Ethno-racial Communities Research Articles

The effects of intersectional identity affirmation on the relationship between racist or heterosexist microaggressions and mental health for LGBTQ+ people of color

ABSTRACT Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) people of colour (POC) live at the intersection of multiple marginalised statuses. While previous literature has linked positive, affirmed identity with better mental health for LGBTQ+ individuals, identity affirmation may be compromised by intersecting systems of oppression. This study 1) investigated how multiple intersecting forms of oppression (i.e. racism within LGBTQ+ communities and heterosexism within ethnoracial communities) relate to anxiety and depression for LGBTQ+ POC, and 2) examined the indirect effects of intersectional microaggressions on mental health through identity cohesion. A subsample of participants who identified as both a member of the LGBTQ+ community and person of colour (N = 417) was drawn from an extant dataset. Mediation models tested direct and indirect effects of intersectional microaggressions on anxiety and on depression. Analyses revealed direct effects of intersectional microaggressions on both anxiety and depression (t ranged from 7.86 to 8.31, all p-values < .001), as well as significant indirect effects of both forms of microaggressions on depression via the pathway of lowered levels of cohesion. Racism within LGBTQ+ communities and heterosexism within ethnic or cultural communities may undermine the protective effect of intersectional identity cohesion, thus, contributing to poorer mental health outcomes for LGBTQ+ POC.

Perceived Effectiveness of Public Health Unit Partnerships With Faith-Based and Other Community-Based Organizations to Promote COVID-19 Vaccination Among Ethnoracial Communities

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to explore how Ontario Public Health Units (PHUs) partnered with faith-based organizations (FBOs) and other community-based organizations (CBOs) to promote COVID-19 vaccination among ethnoracial groups made structurally vulnerable during the pandemic, and to understand how PHUs perceive the effectiveness of these partnerships with these organizations.MethodsBetween June to December 2022, we distributed a cross-sectional survey to 34 PHUs in Ontario to explore how PHUs were engaging and partnering with FBOs and CBOs.ResultsResponses were received from 28 of 34 (82.5%) public health units. Across Ontario, 23 (82.1%) respondent PHUs worked with FBOs during the COVID-19 vaccine rollout with activities ranging from informing FBOs of vaccine availability, to using places of worship as sites for vaccine administration and co-creating educational materials on immunization that were faith- and culturally sensitive.ConclusionFBOs can be a valuable community partner as PHUs work to increase the reach and uptake of public health interventions. Ongoing monitoring and evaluation of the impact of FBO engagement on vaccine confidence and uptake among ethnoracial communities is needed to inform future community engaged vaccine programming in Ontario.

Experiencing Negative Racial Stereotyping: The Case of Coloured People in Johannesburg, South Africa

Scholars examining racial stereotyping and prejudice in racially organised social systems have largely focused on how non-White ethnic and racial groups experience racial stereotyping in White-majority national contexts such as the US, Australia and European countries. There is only scant scholarship on experiences of ethno-racial communities in Black-majority countries such as South Africa, a country where Whites are a minority. Even though there is ample scholarly work on racial stereotyping of racial groups in South Africa such as Coloured people, much of it is focused on their experiences during colonial and Apartheid eras. Little is understood about how Coloured people experience racial stigmatisation in post-Apartheid South Africa. This paper addresses this gap. Based on interviews with fourteen Coloured participants from Westbury, Johannesburg, this study found that many interviewees claimed that Coloured South Africans were negatively racially stereotyped as people who use drugs, as aggressive and violent people, as alcoholics and as criminals. Many participants also resisted and countered the negative stereotypes by talking about Coloured people in positive ways, which shows their agency. The negative stereotyping of Coloured people which prevailed during colonial and Apartheid times is still deployed by society to describe Coloured people in post-Apartheid South Africa. To capture the continuity of negative stereotyping in South Africa about Coloured people, I developed the analytical term of ‘perpetual racial stereotyping’. Many decades after the end of the Apartheid system, negative racial stereotyping of Coloured South Africans still continues in everyday life, and Coloured people are still associated with racist prejudices, narratives, discourses and stereotypes that were invented many decades ago by settler colonialism and Apartheid.

