Ethnic Characteristics Research Articles

Selection of Informative Genetic Markers for Assessment of Adaptabilities of Northerners: A Review

Introduction: Habitation and the process of adaptation of the population of northern regions to the harsh environment are associated with the development of such syndromes and conditions as polar tension, polar dyspnea, the polar metabolic type, premature aging, and north-related hypertension, and aimed at maintaining homeostasis constancy to ensure full life activity in extreme environmental conditions, it which issues of preserving human health and labor potential remain highly relevant. Objective: To review published data on physiological and genetic adaptation to adverse climate and environmental stressors and to establish informative genetic markers for assessing adaptabilities of northerners. Materials and methods: The review includes data of Russian and foreign studies published in Russian and English languages in 1980–2021 and cited in the Pubmed, NCBI, eLIBRARY.RU, Scopus, Web of Science, and RSCI databases. Of 330 articles found, 40 full-text materials were selected for this review based on the following criteria: availability of data on polymorphic variants of genes involved in the genetic adaptation of humans to extreme conditions of the north; availability of data on epidemiology of genes associated with multifactorial diseases most common in the circumpolar zone; availability of data on adverse health effects of environmental factors in northerners, and ethnic features of gene pools of indigenous people and newcomers of the circumpolar zone. Methods of information analysis were applied to summarize the results of studies reviewed. Results: A strategy for assessing the level of functional reorganization of the human organism in the North is proposed. The article also describes a panel of informative genetic markers selected for a comprehensive assessment of adaptability of northerners, including, inter alia, normal genetic variability of adapting people, with the purpose of creating region-oriented diagnostic maps allowing assessment of total risks of cold-related illnesses for timely correction of the lifestyle and taking preventive and therapeutic measures. Discussion: In the genetic and epidemiological study of human populations living in extreme environments, it is expedient to use a comprehensive approach that includes personalized, preventive and predictive assessment of medical, psycho-physiological and genetic determinants of the functional state matrix, reflecting the current level of adaptation of northerners.

Analysis of orbitofacial anthropometry in children with pseudostrabismus.

The aim of the study was to analyze orbitofacial anthropometric parameters such as inner and outer canthal distances (ICD and OCD), palpebral fissure length (PFL), interpupillary distance (IPD), and canthal index (CI) in children with pseudostrabismus and to compare the measured IPD (mIPD) with calculated IPD (cIPD). This was a prospective study of sixty children (6 months-18 years) with pseudostrabismus. ICD, OCD, PFL, and IPD were measured by digital Vernier caliper. The formula used was cIPD: 0.21+0.24 ICD+0.58°CD for males and 1.4+0.31 ICD+0.41°CD for females. Values measured by caliper were compared with that calculated by the formula. The formula used was CI: ICD × 100/OCD. Data were analyzed statistically. The mean age was 6.66 ± 3.57 years. Telecanthus was the most common finding (55%). The mean ICD and OCD in males were 30.89 ± 3.33 mm and 87.96 ± 8.09 mm and in females were 30.91 ± 3.05 and 86.22 ± 6.81 mm, respectively. The mean right eye PFL in males was 28.53 ± 2.63 mm and in females was 27.66 ± 2.22 mm and left eye PFL in males was 28.53 mm ± 2.63 and in females was 27.66 ± 2.22 mm. CI in males was 35.10 ± 1.65 and in females was 35.84 ± 1.71. Mean mIPD and cIPD: male - 55.37 ± 4.75 mm and 58.56 ± 5.34 mm, female - 53.32 ± 4.74 mm and 46.26 ± 3.71 mm. A good agreement was found between mIPD and cIPD. This study helps in documenting the anthropometric pattern of the orbitofacial parameters in children with pseudostrabismus which can act as reference data. This helps in the management of orbitofacial, craniofacial syndromes/deformities and lid reconstructive surgeries in retaining ethnical features and obtaining better function. In children's spectacle frame 1 and lens making, where measuring IPD is difficult, cIPD can be a simple alternative.

