The Israel-Hamas war that began on 7 October 2023 may have spurred anti-Jewish hate crimes, which are associated with measurable health harms including worsened cardiometabolic biomarkers. This study evaluated whether anti-Jewish hate crimes in New York City increased during the Israel-Hamas war using administrative data representing 3255 hate crimes between 2019 and 2024. In 26 of 72 observed months, anti-Jewish hate crimes outnumbered the combined total of all other hate crimes. Compared with other hate crimes, anti-Jewish hate crimes were more likely to be felonies (63% versus 38%, p < 0.001) and less likely to result in arrest (30% versus 57%, p < 0.001). Monthly anti-Jewish hate crimes were on average twice as common during the first year of the Israel-Hamas war than the previous 5 years, adjusting for each borough's Jewish population (PR = 1.97, 95% CI (1.64, 2.35)). The disproportionate frequency of anti-Jewish hate crimes suggests further unmeasured major and minor antisemitic discrimination.

Quantifying Victim Associations in Hate Crimes: A Chi-Squared Analysis

ABSTRACT This study examined factors predicting Transfronterizx college students’ on-campus sense of belonging at a four-year institution in the U.S.–Mexico borderlands. Survey data from 100 students were analyzed using backward elimination multiple regression to assess ten predictors. Six variables significantly predicted belonging: self-reported discrimination, perceived racial and ethnic tension, student status, years living a transborder life, frequency of weekly border crossings, and days spent in the United States. Findings demonstrate how transborder experiences and campus climate shape belonging for this population. The study offers implications for institutional practices that support Transfronterizx students in higher education along the U.S.–Mexico border.

This article addresses the proliferation of definitions and approaches used to characterize the hate element in behaviors motivated by hate, including hate crimes, hate speech, and behaviors motivated by prejudice against specific identities (e.g., homophobia, anti-Semitism, Islamophobia), and investigates whether these definitions cluster into distinct types. Using machine learning, we clustered 423 definitions from academic and gray literature in five languages between 1990 and 2021, based on 16 theoretically derived categories. The resulting typology captures the diversity of definitions from ten countries in North America, Europe, and Oceania, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding how the hate element is conceptualized in these contexts. The findings offer a basis for future research and may help inform policy responses to hate-motivated behaviors.

Security challenges in Nigeria have intensified in recent years, ranging from terrorism, banditry, kidnapping, and communal violence, raising questions about the effectiveness of the centralized police system. Advocates for state policing argue that decentralizing law enforcement would improve efficiency, accountability, and local responsiveness. However, Nigeria’s political realities—particularly governors’ manipulation of local government finances, State Independent Electoral Commissions (SIECs), and chronic salary arrears—cast doubt on the viability of state police. This paper examines the issues, challenges, and prospects of establishing state police in Nigeria using a desk-based qualitative approach. Empirical evidence from secondary sources shows that most states cannot even pay their workers’ salaries and pensions, and governors frequently manipulate local elections for political advantage. Comparative analysis with other federal systems (United States, Canada, India) demonstrates that decentralized policing can work in contexts with robust institutional frameworks, legal safeguards, and financial capacity—conditions largely absent in Nigeria. Findings indicate that establishing state police under the current political and fiscal climate may heighten politicization, create role conflicts with federal police, and exacerbate ethnic and religious tensions. The study recommends strengthening existing federal security institutions, improving funding, training, and equipment, expanding community policing, and transferring local government elections from SIECs to INEC. Overall, while decentralization of policing is theoretically attractive, in Nigeria it risks undermining political stability and national security.

Disability prejudice, that is, disablism, generates multiple forms of oppression magnified when intersecting with other forms of discrimination. Discrimination and violence are two forms of disablist hate crime and end results of disablism. Data about this phenomenon in Portugal are scarce. This study aimed to characterizing these two manifestations of hate crime experienced by disabled people in Portugal. A nonprobabilistic sample of 392 Portuguese disabled adults completed an online survey on the living conditions of disabled people in Portugal, including a sociodemographic questionnaire, and questions about previous experiences of discrimination and violence. Analysis reveals high levels of discrimination and violence against disabled people in Portugal, with 71% of the participants declaring to have been discriminated against and 20% to have experienced some form of violence.

Reading Karin Brynard’s Weeping Waters, this paper focuses on the figuration of the imagined Black perpetrator. In this paper I argue that while murders on farms are a reality of the rampant violence across South Africa, the racialization of these murders as ‘Black on white’ racist attacks with intent of genocide, and the political campaign attached to it is part of a longstanding racial machination to ascertain white ownership of the land and to project Black people as an invasive threat. I consider how Brynard utilizes the red herring motif to expose the prevailing antiblackness that informs the farm murders rhetoric. I read the farm murders as akin to the back peril campaigns of the twentieth century.

