Associations between adolescent adversity and young adult depression symptoms and allostatic load in Mexican-origin individuals.

ABSTRACT This article examines the ways in which gender, motherhood, and ethnicity shape the lived experiences of South and Southeast Asian mothers in Hong Kong. Through in-depth interviews with 54 mothers, we examine, what we term, ‘dialectical social imaginaries’ to understand how these mothers imagine their social surroundings and navigate challenges in this multicultural city, where traditional and progressive gender expectations coexist alongside ethnic diversity and discrimination. ‘Dialectical social imaginaries’ capture how individuals envision living together and interacting with different cultures, highlighting the tensions between following established norms and striving for change. The findings identify three types of ‘dialectical social imaginaries’, which are dialectical in that they swing between conformance to gender norms and transformation, between silence and resistance, and between distancing and belonging. Analyzing the reproductive and creative dimensions of these social imaginaries reveals diverse and often opposing forces of gendered expectations and cultures, demonstrating how socio-cultural forces facilitate and/or restrict individuals’ experiences of migration. This study contributes new insights to gender and migration studies by providing an analysis of the dialectic between social reproduction and transformation, and that of self/other entanglements. It highlights the conceptual utility of ‘dialectical social imaginaries’ for future sociological understandings of gender, migration, and culture.

ABSTRACT The profound inequality that characterizes Mexico City interconnects in this article with the development of food criticism on Instagram. Therefore, this research explores the implications of socioeconomic, urban, and ethnic inequality on the representation of the gastronomic scene in Mexico City by Instagram content creators. Based on content analysis of Instagram food reviews, in-depth interviews with content creators, and spatial analysis, this article proposes that the context of deep inequality inherent to Mexico City and its metropolitan area is clearly and inevitably reflected in the Instagram representation of Mexico City’s culinary offerings. Furthermore, this digital representation is explained through a process of personification and amplification of inequalities. Thus, the attributes, perspectives, and personal experiences of the foodies themselves are integrated into an environment of significant socioeconomic disparities, urban segregation, and ethnic discrimination. This shapes their representation of the culinary landscape in the Mexican capital, as digital dynamics intensify existing inequality.

Although numerous studies corroborated that perceived discrimination is a developmental risk factor for students from minoritized ethnic groups, less is known about conditions contributing to feelings of ethnic discrimination of adolescents, particularly in contexts outside the U.S. Based on a nationwide dataset, we investigate conditions of perceived discrimination among students from minoritized ethnic groups in Germany. We distinguish several minoritized ethnic groups, examine a variety of individual, family-related, and school-related factors, and focus on two types of discrimination (i.e., perceived personal and group discrimination). Using multilevel structural equation models with data from 4087 ninth graders from minoritized ethnic groups, we found that students with backgrounds from Turkey or an Arabic-speaking country reported more discrimination than their counterparts. In contrast, girls, students with a stronger national identity, students with higher grades, and students with more coethnic peers in their classroom reported lower levels of discrimination than their counterparts. The family's socioeconomic status and sociocultural background as well as the classroom's proportion of minoritized students, its ethnic diversity, and the attended school track were largely unrelated to students' perceived personal and group discrimination. Overall, our findings suggest that conditions at different levels shape perceptions of discrimination of minoritized ethnic groups in Germany.

ABSTRACT Objectives Ethnic and racial discrimination stress is a key social determinant of sleep health, yet its day-to-day influence on Mexican-origin adolescents remains underexplored. This study focused on Mexican-origin adolescents and examined the negative effects of daily ethnic and racial discrimination stress on sleep. Method The analytic sample included 256 Mexican-origin adolescents (48.8% female, 49.7% male, 1.56% non-binary; mean age = 13.50; SD = 1.11; range = 12–16 years old) residing in a suburban area in the United States Midwest. Using multi-level models that disentangle between- and within-person effects, this study assessed daily ethnic and racial discrimination stress and self-reported same-night sleep using a 21-day daily report method. Daily sleep indicators included nighttime duration, onset latency, and quality. Results On days when adolescents reported higher levels of discrimination stress, they also reported longer sleep onset latency. At the between-person level, youth who reported higher levels of discrimination stress reported poorer sleep quality. Possible reciprocal dynamics between stress and sleep were tested. Results showed that at the within-person level, sleep behaviors were not associated with next-day racial discrimination. At the between-person level, adolescents who reported higher sleep quality or longer sleep duration the prior night also reported lower levels of next-day discrimination, suggesting that sleep disturbances may be associated with stress experiences. Conclusion This study highlights the importance of targeted support for Mexican-origin adolescents’ sleep health especially on days when they experience ethnic and racial discrimination.