SOME FEATURES OF THE MEANING “LITERARY TEXT” IN THE PRAGMALINGUISTIC ASPECT

In this research, it is defined that in the world scientific linguistic literature until this time the main concept is “language processes are connected with thinking, mentality processes” and it is proved that a language of fiction should be considered from the point of national character that transmits by words. Through the scientific views and opinions in the article, especially the main: to characterize a word as a means that delivers a national culture and ethnic features gives an opportunity to define the peculiarities of readers’ perception.

A Historical Review of Rural Enterprises in Ethnic Tujia Areas: From an Environmental and Cultural Perspective

A historical review of the rural enterprises shows that the development modes of TVEs in the 1980s and 1990s were unsustainable. TVEs used to focus on income exclusively while sacrificing the needs of rural ethnic residents, because the TVEs in those minority areas did not have sufficient ethnic characteristics. To play a more active part in rural revitalization, TVE development needs ongoing reform and deeper consideration from the perspectives of environment and culture.

Some Aspects of the Integration of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Alba Iulia in the Romanian Ecclesial Structures in the Interwar Period

In this paper we focus our attention on the changes that took place after the First World War in the life of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Alba Iulia led by Bishop Gusztáv Károly Mailáth. This diocese was the only new diocese in Romania to retain all the historical territory it had previously held in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; all the others having been folded after the Great War. The specific character of the Roman Catholic Church in Transylvania was the ethnic factor, so the main problem became how to integrate the eparchy among the Romanian ecclesiastical administrative units while preserving its religious and ethnic characteristics. We are witnessing the beginning of a "diplomatic game" between the Romanian Government, the Holy See and Bishop Mailáth, and in this context the stake was the preservation of confessional and ethnic identity in a new political framework. The culmination of the integration process was the signing of the Concordat in 1927, but the road to the completion of the inter-state document contains many interesting facts that help us understand the formation of the identity issue.

The Culture of E-Arabs.

This article scrutinises the linkage between ethnicity and people's behaviour on Twitter. It examines how offline culture manifests itself online among Arabs. The article draws upon the literature to identify the offline ethnic characteristics of Arabs, and through interviews with and observations of Arab social media users, discovers their online ethnic characteristics. It then compares these online and offline characteristics and, through this comparison, finds that offline culture has been enacted online among Arabs, sustaining expressions of generosity, religiosity, traditionalism, female privacy, over-flattery, collectivism, tribalism, pan-Arabism, and social contracts; however, in other ways, offline culture has been counteracted online, which has led to the destabilisation of power relations between genders, elites and non-elites, and majorities and minorities. A further finding is that online culture has been enacted offline among Arabs in that online performance has exerted influence over offline ethnic identity expectations. In short, there are three main findings: offline culture has been enacted online, offline culture has been counteracted online, and online culture has been enacted offline. The take-home finding of this study is the existence of 'e-ethnic culture', that is, although ethnic activity online tends to be based on and reinforces offline realities and may alter offline realities as well, not all online performances have roots offline.

VISUALIZATION OF ETHNICITY IN THE ARCHITECTURAL ENVIRONMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED RUSSIAN CITIES

The article discusses the features of ethnicity visualization in the architectural environment of small and medium-sized Russian cities on the example of the analysis of materials of the All-Russian competition for the best projects for creating a comfortable urban environment in 2018-2021. The competition materials are in the public domain and represent a database that includes both textual and visual justification of projects, their architectural and design solutions. 58 projects were selected for analysis, the concept of which uses ethnicity. The analysis of visualization of ethnicity is carried out on the basis of a functional and semiotic approach: design solutions are considered as an integral information-sign structure, as a narrative that has a beginning, a culmination and an ending. The logic of the analysis of ways to visualize the ethnicity follows the logic of textual and graphic presentation of the thematic blocks of applications. The justification of any concept begins with revealing the identity, including ethnic one, the place and then determining the identity and specific design and architectural solutions designed to visualize the identified ethnic features in a material or figurative form. The basis for ethnic identification of both the place of improvement and its inhabitants is identification with the ethnic history and ethnic composition of the population, with local legends and myths, as well as with the natural, folklore and ethnographic features of the territory and its inhabitants. Depending on how ethnicity is understood, what place and role it is given in the concepts, as well as what elements of ethnicity are used in specific design solutions in textual and graphical form, four groups of projects and, accordingly, four conditional types of ethnicity visualization are identified and considered. The first type uses a complex of several ethnic characteristics that make up an integral complete ethno-cultural image, which is the basis of the whole concept. The second type refers to one or more ethnic characteristics that reinforce the main project-forming idea. In the third type, ethnic characteristics are used most effectively, from the point of view of the authors of the projects, representing the ethno-cultural diversity of the city. Finally, the fourth type uses visual images to a lesser extent, but also refers to ethnic identification through indirect associations with various ethnic and ethno-cultural characteristics.