Towards ‘a progressive sense of thick time’ and the future of geographical thinking

In this commentary, I reflect on a ‘nascent temporal turn’ in geography and its future possibilities. I draw on and extend Kitchin's (2023) concept of ‘a progressive sense of time’ by juxtaposing it with other temporal frameworks such as ‘thick time’ (Datta, 2022) as well as practices of temporal politics such as ‘relational remembering’ (Hunfeld, 2022) and ‘anticipatory action’ (Anderson, 2010). I also draw upon the temporal politics of labour among the Gorkhas, an ethno-racial community in Darjeeling, a colonial hill station in India. I argue and show that the Gorkhas connect their resistance against external platforms such as ride-hailing and food delivery platforms with their longstanding subnationalist struggles for a separate state to reverse past colonial injustices and reconfigure their future. I reflect on how the temporal politics of labour among Gorkhas and the concept of a ‘progressive sense of thick time’ not only inform each other but also open up future pathways for geographical thinking and praxis.

Effects of sexual and gender minority stress on depressive symptoms among adolescents of color in the United States.

There is a need for more research on minority stress theory (MST) with sexual and gender minority (SGM) adolescents of color, because of their disproportionate risk for depression. We recruited 1,627 SGM adolescents of color in the United States to complete measures assessing lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) climate, LGBTQ microaggressions within one's ethnoracial community, internalized LGBTQ stigma, stress management ability, and depressive symptoms. Using structural equation modeling, a hybrid measurement-structural model was tested, indicating good model fit. Multiple significant indirect pathways linking LGBTQ climate and depressive symptoms emerged. A less positive LGBTQ climate was associated with more microaggression-related stress, more internalized LGBTQ stigma, and worse stress management ability, all of which were associated with greater depressive symptoms. A serial mediation with more microaggression-related stress being associated with greater internalized LGBTQ stigma approached significance. Our findings generally support MST processes in terms of depressive symptoms in SGM adolescents of color, suggesting that psychosocial interventions targeting these processes may have meaningful implications for the mental health of this vulnerable group. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Indebted Impunity and Violence in a Lesser State: Ethno-Racial Capitalism in Sri Lanka

ABSTRACT This article examines the relationship between colonialism, capitalism, and violence in Sri Lanka through the combined lenses of international economic law (IEL) and transitional justice. We argue that colonialism instantiates vicious cycles in the histories of violence of ethno-racial capitalism through the creation of states with debts that can never be repaid. This system of ‘indebted impunity’ persists even under ‘new’ Southern sovereigns. We illustrate how IEL and transitional justice are co-constitutive in maintaining international law’s racial hierarchies, while pursuing the construction of racial hierarchies that precipitate ethno-racial capitalist formations, and violence, in Sri Lanka. We first attend to the emergence of international law with racial capitalism as a story of sustained violence, where offshoots like IEL and transitional justice remain tied to the foundational violence in ways that cannot be reformed away. The final section examines the colonial transformation of Sri Lanka, focusing on the British Empire’s role in configuring ethno-racial communities, to consider how IEL and transitional justice work together to maintain this cycle. We observe that indebted impunity persists as a structural condition even when the ‘white’ colonial masters have formally departed, and ‘brown’ differentially racialized compatriots become the ones in charge.

‘Filming Is Our Only Weapon Against the Police’: Ethnic Minorities and Police Encounters in the New Visibility Era

Abstract Based on Goldsmith’s (2010, ‘Policing’s New Visibility’, British Journal of Criminology, 50: 914–34) assertion that police work has acquired a ‘new visibility’ with the ubiquity of cell phone cameras, recent studies have explored how ‘video activists’ often film the police as means of protecting marginalised ethno-racial communities. However, limited research exists on how non-activist ethno-racial minority young people use cell phone cameras in encounters with the police. Based on 37 interviews conducted in Denmark, this paper explores the multifaceted nature of marginalised ethnic minority young people’s use of cell phone cameras in police encounters. We demonstrate how the filming of officers is interwoven with the young people’s street culture, and how the use of cameras holds the potential to counter traditional power imbalances, while nevertheless, potentially exacerbating their antagonism towards the police.