This article examines the persistence of structural racism and the process of ethno-stratification affecting immigrants from the Global South in Spain. Drawing on national survey data and recent research, it analyses the socio-economic incorporation of immigrants in the aftermath of the Great Recession and subsequent economic recovery, emphasising both their rootedness in Spanish society and their continued segregation. The findings indicate that immigrants remain disproportionately concentrated in low-wage and temporary employment, positioned beneath the native-born precariat and distant from average living standards. This persistent segmentation cannot be explained solely by immigrants’ qualifications or cultural adaptation, but rather by an interplay of structural, institutional, social, and ethnic factors. At the core lies the Spanish “Mediterranean” development model, characterised by a low-productivity economy dependent on cheap labour, a limited welfare state, and strong family-based social protection, which together generate continuous demand for flexible immigrant workers. Additional drivers include migration and labour policies, gendered labour segmentation, and ethnic discrimination, all reinforcing immigrants’ vulnerability. The article concludes that immigrant labour has become essential to Spain’s economic and demographic model, yet its enduring segregation underscores the need for renewed public policies that promote social cohesion and intercultural integration.

ABSTRACT Racial and ethnic discrimination represents a structural cause of payment disparities across groups. However, most studies focus on Western contexts and may overlook the distinctive sociohistorical dynamics that shape discriminatory behaviors. In Malaysia, where racial and ethnic relations have been influenced by a distinct colonial legacy and multicultural social fabric, landlords’ discriminatory practices have manifested differently. This study reveals two novel mechanisms explaining racial and ethnic rent disparities in the Malaysian rental housing market: (i) taste-based discrimination, where landlords offer lower rents to tenants of the same race and ethnicity, and (ii) statistical discrimination, evidenced by Chinese tenants paying higher rents than tenants of other races and ethnicities, regardless of a landlord’s race and ethnicity. These results highlight the need for greater policy attention to racial and ethnic disparities in the rental housing market and to the broader socio-economic inequalities that underpin them. By examining Malaysia’s unique context, this study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of racial and ethnic rent disparities and provides valuable insights to inform more inclusive and equitable housing policies.

ABSTRACT Understanding patterns of adolescent political participation is essential for healthy democracies. Drawing upon data from Greek youth (n = 589, M age = 15.1), this study (1) identified distinct profiles of adolescent political participation, (2) examined predictors of profile membership, and (3) explored transitions between profiles across a one-year period. Latent profile analyses uncovered three profiles that differentiated between their level of participation in both latent and manifest forms: ‘informed enthusiasts’ (90.3%), ‘activists’ (7.4%), and ‘involved conventionalists’ (2.2%). Political efficacy, national identity processes, political alienation, and perceived ethnic discrimination were predictive of profile membership. Our exploratory analysis revealed stable profile membership across one year. Our findings highlight the multifaceted nature of youth political participation and underscore the need to broaden its understanding in research and policy.

Road to division: Ethnic favoritism and road infrastructure in Ethiopia

Women’s entrepreneurship is widely recognized as a critical driver of inclusive economic growth, poverty reduction, and employment creation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite increased policy attention and institutional support, women entrepreneurs in Kenya continue to face persistent structural, social, and individual barriers that affect the sustainability of their businesses. This study examines the barriers influencing business success among women business leaders in Kenya, with success operationalized as the number of years a woman’s most successful business has been in operation. Using survey data collected from 52 women business leaders, the study analyzes nine commonly cited barriers: start-up costs, access to financing, market knowledge, employment commitments, family responsibilities, regulatory barriers, social capital, marital support, and ethnic discrimination. Quantitative analyses were conducted using descriptive statistics, multiple regression with ANOVA, bivariate regression, and discriminant analysis. The findings indicate that while financial and regulatory barriers are perceived as significant obstacles at a descriptive level, they do not consistently predict business longevity when examined alongside other factors. Instead, market knowledge and employment commitments emerge as the most robust predictors of sustained business operation. Women who report better understanding of markets and fewer conflicts between employment and entrepreneurial activities tend to operate businesses for longer periods. Discriminant analysis further demonstrates that the combined barrier profile meaningfully distinguishes women whose businesses have achieved at least moderate longevity from those whose ventures are nascent or absent. The study contributes empirical evidence highlighting the importance of informational and time-related constraints in shaping women’s entrepreneurial outcomes in Kenya. The findings suggest that policy and programmatic interventions should complement financial support with targeted efforts to strengthen market intelligence, business development skills, and flexible work arrangements to enhance the long-term sustainability of women-owned enterprises.