Interpreting Ethnic Movements in Pakistan (Communication)

My difficulties with this paper relate primarily to the methodology. Professor Christophe Jaffrelot has chosen to omit the section on Kashmir that figured in the version first presented at the Fourteenth Annual General Meeting, of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists. The omission reinforces the exception I have to the approach. In my comments therefore, I will include some inter-related, and overlapping dimensions of the subject addressed, the exclusion of which, to my mind, hampers an holistic analysis. I will draw attention to the ‘role of Islam’ in Indian Muslim politics before partition, and the question of national identity since the creation of Pakistan. I will also highlight some of the features of the phenomenon of ethnicity itself that help explain the dynamics of the nature, content, and process of identity formation, and hence, an understanding of the mechanics of the identity that became pertinent during the Pakistan Movement. Similarly, I will comment on the ethnic expressions (that have been defined and re-defined) within the national context since the creation of Pakistan.

Behavioral mechanism of consumers of hotel and restaurant services during martial law

Introduction. The hotel and restaurant busi­ness is in a state of crisis: since the beginning of the war, its second stage has begun, which over­lapped with the pandemic crisis. However, even during the pandemic, business professionals tried to manage consumer behavior, which is a priority factor in shaping a company's competitiveness. Problem. In the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, one of the global problems of hospi­tality business is the formation of close relation­ships with consumers. Determining the beha­vioral mechanism of consumers during the war is a defining stage in the formation of the stra­tegic vector of enterprise activity. The aіm of the article is to determine the mechanisms of behavior of consumers of hotel and restaurant services and to establish the main directions of hotel business development. Methods. The methods of systematization, analysis and synthesis, graphical, tabular, etc. are applied. Results. Changes in the preferences and priorities of choosing an object of the hotel and restaurant business have been established. It was determined that scientific works do not pay attention to the methods of researching consu­mer loyalty in crisis conditions. Currently, the hotel and restaurant businesses have more threats than opportunities and more weaknesses than strengths. Based on the results of the research, a package of additional hotel services was formed, which will become a supporting factor for the country in wartime conditions. Conclusions. The restoration of work is currently possible with the application of posi­tive patriotic ideas in the management of the hotel business. Ukrainian consumers are interested in flash mobs and creative ideas aimed at suppor­ting Ukrainian soldiers. Experts believe that after the end of hostilities on the territory of Ukraine, it is foreign tourists who will be inte­rested in services that are undoubtedly related to the ethnic characteristics and history of our country.

The Conceptual Basis for the Criminalistic Research of Ethnic Characteristics of a Person and the Practice of Its Implementation in Crime Investigation. A Review of the Official Opponent of the Dissertation Thesis of Elena I. Foigel, Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Law

The Conceptual Basis for the Criminalistic Research of Ethnic Characteristics of a Person and the Practice of Its Implementation in Crime Investigation. A Review of the Official Opponent of the Dissertation Thesis of Elena I. Foigel, Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Law

Changes in body mass index among students from different countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