Over the past few decades, the United States has experienced a growth in violent acts against religious groups. A 2019 Pew Study (2019) found that many Americans have a working knowledge of the basic tenets of Christianity and are also able to identify some elements of Islam. Americans, however, were less conversant with other world religions, particularly Judaism, Buddhism, and Hinduism. In addition, hate crimes against religious groups have grown across the board, Statista (n.d.) argued there were more anti-Jewish attacks in America han any other religion. Perhaps most notoriously, on August 11-12, 2017, a crowd of hundreds of people chanted “Jews will not replace us” as they marched through Charlottesville, Virginia. Antisemitic sentiment is undoubtedly present in the United States, as the Federal Bureau of Investigation reports that in 2023 “[t]here were 2,699 reported incidents based on religion. More than half of these (1,832) were driven by anti-Jewish bias.” Moreover in a 2020 survey of Millennials and members of Gen Z, the Claims Conference found that nearly half (48%) could not identify a World War II concentration camp by name, nearly 1 in 4 (36%) believed two million or fewer Jews were murdered in the Holocaust (the actual number is widely accepted as six million), 11% believed that “Jews caused the Holocaust,” and nearly half (49%) have come across “Holocaust denial or distortion posts” online. These statistics underscore the importance of teaching religion, and Judaism in particular, in K-12 schools.

Globalization and advances in communication technology have driven profound socio-cultural changes by intensifying cross-cultural interactions within digital spaces, to the point of blurring geographical boundaries. One clear manifestation of these changes is the growing prevalence of mixed or transnational marriages. Social media plays a pivotal role in constructing narratives of cross-cultural romance, yet it simultaneously provides a platform for social stigma and cyberattacks, particularly targeting Indonesian female content creators in mixed marriages. This study seeks to examine the various forms of stigma and online harassment they encounter, employing a netnographic observational approach, literature review, and theoretical frameworks drawn from symbolic interactionism, critical discourse analysis, and agenda-setting theory. The findings reveal that these female content creators frequently become targets of gender-based hate speech, nationalistic stereotypes, and recurring, organized racist attacks. Such patterns reflect the persistence of cultural and patriarchal biases that have migrated into digital spaces. Inadequate systemic support forces these women to rely on individual self-protection strategies. Consequently, this study highlighted the need to promote digital literacy, foster social empathy, and strengthen legal protections to build a safer and more equitable digital environment for women in mixed marriages, who hold significant potential to serve as bridges for inclusive cultural exchange.

Football fan cultures encompass expressions of love and joy, yet they can also be deeply hateful. In this paper, we argue that an arts-based method – specifically theatre-based research techniques - was useful in exploring hate crime with fans of the game. As both victims and perpetrators, we suggest workshop participants found the novelty of the approach conducive to sharing experiential knowledge relevant to tackling hate in the game. As well as providing a reflexive analysis of the ethics and approach that underpinned the research, we share artistic representations to capture how hate manifested amongst differently positioned fans of the game.

Patriotic Alternative (PA) is one of Britain’s largest fascist organizations. PA members have served prison sentences for terrorism and hate crime offenses and MPs have called for the organization to be proscribed under counter-terrorism legislation. This article employs a cultural and narrative criminological approach to analyze PA activists’ accounts of their political journeys into the far right. PA activists’ stories are simultaneously personal accounts of conversion and narratives of impending racial apocalypse. The study offers insights into how the internet and social media now facilitate pathways into the far right, and the emotional dimensions of contemporary far-right narratives and beliefs.

In the years that followed the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests, the US federal government, cities, and states enacted sweeping reforms of the police and criminal justice system. To counter the narrative of racialized police violence and promote community policing, these included new hate crime statutes and dedicated bias-crime task forces. This article reviews the literature on the enforcement of hate crime, evaluates post-2020 antibias initiatives, and advises realistic expectations about the long-term impact of reform efforts. For starters, hate crimes are massively underreported. Even when reported, police often fail to accurately identify and charge a hate crime. Police officers exercise wide discretion, often accord hate crimes low priority, struggle to prove the bias motive of the offender, and come under political pressure to drop bias-motivated charges. Even when charged, few defendants are convicted of a hate crime because prosecutors frequently dismiss the hate crime charge. Prosecutors are expected to resolve cases quickly and may use a hate crime charge as leverage in plea bargaining. Media coverage, political pressure, and the involvement of victims and civil rights groups predict prosecutorial pursuit of a hate crime conviction. Hate crime policing and prosecutions may be enhanced by specialized hate crime units in police departments and prosecutors’ offices; clear policies that define terms and investigatory procedures; and enhanced communication between police, prosecutors, and target communities.