Soe Tjen Marching’s Dari Dalam Kubur portrays the experiences of survivors of the 1965 tragedy and the ethnic discrimination faced by Chinese Indonesians. Focusing on trauma and memory, this study examines how the novel represents survivors’ collective memory and state-driven discrimination through the lens of Lucien Goldmann’s genetic structuralism. Using qualitative textual analysis, the study reveals a persistent tension between remembering and forgetting, reflecting the enforced silence imposed on survivors. Discrimination against Chinese Indonesians is depicted as systematic oppression reinforced through social and institutional segregation. The findings demonstrate how literary narratives function as sites of collective memory by establishing homological relationships between textual structures and socio-historical realities. The study concludes that Dari Dalam Kubur articulates a collective worldview in which memory operates as a form of resistance and identity functions as a source of dignity.

This study investigates how studying in Korea and learning the Korean language shape the social, economic, and identity-related experiences of three international students from Mongolia, Russia, and Myanmar. Narrative analysis reveals that their language learning functions not merely as the acquisition of linguistic skills but as a strategic investment to overcome structural constraints and to envision more secure and promising futures. Their decisions to study in Korea stemmed from limited economic opportunities (Mongolia), ethnic discrimination (Russia), and political instability (Myanmar). Throughout their learning processes, the students reconstructed and negotiated new professional and social identities, aspiring to become members of Korean or global professional communities. To achieve this, they sought to continue developing Korean proficiency and expand relevant social capital. These findings highlight the sociopolitical contexts of language learning that traditional integrative and instrumental motivation theories fail to fully explain. Ultimately, Korean language learning emerges as an active practice of identity reconfiguration and future planning. The study argues for an expanded model of Korean language education―one that supports learners’ identity development and career trajectories, particularly in light of the increasing number of students from New Northern and New Southern regions.

In the era of reform in Indonesia, the protection of the rights of religious and ethnic minorities has become the main focus. The legal framework built post-reform aims to prevent and overcome cases of discrimination against this minority group. By examining the constitution, laws, government regulations and judicial practices, a strong legal basis can be found to protect the rights of religious and ethnic minorities. However, challenges remain in implementing and enforcing these laws. The gap between existing laws and practice in the field remains a problem, and there are often obstacles in accessing justice for victims of discrimination. Study This use method juridical normative use studies References. An analysis of legal documents and literature, this research highlights the protection of human rights in the 1945 Constitution as well as related laws and regulations, such as Law no. 39/1999 concerning Human Rights, Law no. 12/2005 concerning Citizenship, and Law no. 40/2008 concerning the Elimination of Racial and Ethnic Discrimination. Research findings show that there is a strong legal basis for fighting discrimination, but challenges in implementing and enforcing the law remain. Efforts to strengthen law enforcement and increase awareness of human rights are the main recommendations to ensure fair protection for all citizens, independent of minorities religion or ethnicity.

ABSTRACT Edae area has transformed from a fashion district into a residential hub for Ewha Womans University students. Sinchon-dong, in which Edae area (Daehyeon-dong) is included, has experienced a growth in foreign population, increasing by 1.6 times since 2014. Analyzing Edae area provides an opportunity to investigate the integration of young female foreign residents in the neighborhood. A theory-based mixed-methods survey was conducted, incorporating quantitative data from questionnaires and qualitative insights from interviews. The study gives voice to participants’ experiences and needs regarding community facilities, university support, security, housing, and cultural life. The findings indicate that proximity to the university, safety, and strong public transportation are the area’s primary strengths. Challenges remain, including underutilized community facilities, high living costs, language barriers, limited access to essential services, and instances of ethnic discrimination. Foreign residents seek affordable housing, better integration and inclusive community spaces. Based on these findings, the following recommendations are proposed: reduction of financial burden related to housing and everyday life costs, enhancement of street safety, and reconsideration of underused spaces, reimagined as multifunctional, women-friendly hubs developed through participatory planning. While context-specific, the findings offer transferable insights for other university districts navigating multicultural growth and student-driven urban change.

ABSTRACT This paper examines how colonial legacies, social identities, and positionalities intersect to shape the vulnerability and adaptation of Ghanaian women to climate change. Drawing on in-depth interviews (n = 49) with women farmers in Koraso, a flood-prone village in Berekum, Ghana, the study employs intersectionality and the matrix of domination from Black feminist thought to analyze how overlapping power structures – patriarchy, ethnicity, illiteracy, and neocolonialism – produce differentiated experiences of climate risk. Findings indicate that vulnerability arises not only from environmental exposure but also from historically embedded inequalities in land access, education, and decision-making. Polygamous hierarchies, ethnic discrimination, and foreign direct investment in cashew and timber industries further constrain women’s adaptive capacity. Yet women exercise agency through livelihood diversification and labor migration, often navigating both resilience and constraints. The study advances intersectional climate justice by revealing how colonial and contemporary systems of domination sustain gendered and racialized climate vulnerabilities across the Global South.