The official declaration by the WHO of a global pandemic of COVID-19 in 2020 led to various restrictive measures around the world in order to prevent the rapid spread of the virus. In many countries, it was decided to close educational institutions (schools, lyceums, colleges, universities) and switch to distance learning, which contributed to the deviation from the established lifestyle of students, including eating habits and, consequently, to a possible change in their weights. It has been proven that a complete, balanced diet and systematic exercise can strengthen the human body in the fight against adverse factors, including infectious ones. However, a sedentary lifestyle, anxiety, stress caused by social isolation lead to lifestyle changes, in particular to overeating.The article presents information about the characteristics of nutrition, the level of physical activity, anxiety and stress, taking into account the cultural, ethnic and gender characteristics of student youth from different countries in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Exploring information practices of ethnic minorities with small populations in poverty alleviation resettlement areas in China

This study explored the everyday information practices of ethnic minorities with small populations in resettlement poverty alleviation areas of Yunnan, China, to determine the conditions affecting their information practices. A qualitative approach was conducted, and data were collected through comprehensive interviews involving forty-eight participants. This study applied information practices as a conceptual tool to understand ethnic minorities’ information needs, acquisition and sharing. The data were statistically analysed and processed using three qualitative data coding analysis levels to identify the conditions that affected their everyday information practices.The research findings demonstrated that with the change in living space and social communication relationship of such ethnic minorities, their information practice changed considerably. In addition, their ethnic identity, spatial conversion and social integration were the main conditions that could influence everyday information practices after moving into a new environment. The results promoted the understanding of ethnic characteristics as conditions that could influence everyday information practices after the spatial and social environment changes of relocated ethnic minorities.

Characteristics of Clinical Trial Sites for Novel Transcatheter Mitral and Tricuspid Valvular Therapies

Racial and ethnic minority and socioeconomically disadvantaged patients have been underrepresented in randomized clinical trials. Efforts have focused on enhancing inclusion of minority groups at sites participating at clinical trials; however, there may be differences in the patient populations of the sites that participate in clinical trials. To identify any differences in the racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic composition of patient populations among candidate sites in the US that did vs did not participate in trials for novel transcatheter therapies. This cross-sectional analysis used Medicare Provider Claims from 2019 for patients admitted to hospitals in the US. All clinical trials for transcatheter mitral and tricuspid valve therapies and the hospitals participating in each of the trials were identified using ClinicalTrials.gov. Hospitals with active cardiac surgical programs that did not participate in the trials were also identified. Data analysis was performed between July 2021 and July 2022. Multivariable linear regression models were used to identify differences in racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic characteristics among patients undergoing cardiac surgery or transcatheter aortic valve replacement at trial vs nontrial hospitals. The main outcome of the study was participation in a clinical trial for novel transcatheter mitral or tricuspid valve therapies. A total of 1050 hospitals with cardiac surgery programs were identified, of which 121 (11.5%) participated in trials for transcatheter mitral or tricuspid therapies. Patients treated in trial hospitals had a higher median zip code-based household income (difference of $5261; 95% CI, $2986-$7537), a lower Distressed Communities Index score (difference of 5.37; 95% CI, 2.59-8.15), and no significant difference in the proportion of patients dual eligible for Medicaid (difference of 0.86; 95% CI, -2.38 to 0.66). After adjusting for each of the socioeconomic indicators separately, there was less than 1% difference in the proportion of Black and Hispanic patients cared for at hospitals participating vs not participating in clinical trials. In this cohort study among candidate hospitals for clinical trials for transcatheter mitral or tricuspid valve therapies, trial hospitals took care of a more socioeconomically advantaged population than nontrial hospitals, with a similar proportion of Black and Hispanic patients. These data suggest that site selection efforts may improve enrollment of socioeconomically disadvantaged patients but may not improve the enrollment of Black and Hispanic patients.

Advances in the relationship between lung cancer and microbiota

Interaction exists in lung cancer and microbiota. Lung microecological homeostasis can improve the immune tolerance, enhance immune suppression, and inhibit inflammatory responses, to reduce the lung cancer; while lung cancer can lead to pulmonary microecological imbalance, change the lung environment, and promote tumor cell proliferation. Therefore, modulating microbial flora and microecological immunotherapy may be a potential and preventive treatment for lung cancer, to restore tumor immunosuppression and improve patient survival. However, the individual differences in the lung microecology, because of different genetics, ethnic characteristics, and dietary habits, increasing the difficulty of precise diagnosis and treatment, which is also the current bottleneck in the application of microecological immunotherapy. Otherwise, the effectiveness of regulatory measures such as probiotics, prebiotics or antimicrobials is questionable. The research on microbial flora is still in its infancy, and further exploration is needed to form a standardized, effective, and precise treatment plan. So, standardized, effective, and precise microbial flora treatment strategies need to be further explored.