The Southwestern Historical Quarterly and the State of Civil Rights History in Texas

The Southwestern Historical Quarterly and the State of Civil Rights History in Texas Brian D. Behnken (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution The first page of Darlene Clark Hine's "The Elusive Ballot: The Black Struggle against the Texas Democratic White Primary, 1932–1945," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 81 (April 1978): 392. University of North Texas Libraries, the Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu. [End Page 482] The Southwestern Historical Quarterly (SHQ) began publishing articles that explored the history of civil rights activism in Texas beginning in the late 1970s. Many of these early studies focused on the activism and agency of Black Texans, while later studies examined the history of other ethno-racial communities, especially Mexican Americans. The activism of these groups predated the period of the civil rights struggle, of course. This begs the question: why did it take until the 1970s for the first major studies to appear? My guess is that ethnic history as we know it today was not a readily accepted part of Texas history until that time. In my own research journey, I was often dissuaded from examining African American and Mexican American civil rights history because "nothing happened here." That was in the 1990s and early 2000s, so I would surmise that if scholars said such things to me, which I somewhat wisely ignored, they surely said them to researchers in earlier periods, which may have discouraged some researchers. To me, the publication history of the SHQ makes those historians who analyzed the history of African American and Mexican American people that much more important. These scholars were pioneers. They shed light for the first time on individuals and groups that heretofore had received [End Page 483] little attention in the pages of the SHQ. And much of this scholarship has stood the test of time. In reviewing the articles published in the SHQ on Black Texans and Mexican-origin people I found myself swamped by feelings of nostalgia. Rereading the important works of Darlene Clark Hine, Michael Gillette, Merline Pitre, Arnoldo De León, and Emilio Zamora, among others, was in so many ways like visiting old friends. In the pages that follow, I demarcate the trajectory of the scholarship on Black and Mexican American people in the state. I began my perusal of old issues of the SHQ going back to the late nineteenth century. My goal was to engage in an exhaustive search, but of course there may be omissions. In particular, this essay focuses on the scholarship on African Americans and Mexican Americans, especially as it relates to civil rights activism. Since much of this scholarship has not been comparative, I first examine the publications in Black history followed by those focusing on Mexican-origin people. I begin with a titan: Darlene Clark Hine. In the April 1978 edition of the SHQ, Hine authored "The Elusive Ballot," an article on the Black struggle against the all-White Democratic primary. Black Texans mounted a concerted and smart legal campaign against the all-White primary. Beyond the primary though, Hine detailed the multiple methods White Texans used to disenfranchise African Americans. Thus, the battle against the primary was actually much larger than the primary itself. What she showed was that Black agency and activism long predated the period of the civil rights movement. "Against seemingly insurmountable obstinance and repeated failures," Hine writes, "blacks persisted in the white supremacy struggle because somehow, the conviction that justice was ultimately color-blind could not be destroyed."1 In the same edition of the SHQ readers were also treated to Michael Gillette's excellent essay "The Rise of the NAACP in Texas." The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People had a unique history in Texas in that local branches operated as vibrant, locally oriented civil rights groups, even though the NAACP was a national organization headquartered in New York City. Gillette shows how Black Texans made the association work for them and their needs in Texas. Moreover, he credits Black activists such as Antonio Maceo Smith, Lulu B. White, Carter Wesley, Ernest C. Estell, and a host of other leaders with providing the leadership and...

The U.S. Racial Structure and Ethno-Racial Inequality in Urban Neighborhood Crime, 2010–2013

Stark ethno-racial differences in reported neighborhood crime are a major facet of contemporary U.S. inequality. However, the most generalizable research on neighborhood inequality in crime across cities is only for 2000. Many of the underpinnings of crime have changed since 2000—increases in socioeconomic segregation, the Great Recession and attendant housing crisis, the continuation of the crime decline, shifting trends in incarceration and other types of social control, and small decreases in racial residential segregation. We provide a much-needed assessment of whether ethno-racial reported neighborhood crime disparities have increased, remained stable, or decreased in the contemporary period. We invoke a racial structural perspective that traces ethno-racial disparities in neighborhood crime to the divergent community conditions emblematic of the U.S. racial hierarchy. Using newly collected data for 8,557 neighborhoods in 71 large U.S. cities for 2010–2013, we demonstrate that violent and property crime is lower in White, African American, Latino, minority, and multiethnic neighborhoods than in 2000. However, smaller relative decreases in African American neighborhoods widened the relative crime gap from other ethno-racial communities. Supporting the racial structural perspective, large ethno-racial inequalities in neighborhood well-being account for most of the crime gaps, with disadvantage and residential lending being most important. This suggests that non-White neighborhoods need economic investments to reduce the harmful and inequitable consequences of neighborhood crime.

