulating spaces and collaborative socio‐cultural environment which ignite the actors' desire to create. This desire, in turn, unfolds into multiple ideational pathways paved with research strategies (e.g., improvisation, constraints, variability) and emotions (i.e., pleasant and unpleasant). Embodied ideas then go through an assessment process leading (or not) to its growth. Results are discussed in light of embodied, pedagogical, and emotional considerations offering an alternative to the conceptualization of idea.

Using Design Ethnography to Identify Barriers to Dialysis Access in Lagos, Nigeria

Using Design Ethnography to Identify Barriers to Dialysis Access in Lagos, Nigeria

Problem solving in East Africa: A contextual definition

Over the years, the conceptualisation of problem solving as a transferable skill has led to the emergence of various constructs and framings. While the models and the defined stages of problem solving are similar across the available research studies, some have warned that the context in which problems are defined and solved matters and cannot be overlooked. This study, through an ethnographic design with 230 participants (113 males, 117 females), explored the meanings and understandings of problem solving within varied cultural contexts in Kenya (80 participants), Tanzania (55 participants), and Uganda (95 participants). The interview protocol was structured around three sections: (i) location and participant background information (9 items); (ii) definition of problem solving (4 items, all open-ended); and (iii) characterised traits of a problem solver (9 questions, all open-ended). A thematic and synthetic data analysis was applied obtaining a final system of categories and codes. The comparison of the findings of contextualisation studies on problem solving in the three countries shows significant similarities and only minor differences. The steps of this process that emerge from the interviews in the three countries surveyed are: identification of the problem; understanding the causes and consequences of the problem; asking for community members’ advice and opinions about the problem; evaluating the possible solutions; and adopting the best one. Subskills, dispositions, and values linked to problem solving are influenced by the understanding of the self as being part of a community. Overall, the communitarian approach to problem solving—supported by the institutions available in each community and fuelled by values such as confidentiality, love, and trust—emerges as the most unique premise in the contextualised understanding of problem solving in East Africa.

Platform capitalism and neo‐normative control: “Autonomy” as a digital platform control strategy in neoliberal Chile

AbstractA key element of the platform business model is concentrating great organisational power over the work process while simultaneously allowing workers certain degrees of autonomy and encouraging them to see themselves as self‐employed. This study applied the neo‐normative control concept to analyse the mechanisms platforms use to promote freedom of choice and self‐regulation values, which are formed extra‐organisationally in deeply neoliberal societies such as Chile. The Uber ride‐hailing and Pedidos Ya home delivery platforms in Chile were examined using a labour process theory framework based on an ethnographic design. The results show the specific ways in which these platforms deploy forms of neo‐normative control, how this deployment is anchored in the labour context of neoliberal Chilean society, and how workers re‐signify, stress, or seek to subvert this control strategy. The findings' theoretical and empirical implications are discussed.

Running through the in-between: Distance runners in a state of liminality

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the way novice marathon runners experience and respond to a change – becoming marathoners. It utilises Victor Turner’s concepts of liminality and communitas to illustrate the complexity and challenges experienced by novice runners. The scope of sociological research regarding distance runners over the last two decades has expanded, nevertheless, very little has been written in reference to the process of the liminal phase per se. Therefore, the contribution of this paper is to address this lacuna of research and focus on the link between the process of ‘becoming’ and concepts such as solidarity, hierarchies, and standing norms, which play significant roles and constitute key components in the process of liminality. An ethnographic research design of three years was implemented in two running groups, using participant observation and semi-structured interviews. The data presented suggest that embarking on a marathoner identity requires a phase of betwixt and between wherein the ‘traditional’ borders of liminality and communitas are not fixed and often negotiable. Moreover, the relatively advanced age, similar socioeconomic status and military background among the running members serve as loopholes in liminality for novice runners towards ‘interested solidarity’ with veteran runners in achieving their new status as marathoners.

‘妈妈, I miss you ’: Emotional multilingual practices in transnational families

Aims: This study explores how home language(s) are used in bilingual family members’ daily digital or non-digital interactions to demonstrate their emotions and affections for each other. The study investigates linguistic features and situated-language use of home language(s) in emotional negotiations between family members. In addition, it explores how multimodalities and languages are mixed to contribute to the interactional dynamics underlying ‘family talk’ and how children and adults position themselves emotionally in moment-to-moment interaction of family life. Methodology: This study involves six families from two transnational communities (Chinese and Polish) and it employs an ethnographic research design for data collection. Data and analysis: Data sources include recordings of mealtime conversations, daily WhatsApp/WeChat texts, and digital-mediated family talk recorded by the families themselves. Affective repertoire is used as an analytical framework. Findings and conclusions: The following five key features are identified in online or offline family talks regarding expression of emotionality: emojis, terms of endearment, diminutives, declaration of love and situated emotive language use. Originality: Unlike recent studies of emotions in bi-multilingual families, this study does not rely on surveys, memoirs, or interviews. Few studies have investigated how family members present their emotional expression in their daily communications, what role home/heritage language(s) actually play in communicating their emotional needs, and how these emotional expressions are manifested in their lived experiences and socialisation practices. Significance and implications: The findings contribute to FLP literature by looking into how emotions are involved in the practices of family life and the construction of familyness. Emotions, as a key factor in FLP, are directly related to parents’ perceptions of and investment in their heritage language. Although these perceptions are linked to the powerful societal languages that often represent educational possibilities, when it comes to emotional expressions, the primacy is given to the first language/heritage language.