Ethnic features of antioxidant status in men with infertility

BACKGROUND: The study of the influence of ethnicity on human health is relevant at present.
 AIM: To evaluate the antioxidant status of blood and ejaculation in infertile men in different ethnic groups.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Results of a survey of 222 Caucasians and 143 Mongoloids with pathozoospermia from infertile couples were used for the current retrospective analysis. The control groups comprised healthy men with realized reproductive function (97 Mongoloids and 104 Caucasians). The materials for biochemical studies were blood plasma and ejaculate. The analyses involved the use of spectrophotometric, fluorometric, and statistical methods of research. In the blood and ejaculate of the examined men, the total antioxidant activity was determined as an indicator characterizing the total activity of lipid peroxidation inhibitors and determining its buffer capacity, the concentration of fat-soluble vitamins retinol and -tocopherol, and the level of superoxide dismutase.
 RESULTS: The blood of Caucasian men with infertility was compared with that of fertile donors. The analysis revealed a decrease in the concentration of retinol by 27% (р=0.0001) and -tocopherol by 25% (р 0.0001), as well as the activity of superoxide dismutase by 5% (р=0.0002). In the ejaculation of male Caucasians with infertility, we discovered a decrease in the concentration of -tocopherol by 17% (р=0.0011) and an increase in total antioxidant activity by 21% (р=0,0004). The antioxidant defense system in Mongoloid men was characterized by an increase in retinol concentration by 24% (р=0.0002) and total antioxidant activity by 13% (р=0.0261), as well as a decrease in superoxide dismutase activity by 8% (р=0.0001). The results of the study of the antioxidant defense system in the ejaculate of Mongoloid men with infertility showed a decrease in the concentration of -tocopherol by 15% (р=0,0322) and an increase in the level of total antioxidant activity by 17% (р=0.0432).
 CONCLUSION: The data gathered allowed for an evaluation of the characteristics and the role of the antioxidant status in the general homeostasis of the organism of males of various ethnicity, who are infertile, despite being of reproductive age. A common mechanism for reproductive dysfunction present in the two ethnic groups is the lack of -tocopherol concentration and a compensatory increase in the total antioxidant activity in the ejaculate, as well as a decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase in the blood of the examined men. The blood of Mongoloids is characterized by a compensatory-adaptive increase in the total antioxidant activity and retinol concentration, which contrasts with Caucasians, whose antioxidant status of blood is characterized by the inhibition of the non-enzymatic link of antioxidant protection.