Ethnoracial Legal Clinics and the Praxis of Critical Race Theory in Canada

Critical race theory (CRT) is a helpful theoretical lens to understand the origins and practices of five ethno-racial legal clinics in the province of Ontario. Both the development of a distinctly Canadian CRT scholarship and the day-to-day work of ethno-racial legal clinics would be mutually enriched by a much closer and robust union between scholarship and praxis. In particular, the praxis of Ontarian ethno-racial legal clinics is put into conversation with Amna A. Akbar’s vision in “Toward a Radical Imagination of the Law,” which outlines a profoundly transformative standard of CRT that broadens the analysis of racial power to look at how the law, capitalism, and the state may operate in tandem to produce intersectional inequality. Based on the theoretical tenets of CRT, this article traces the development of ethno-racial legal clinics and their unique praxis and, using the insight of “looking to the bottom” as an epistemological approach to law, demonstrates that ethno-racial community legal clinics provide a useful vehicle to understand structural racism. CRT can therefore offer a robust theoretical framework to support the cause of advancing racial justice through legal practice. Ethno-racial legal clinics embrace a democratic approach to the law that has the potential to transform traditional forms of legal representation by engaging in systemic advocacy and community outreach and aligning advocacy efforts with social movements to help build community power and facilitate broader social change. However, they also face institutional pressures that pull their practice of the law back towards traditional models—pressures that they must delicately navigate in their day-to-day work.

Discrimination at the Intersections: Experiences of Community and Belonging in Nonmonosexual Persons of Color

Researchers have established that both nonmonosexual, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ) persons of Color face unique forms of alienation. However, little work has been undertaken to examine how these identities interface with one another. The authors conducted in-depth interviews with nonmonosexual persons of Color (n = 5) and nonmonosexual White persons (n = 5) residing in Melbourne, Australia to explore intersections of racial minority and nonmonosexuality. Nonmonosexual persons of Color simultaneously contended with heterosexism and homophobia within ethnoracial communities, and racism in White LGBTQ communities. These were typically insidious and subtle, but more explicit forms of discrimination were also common. Contrasting with their White counterparts, participants of Color rarely experienced discrimination within LGBTQ communities to their sexuality. Instead, as race is a highly visible marker of difference, racism heavily influenced these participants’ experiences within these communities. However, findings suggest that these groups engage numerous strategies in response to the oppressions they experience, exhibiting positive intersectionality, and largely mitigating the negative impacts of these forms of discrimination.

Do Minorities Trust Less? Understanding Differences in Social Trust among Canada’s Major Ethno-Racial Groups

ABSTRACTUsing data from Canada’s General Social Survey, this article assesses ethno-racial differences in social trust. Bivariate findings reveal that the three most culturally distinctive minorities—visible minorities, the French, and Indigenous Peoples—exhibit the lowest trust of all groups. Multivariate analyses show that controls for “ethno-cultural markers” (religion, language, immigration status), socioeconomic influences (education, income), and social engagement indicators (voluntary association activity, ethnic diversity of friendships) explain the lower trust between the French and, less so, among visible minorities. Socioeconomic factors partly account for lower trust among Indigenous Peoples, but they still express comparatively low social trust even with controls. The article discusses how interpretations focusing on “social distance” and “social boundaries” processes help in understanding social trust differences across Canada’s major ethno-racial communities.

Contextual identity experiencing facilitates resilience in Native American academics

This article discusses the socio-cultural dynamics that interact with ethno-racial identity experiencing in a previously under-researched group. A qualitative interdisciplinary study with 40 Native American academics from 28 mainstream universities across the U.S. served as a case example with findings that contrasted with historically influential theoretical frameworks postulating identity confusion and conflicts at the intersection of one’s mainstream education and profession versus one’s ethno-racial community grounding. Instead of feeling pressure to identify with only one worldview, the contextual, dynamic identities associated with the inclusive and flexible self-concept of tribal participants allowed them to in turn take advantage of two divergent cultural meaning systems pertaining to their distinct socio-cultural contexts. These shifts were experienced as not endogenous but rather exogenous variables, which did not cause the historically theorized issues. Participants felt their tribal identities instead facilitated meaningful integration of the existing incongruences, which resulted in unexpectedly resilient subjective experiencing.