Ethnopedagogy in Primary Schools: Ethnographic Study in Thematic Learning at Ma'arif Setono Jenangan Ponorogo

Purpose of the study: This research aims to elucidate the implementation of ethnopedagogy in thematic learning at MI Ma'arif Setono Jenangan Ponorogo and to analyze its impact on students' learning outcomes.
 Methodology: Utilizing a qualitative research approach with an ethnographic design, this study employed interview, observation, and documentation techniques for data collection. The data were analyzed through domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, component analysis, and cultural theme analysis.
 Main Findings: The implementation of ethnopedagogy in thematic learning at MI Ma'arif Setono Jenangan involves adapting each theme and material, sourcing from books, and integrating local wisdom content into teaching and learning activities. This encompasses various aspects of local wisdom, including values, norms, beliefs, arts and culture, as well as natural products and resources. The application of ethnopedagogy has positively impacted students' thematic learning outcomes, with students from grades 1 to 6 achieving complete scores on average. Additionally, the implementation of ethnopedagogy has fostered positive changes in students' attitudes, enhancing their character development, fostering a stronger sense of nationalism, and encouraging the preservation of local culture.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: This research significantly contributes to the advancement of educational practices in Indonesia, particularly at MI Ma'arif Setono Jenangan Ponorogo. Beyond offering insights into the implementation of ethnopedagogy at this specific institution, the study provides valuable perspectives that can be applied and further developed within the broader educational landscape in Indonesia.

Making Dalit Friendly Schools in Nepal: An Ethnographic Study

Discrimination against Dalit is a socially structured, legally aligned, historically perpetuated, culturally institutionalized, and religiously distinguished phenomenon. In the context of this research, I felt that the inclusion of Dalits in mainstream education needs social, historical, legal, cultural, political, and religious interventions to emancipate them from the chain of ignorance. The strategy of inquiry was qualitative and ontologically it was based on multiple realities. Thus, I used an ethnographic research design using unstructured interviews and participatory observation. School teachers, head-teacher, Dalit students, parents, SMC members, and community people were selected purposely to collect the data for the fulfilment of the objectives. The data were analyzed and interpreted with the lens of Cultural difference theory and Caste hierarchy theory to generate meanings. I also used my reflexivity to be aligned with the research and experiences obtained in the field study.

Enacting aspirational rural schooling towards sustainable futures: exploring students’ ethnographic imaginations implications for place-based pedagogy

ABSTRACT Place-based pedagogy (PBP) has become an emerging strategy for improving educational relevance for low-income communities. This article investigates children's learning aspirations to motivate broader theoretical discussion about opportunities for enacting PBP for rural schooling success in Ghana. Using an ethnographic case study design, collaboration with a rural school supported data collection on children's home cultural capital shaping teachers’ pedagogy. Using PBP theorisations, thematic analysis of qualitative data found rural students’ aspirations were less diversified and heavily shaped by their immediate environment. The article concludes that inspiring higher aspirations in the rural children researched would require geographically sensitive teachers who stretch their learners’ inculcated images about their community into global opportunities. The article proposes integration of Ghanaian rural indigenous place-sensitive, apprenticeship-based, collectivist learning approaches and traditionally valued skills, through PBP, as a key re-positioning strategy to improve educational outcomes for Ghanaian rural children through greater harnessing of home cultural capital.

Exploring Challenges of Dalit School Education in Nepal An Ethnographic Study

The presence of the Dalits in the mainstream education needs social, historical, legal, cultural, political, and spiritual interferences to emancipate the Dalits from the chain of ignorance. This study, therefore, aimed to explore the challenges for the Dalits in approaching school education in the context of Nepal. Here, after identifying the Dalit concern, I reviewed the related literature. Similarly, the inquiry strategy was qualitative and ontologically based on multiple realities. Thus, I used an ethnographic research design with unstructured interview sessions and participatory observation. Likewise, school teachers, head-teacher, Dalit students, parents, School Management Committee members, and community people were purposively selected to collect information. The data was analyzed and interpreted with the lens of cultural difference theory and caste hierarchy theory to generate meanings. I also used my reflexivity to be aligned with the research and experiences obtained in the study field. The conclusion thus emphasized that the Dalits in Nepal are excluded in terms of cultural differences concerning the non-Dalits and caste hierarchy that is severely rooted in the socio-cultural context of Nepal.