The Role of Woman in Modern Azerbaijani Family Summary

<p><strong><em>The purpose </em></strong><em>of the article</em><em> is to reveal the role of women in the modern Azerbaijani family and to note the patterns of changing gender roles in the family and marriage.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology.</em></strong><em> In the course of the research the methods of analysis and synthesis were used; the method of generalization was used during the comprehension of the achievements of scholars in solving the outlined problems; the historical method was used for tracing the formation of the family institution in Azerbaijan; the descriptive method was used for revealing the current situation in society; the secondary analysis of sociological research was used for identification patterns in the change of gender roles in the family and marriage, in particular the separation of marriage and parenthood.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results.</em></strong><em> Under the influence of modern trends, Azerbaijani family is undergoing major changes, the consequences of which are important both for family in particular and society in general. The social problems caused by decrease in birth rate and increase of number of the persons refusing marriage and a family are described. Patriarchal tendencies continue to dominate the mass consciousness, and models of gender behavior that are considered as discriminatory towards women are still relevant in Azerbaijan. The gender-role behavior of children brought up in a family reflects the asymmetry of male and female roles, and the regulation of this behavioral sphere is carried out by parents through a system of prohibitions and punishments.</em><em> </em><em>The family is a center of the gender relations formation, through it the ideas of masculinity and femininity, gender stereotypes and norms that determine the behavior of men and women in society are transmitted to next generations.</em></p><p><em>Today, Azerbaijani society is more open to women’s self-affirmation. In this context, the role of the mother in preserving ethnic identity and the married role in preserving family traditions are very important.</em><em> </em><em>The research considered </em><em>the image of the mother in the ethnic identity of Azerbaijanis, explore</em><em>d</em><em> </em><em>the process of raising a woman as a future mother </em><em>(traditions, rituals, rituals)</em><em>, identified the role of a woman in wedding ceremonies. Talks about women’s independence and freedom have affected the world for centuries, but centuries-old stereotypes of dependence ingrained in women’s minds have prevented them from escaping their nature, that is dependence on men, their attitudes and participation.</em></p><p><strong><em>Novelty.</em></strong><em> Today, the social mobility of Azerbaijani women has undergone many changes, which has affected the formed cultural attitudes and stereotypes, but certain expectations in </em><em>the relationship </em><em>between men and women still exist. It is in </em><em>women</em><em>’</em><em>s </em><em>roles and stereotypes that ethnic mentality </em><em>manifests itself</em><em>, and it is with their development and change that </em><em>will address many ethnic issues</em><em>. Within the study, the directions of solving the outlined problem in the Azerbaijani society are outlined.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical importance.</em></strong><em> The results of the research can be useful in further research of the family institute and in the educational process of higher education institutions that train specialists in the humanities.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em>words:</em></strong><em> traditions and modernity, Azerbaijani family, transformation of values, creativity and self-affirmation of women, gender balance, ethnic characteristics of relationships.</em></p>

Towards a more representative Alzheimer’s disease clinical trial: Ethnic differences in underlying pathology call for demographic consideration in drug label development

AbstractBackgroundClinical trials have historically underrepresented racial and ethnic minority groups, often exhibiting sub‐par external validity and representing a population that is exceedingly White and not Hispanic or Latino (H/L). An understanding of the underlying pathology and safety profile of racial and ethnic minority groups is important to interpretation of clinical trial results and the development of accurate drug labels. T3D Therapeutics’ Phase 2 PIONEER Study (evaluating the safety and efficacy of lead candidate drug T3D‐959) provides a unique opportunity to examine safety data in an Alzheimer’s disease (AD) trial with a relatively high percentage of H/L subjects.MethodPIONEER is an ongoing randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, Phase 2 trial involving 256 mild to moderate AD patients dosed orally once‐a‐day for 24‐weeks. Exploratory analyses examine ethnic differences in medical data including screen fail reasons, medical history, and adverse events.ResultMedical history and screen fail reason data suggest differences in underlying pathology between H/L and non‐H/L subjects. For example, data show a higher rate of screen failure due to elevated HbA1c among H/L subjects vs. non‐H/L subjects. Conversely, H/L subjects show lower rates of surgical and medical procedures as well as other medical history events. Rates of reporting adverse events as well as types of adverse events reported are also significantly different between the two groups.ConclusionEthnic differences drive differential safety profiles across study subjects, challenging the applicability of non‐H/L clinical trial data to the H/L population. Our data suggest that more weight should be put on ethnicity and other demographic characteristics in developing drugs’ side effects listings. We stress that ethnic background should play a larger role in label development, and urge the clinical trial community to continue in the direction of enrolling underrepresented racial and ethnic minority groups.