Effects Of HIV stigma reduction interventions in diasporic communities: insights from the CHAMP study

ABSTRACTRacialized diasporic communities in Canada experience disproportionate burden of HIV infection. Their increased vulnerabilities are associated with interlocking challenges, including barriers in accessing resources, migration and settlement stress, and systemic exclusion. Further, people living with HIV (PLHIV) in these diasporic communities face stigma and discrimination in both mainstream Canadian society as well as their own ethno-racial communities. HIV stigma negatively impacts all aspects of HIV care, from testing to disclosure to treatment and ongoing care. In response to these challenges, a Toronto based community organization developed and implemented the CHAMP project to engage people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) and leaders from different service sectors from the African/Caribbean, Asian and Latino communities to explore challenges and strategies to reduce HIV stigma and build community resilience. The study engaged 66 PLHIV and ethno-racial leaders from faith, media and social justice sectors in two stigma-reduction training programs: Acceptance Commitment Therapy Training (ACT) and Social Justice Capacity Building (SJCB). Data collection included pre-and post- intervention surveys, focus groups and monthly activity logs. Participants were followed for a year and data on changes in the participants’ attitudes and behaviors as well as their actual engagement in HIV prevention, PLHIV support and stigma reduction activities were collected. CHAMP results showed that the interventions were effective in reducing HIV stigma and increasing participants’ readiness to take action towards positive social change. Participants’ activity logs over a period of 9 months after completing the training showed they had engaged in 1090 championship activities to advocate for HIV related health equity and social justice issues affecting racialized and newcomer PLHIV and communities.

Revisiting Ethnic Niches: A Comparative Analysis of the Labor Market Experiences of Asian and Latino Undocumented Young Adults

Drawing on thirty in-depth interviews with Korean- and Mexican-origin undocumented young adults in California, this comparative analysis explores how the intersection of immigration status and ethnoracial background affects social and economic incorporation. Respective locations of principal ethnic niches, and access to these labor market structures, lead to divergent pathways of employment when no legal recourse exists. Despite similar levels of academic achievement, Korean respondents were more likely to enter into a greater diversity of occupations relative to Mexican respondents. However, the experiences of Mexican respondents varied depending on their connection to pan-ethnic Latino nonprofit organizations. Illegality, therefore, is conditioned by opportunity structures that vary strongly by membership in different ethnoracial communities, leading to structured heterogeneity in experiences with undocumented status.

Pre-slave trade and pre-colonial Africa in the historical consciousness of African-Americans and African migrants in the USA

ABSTRACTAfrican-Americans, who are descendants of slaves forcibly brought from Africa to America hundreds of years ago, and contemporary voluntary African migrants to the USA do not form a single ‘black community’. This statement contradicts the claims of many Black Nationalist movements from the nineteenth century onwards, which argued that all black people are ‘brothers and sisters’ because they share common spirituality and have a common cause that demands their joint action all around the world. However, based on evidence collected in seven states in 2013–2015, African-Americans and contemporary African migrants appear to have different historic memories of pre-slave trade and pre-colonial Africa. Furthermore, the two groups identify different events as key to its history. Many members of both groups do not feel that they share a common ‘black history’. To some extent, the idea of a shared history acts to unite Africans and African-Americans as victims of long-lasting white domination. However, in the final analysis, the collective historic memory of both groups works more to separate them from each other by generating and supporting contradictory or even negative images of mutual perception. In general, the relations between African-Americans and recent African migrants are characterized by simultaneous mutual attraction and repulsion of two magnets. While they understand that among all ethno-racial communities in the country, they, as well as African Caribbeans, are the closest to each other, myriads of differences cause mutual repulsion. This attraction–repulsion effect is, in significant part, due to the differences in historic memory of African-Americans and recent African migrants in the USA.