ABSTRACT Educators have a responsibility to critically evaluate the ways groups of people are represented in children’s books. This study’s purpose was to analyze portrayals of Indian American immigrant families in 28 children’s books set in the United States. While research about diverse groups of people in literature has grown recently, representations of Indian Americans in children’s books remain unexamined. This study, a critical content analysis, applies tenets of postcolonialism to deconstruct the ways child protagonists in books about Indian American immigrant families are portrayed. While several books in the sample call attention to realistic social issues Indian American families may face, this study finds that othering of Indian Americans, or constructing them as different from the “mainstream,” is a prominent theme. Indian American characters are targets of negative attitudes, victims of discrimination and hate crimes, and positioned as outsiders because of their identities as Indian Americans and immigrants. This study concludes that educators must ensure the books they recommend to readers show diverse perspectives of Indian Americans to avoid perpetuating long-held stereotypes and problematic narratives.

People with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are at increased risk of experiencing traumatic life events including physical and sexual abuse, hate crimes, financial or sexual exploitation, medical trauma, and neglect. Trauma-related symptoms often go undiagnosed due to symptom overlap, stereotyped behavior patterns, and social stigma. Two case studies are used in this article to illustrate the use of art therapy to support trauma recovery and address behavioral challenges in adults with IDD. Interventions center client safety and autonomy and include the use of a structured holding environment and transitional objects to facilitate transitions across treatment phases. Treatment considerations focus the intersection of clients’ trauma-related symptom presentations and developmental needs.

Trauma prevalence among people with HIV (PWH) exceeds that of the general population by 2 times in the United States. Conducted within the Florida Cohort (2019-2022; n = 509), this study aimed to (1) describe the prevalence of 12 types of traumatic experiences (TEs) over a lifetime and within the past 12 months, and (2) describe whether the prevalence of lifetime and past 12-month traumatic experiences varied by age, race/ethnicity, sex assigned at birth, and sexual orientation among PWH in Florida. Participants were predominantly non-heterosexual men (42%) aged 50 + years (59%), identified as Black (43%), White (39%), and Hispanic (18%). TEs were measured by participants' "Yes" responses to questions about having ever experienced verbal harm, emotional abuse, physical abuse, harmful punishment, physical attack, being stalked, discrimination, hate crime, sexual harassment, unwanted sexual touch, forced sex, and transactional sex in their lifetime and the past 12 months. Chi-square analyses compared traumatic experience prevalence rates by age, race/ethnicity, sex assigned at birth, and sexual orientation, with significant differences reported at a p-value of < 0.05. Overall, the most prevalent TEs were lifetime emotional abuse (56%), verbal harm (55%), physical abuse (53%), and discrimination (44%). Younger participants (< 35 years) reported the highest prevalence of lifetime discrimination, unwanted sexual touch, and hate crime compared to those aged 35-50 or 50+ (p < 0.05). Patterns for the past 12 months were mostly similar. Non-Hispanic Whites reported the highest lifetime prevalence of emotional abuse, verbal harm, physical abuse, being stalked, forced sex, sexual harassment, unwanted sexual touch, and harmful punishment compared to Hispanics or non-Hispanic Blacks (p < 0.05). For past 12-month experiences, Hispanics reported the highest prevalence of discrimination compared to non-Hispanic Blacks or non-Hispanic Whites (p < 0.05). Male non-heterosexuals reported the highest lifetime prevalence of discrimination, verbal harm, physical attack, and sexual harassment compared to females or male heterosexuals (p < 0.05). Similar patterns were reported for the past 12 months. Overall, among PWH in this sample, there was a significant prevalence of lifetime traumatic experiences, particularly verbal harm, emotional abuse, physical abuse, and discrimination. This study highlights demographic variations in trauma prevalence, especially among younger individuals, non-Hispanic Whites, and male non-heterosexuals. Clinicians may consider the significant importance of screening for traumatic experiences due to their intersecting impact on the HIV care continuum. Further research is needed to determine whether trauma-informed interventions could enhance health care in this population.