Population Dynamics and Its Factors: Ethnicity and Regional Characteristics in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia)

Population Dynamics and Its Factors: Ethnicity and Regional Characteristics in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia)

Ethnic differences in risk factors and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the adult population of the Russian Federation

BACKGROUND: Russia is one of the most multinational states in the world. Identification of ethnic groups with a higher risk of developing DM2, analysis of risk factors for the development of DM2 will allow developing personalized approaches to the prevention and treatment of DM2.AIMS: To reveal ethnic features of the prevalence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders and risk factors for the development of DM2 in the adult population of the Russian Federation.MATERIALS AND METHODS. A retrospective analysis of the database of the national epidemiological cross-sectional study NATION was carried out. Depending on the self-specified nationality, on the basis of anthropological characteristics, the following ethnic groups were identified: “Mongoloid population”, “Peoples of the Volga region”, “Peoples of the North Caucasus”, “Peoples of Transcaucasia”, “Russians”. The analysis consisted of several stages and included: analysis of the anthropometric features of the selected groups, taking into account the presence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders (MO); study of the prevalence of violations of the MA in the selected ethnic groups; analysis of ethnic characteristics of risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes; analysis of the frequency of violations of the MA in various ethnic groups, taking into account the territory of residence. MR disorders were defined as the presence of DM and/or prediabetes. In accordance with the WHO criteria, HbA1c≥6.5% corresponded to the diagnosis of DM, HbA1c values in the range of 5.7%≤HbA1c<6.5% to the diagnosis of prediabetes.RESULTS: The highest frequency of violations of the MA was observed in the group «Peoples of the Volga region» (31.2%), the lowest in the «Peoples of the North Caucasus» (15.6%). BMI in the group “Peoples of the Volga region” was significantly lower than in the group “Peoples of the North Caucasus. Violations of MR were more often observed in the abdominal nature of obesity, obesity of the 1st stage, age over 45 years in the groups «Mongoloid population» and «Peoples of the Volga region» than in the peoples of the «Northern Caucasus» and «Transcaucasia». The frequency of occurrence of SR violations among representatives of the Volga Peoples group living in their historical territories was higher than among Russians living in the same regions: 32.5% and 24.3% (p<0.001 χ2 criterion), and also higher than in the Russian CFD: 32.5% and 27.4%, respectively, p=0.001 (χ2 test). The prevalence of violations of the MA among the peoples of the North Caucasus was less than among the Russians of the Central Federal District — 13.9% and 27.36%, respectively (p<0.001 χ2 criterion). The prevalence of MR violations among representatives of the “Peoples of the North Caucasus” group living in their historical territories (n=598) was less than among those living in other regions of the Russian Federation (n=164) (13.9% and 21.95%, p= 0.012 criterion χ2).CONCLUSION: In the present work, for the first time, we analyzed the prevalence of MR disorders in various ethnic groups of the population of the Russian Federation, identified certain ethnic characteristics of DM2 risk factors and their contribution to the development of the disease. The obtained results should be used for planning preventive programs in various regions of the Russian Federation.

Frequency of Voiding and Defecation Dysfunction in Primary School Children in Zahedan, Southeast Iran

Background: Childhood voiding and defecation dysfunction are common problems in children of all ages worldwide. The prevalence of bowel and bladder dysfunction in children is reported to be approximately 47%. Objectives: Due to the different ethnic and socio-cultural characteristics, this study was conducted to investigate the frequency of voiding and defecation dysfunction in primary school children. In this study, we examined the urinary and defecation problems of patients and their relationship with each other. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed on 400 children aged 7 to 13 years in Zahedan in 2016. Data were collected through a questionnaire. Finally, data were analyzed using SPSS 16 version. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive and analytical statistics of the chi-square test. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: In this study, 400 students with a mean age of 9.96 ± 2.07 were studied, of whom 188 (47.1%) were girls and 212 (52.9%) were boys. The prevalence of urinary incontinence was 56.9%, 63.7% of whom were girls, and 36.3% were boys. The difference in the prevalence of urinary incontinence between girls and boys was large and statistically significant (P = 0.04). The prevalence of fecal incontinence was 61.7% among girls and 62.4% among boys (the total prevalence was 62.4% [239 cases]), but the difference in prevalence between girls and boys was small and statistically insignificant (P = 0.83). Conclusions: The prevalence of defecation dysfunction in school-age children was much higher than in previous studies. This may be due to differences in cultural and geographical environments. Due to the high prevalence of defecation dysfunction in children, it is recommended to have more focus on public education on various types of urinary and fecal dysfunction in urban and rural communities.