Race, Space, and the Spread of Violence Across the City

A central explanation for elevated violence in urban African American neighborhoods is that the relationship can be accounted for by race-related differences in socioeconomic conditions. Yet recent studies have shown that predominantly African American neighborhoods experience higher rates of violence relative to other ethno-racial communities, even when socioeconomic conditions can be held constant. Explanations for these differences center on the deleterious effects of extensive residential segregation and the existing racial order privileging whites and their communities. This study examines whether the concentration and spread of urban violence can be characterized as a racially invariant process over half a century. In a detailed case study of the prototypical “rustbelt” city of Buffalo, New York, between the 1950s and the 1990s, negative binomial regression analyses fail to support the racial invariance thesis for predicting intra-neighborhood homicide rates. Multinomial logit regression models show that racial composition is also associated with vulnerability to inclusion in a cluster of highly violent neighborhoods as homicide diffused across the city, especially in recent decades. Thus, the spatial organization of urban African American neighborhoods generates a unique racialized vulnerability to the extralocal diffusion of violence; there is, in effect, an ecological racial variance in the spread of violence across the city. Moreover, this process has become increasingly entrenched over time, undermining any assertion that the urban experience reflects a post-racial America.

Pan-africanismo e teoria social: uma herança crítica

Pan-Africanism was born of the struggle of black activists to promote the construction of their ethno-racial community. His original characteristic is to build positive and internationalist views about this identity, understood as the black community: African and African descent. Stand out among its representatives intellectuals as E. Blyden, W. E. Du Bois, M. Garvey, Franz Fanon and K. N’Krumah. In the second half of the twentieth century, this tradition had been submitted to severe criticism in theoretical and political scene. Above all, as supposed to be creating an essentialist view of the black community. This essay seeks to explain, briefly, the dispute over the pan-African ideals. Finally, it will highlight how some guiding principles of this tradition can be useful as theoretical resources of the new black African research

Interracial Activism in the Los Angeles Community Service Organization: Linking the World War II and Civil Rights Eras

Through the lens of the Community Service Organization (CSO), this article explores the emergence of Los Angeles ethno-racial communities' political activism and what enabled their success in a difficult Cold War climate. The CSO's creation in 1947, when it became the first enduring civil rights organization for the largest urban Mexican-origin population in the United States, is striking since historical narratives generally assume the Cold War crushed meaningful civil rights change. The CSO complicates this declensionist narrative. Its success stemmed in part from its reliance upon interracial networks that sustained it in its early years. The CSO reveals links between different racial and ethnic communities, in three different eras—the World War II, Cold War, and civil rights eras—that made the emergence and persistence of such activism possible.

Access to Justice for Ethno-Racial Psychiatric Consumer/Survivors in Ontario

Ethno-racial psychiatric consumer/survivors face complex forms of discrimination as a result of the culture specific stigmatization of mental health disabilities, institutional racism and culturally inappropriate care. In an effort to achieve better access to justice for ethno-racial communities, we must strive to understand their complex needs, perspectives and conceptions of mental health. Thus, I identify and critique the legal barriers, which are perceived to differentially affect ethno-racial psychiatric consumer/survivors in Ontario, through an analysis of the Consent and Capacity Board [CCB]. I propose the hypothesis that factors such as race, ethnicity, culture, poverty and social exclusion are not fully addressed by the CCB. I use data collected from interviews with stakeholders to reveal the procedural, structural/systemic and discretionary barriers faced by ethno-racial psychiatric consumer/survivors within the CCB’s pre-hearing, hearing and post-hearing processes, along with recommendations to address these barriers.Les consommateurs/survivants de la psychiatrie ethnoraciale doivent surmonter des formes complexes de discrimination en raison de la stigmatisation culturelle des troubles mentaux, du racisme institutionnel et des soins culturellement inappropriés. Pour améliorer l’accès à la justice des collectivités ethnoraciales, nous devons nous efforcer de comprendre leurs besoins complexes, leurs perspectives et leurs conceptions de la santé mentale. Dans le présent travail, je relève et critique les obstacles juridiques, qui sont perçus comme touchant différemment les consommateurs/survivants de la psychiatrie ethnoraciale en Ontario, en effectuant une analyse des travaux de la Commission du consentement et de la capacité (la « CCC »). J’émets l’hypothèse que la CCC ne prend pas pleinement en compte des facteurs comme la race, l’ethnicité, la culture, la pauvreté et l’exclusion sociale. J’utilise des données provenant d’entrevues avec des parties prenantes pour illustrer les obstacles procéduraux, structurels/systémiques et discrétionnaires auxquels font face les consommateurs/survivants de la psychiatrie ethnoraciale lors des audiences préparatoires et des audiences de la CCC et dans le cadre des processus suivis par la CCC après les audiences, et je formule des recommandations visant à surmonter ces obstacles.