Conflict is as old as human existence, and can be in various forms, such as ethnic, religious, national, and regional, among others. This study examines the nature, causes and implications of conflict, analysing its impact on national stability and evaluating the effectiveness of existing conflict resolution strategies. Employing a mixed-methods approach, including thematic analysis of qualitative data from interviews and focus group discussions, the research identifies key themes: the multifaceted nature of conflicts (ethnic, religious and resource-based), their detrimental effects on social cohesion and development and the challenges hindering peacebuilding, such as corruption, weak governance and socioeconomic inequalities. The Ife-Modakeke crisis, which is an ethnic conflict in nature is driven by land disputes and ethnic tensions, highlights the potential of traditional mediation and community-based approaches, though unresolved grievances indicate the conflict is managed rather than fully resolved. The study critiques the limitations of military interventions and uniform resolution strategies, advocating for context-specific frameworks, empowered traditional mediation and addressing root causes like land ownership and inequality. Findings suggest that sustainable peace in Nigeria requires tailored, inclusive and equitable strategies. The research contributes to the literature on conflict resolution by re-evaluating democratic systems’ shortcomings and proposing alternative peacebuilding mechanisms, offering practical insights for stakeholders, including the Nigeria Police Force and informing policy for lasting peace.

Abstract The surge in anti-Asian hate incidents (AAHIs) in USA during the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated mental health of Asian Americans. This study aims to assess the research landscape by reviewing publication details, study characteristics, hate incident types, mental health impacts, and connections between hate incidents and mental health outcomes. The scoping review follows the six-stage framework outlined in the Joanna Briggs Institute’s guidelines. Literature is searched through five electronic databases and selected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. A data extraction template is prepared in Covidence, and investigators review the selected literature. A review of twenty-one peer-reviewed articles reveals that the primary disciplines among authors included psychology and social work. AAHIs include discrimination, bias, microaggressions, and stereotyping. The mental health impacts from the incidents include anxiety, stress, and depression. Significant direct and indirect associations between AAHIs and mental health are identified in quantitative studies, and qualitative studies echo these trends. This study can inform social work practice and policy recommendations aimed at enhancing the safety and protection of Asian American communities from hate crimes. These recommendations encompass legislative reforms and improvements in law enforcement practices to effectively respond to and mitigate hate crimes.

ABSTRACT Global migration scholarship has documented considerable ethnic differences in migration propensities due to socio-economic disparities across ethnic groups, which may be further exacerbated at times of societal upheaval. We study ethno-regional variations in internal and temporary international migration in response to socio-political transitions in Kyrgyzstan – a multi-ethnic country in post-Soviet Central Asia with a long history of ethnic and regional tensions and considerable societal instability. Using nationally representative retrospective survey data, we analyse respondents’ internal and temporary international migratory moves since the late Soviet era. The results indicate persistent ethnic (majority vs. minority) and regional differences in migration propensities and instructive temporal variations in them. Specifically, while the results show a consistent association of migration with the level of regional development, they also demonstrate a dramatic spike in both internal and international mobility from the region that was the scene of inter-ethnic violence and by members of the minority most affected by that violence.

Violent conflicts are often accompanied by symbols commemorating past violence. I argue that political symbols exert a causal effect on future violence. Such symbols generate shared understandings of the prevailing social order. Symbols that affirm this order may act as substitutes for performative violence motivated by status concerns, while their removal may signal contestation, increasing violence. I test this theory by examining the effect of Confederate monument construction on lynchings and public executions in the postbellum U.S. South. Using a difference-in-differences design and original archival work, I find that Confederate monuments reduced violence, acting as a substitute for performative violence in constructing a white supremacist social order. Effects are concentrated in counties where racial threat is higher. I then test the effects of Confederate monument removals in the present-day US and find that removals increased the likelihood of anti-Black hate crimes.

ABSTRACT In the immediate aftermath of nationwide Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests in 2020, states and municipalities in the United States implemented new laws and policies to reform the relationship between law enforcement and historically marginalised groups. Sweeping police accountability acts in many states constrained police use of force and promoted community policing. New police training programmes acknowledged the historic role of law enforcement in racial oppression and reoriented police to protect groups from hate crimes, or crimes motivated in whole or in part by bias or bigotry. Bourdieu’s notion of the ‘juridical field’ facilitates our evaluation of post-2020 criminal justice reform initiatives and an assessment of how legal actors mobilise or elide the history of racially motivated violence in the United States. The phenomenological concept of ‘historicity’ facilitates our examining of U.S. law’s official ideology of history, allowing us to chart the contestation over the past in the present and to comprehend how the struggle over historical interpretation is itself influenced by contemporary power dynamics. The article examines historicity in U.S. criminal justice in two contexts: the training of police on hate crimes statutes, and court judgments in which a defendant has been convicted of a hate crime such as racially motivated cross burning. The official historical account of race and criminal justice in the United States currently shows signs of moving from ‘racial reckoning’ back to the ‘ahistorical historicity’ of racial amnesia and oblivion.