Abstrak Background: Indonesia’s 2023 Criminal Code introduces explicit criminal provisions on racial and ethnic discrimination in a diverse society where identity based conflict has not disappeared. The reform, however, still invites debate on whether it offers real safeguards for victims or mainly reinforces equality in formal terms. Aims: This article revisits the construction and punishment of racial and ethnic discrimination in KUHP 2023, focusing on Articles 244 and 245, and tests their normative coherence against Islamic human rights principles. Methods: Using normative doctrinal analysis and a statute approach, the study examines KUHP 2023 in relation to the previous KUHP framework and Law No. 40 of 2008 on the Elimination of Racial and Ethnic Discrimination. The discussion draws on scholarly literature and evaluates definitions, scope, and sanction design through Islamic principles of human dignity, equality, justice, freedom, peace, and social security. Result: KUHP 2023 strengthens recognition of discriminatory conduct and treats discriminatory motives as relevant to sentencing, including through aggravation where serious offences are involved. At the same time, the offence design remains comparatively narrow and the penalty scale may be insufficient to deter conduct that produces broader social harm. From an Islamic human rights perspective, the provisions reflect dignity and equality, yet they require a clearer orientation toward victim protection and substantive justice. Conclusion: The reform is an important advance, but further doctrinal refinement is needed so anti discrimination rules operate as effective protections consistent with Islamic human rights values, not merely as symbolic prohibitions.

Digital platforms have become primary spaces for information dissemination while simultaneously facilitating the spread of discriminatory content and radicalization narratives that may threaten social order and national security. Within Indonesia’s criminal law framework, the regulation of such phenomena remains problematic due to normative ambiguity, particularly in distinguishing the boundaries between freedom of expression, discriminatory speech, and radicalizing content. This study aims to analyze the regulation and application of criminal law concerning discriminatory and radical content on digital platforms and to examine the implications of normative ambiguity for legal certainty and human rights protection. Employing a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, the study finds that unclear definitions and regulatory overlap among the ITE Law, the Law on the Elimination of Racial and Ethnic Discrimination, and the Anti-Terrorism Law result in inconsistent law enforcement and the risk of over-criminalization. The study concludes that clearer and more harmonized criminal norms are essential to ensure legal certainty, effective enforcement, and the protection of human rights in the digital sphere.

ABSTRACT This study tests the rejection-identification and rejection-disidentification theories in a non-Western context using Afrobarometer survey data (n = 3,200) from Nigeria, one of Africa’s most ethnically diverse countries. Regression analysis shows that discrimination reduces the likelihood of Nigerians prioritizing their national over their ethnic identity. In other words, discrimination weakens national identification while strengthening ethnic identification. This pattern reflects the exclusionary effect of discrimination, which makes individuals feel like outsiders in their own country. In response, they may turn more strongly to their ethnic identity as a source of belonging, solidarity, and psychological resilience. The association is particularly strong among the Igbo, a group excluded from central political power in Nigeria since the end of the Biafran War in 1970. These findings suggest that the relationship between discrimination and identity formation depends on one’s position within the broader ethnic and political landscape.

The article is devoted to revealing the mechanisms of depicting the process of identity transformation in the literary work of the Japanese diaspora in Brazil. The aim is achieved by studying small prose in the genre of naturalism using the material of the Collection of Colonia Stories. The time frame is limited by the arrival of immigrants in 1908 and the prohibition of foreign language printing in 1941. The article describes the formation of the collective identity of the Japanese in Brazil from a historical perspective. The key features of the Japanese emigration, further reflected in the literary work of the diaspora in Brazil, are revealed: regional localization, migrants’ belonging to the peasantry, the formation of a special koroniago dialect. Special attention is paid to the reasons for the split within the diaspora, which became the main motif in the problems of literary works. Intragroup disunity has its roots in the social structure of the Japanese community and was stimulated by the urbanization of the 1930s. The article analyzes the process of formation of a distinctive center of literary creativity in the Japanese emigration in Brazil. The mechanisms of alienation of literary works based on the opposition between “pure” and “mass” literature are revealed. The transformation of Japanese identity in Brazil is evidenced by analyzing the problematics of the works. The painful process of integration into the host community gives center stage to the racial-ethnic issues of imin bungaku . The works depict the interaction between Japanese and Brazilians through inter-ethnic conflicts. The works studied reflect discursive patterns of describing the racial Other in the space of literature. The works are particularly sensitive to the betrayal of intra-community bonds and the acquisition of the traits of the host community. The process of identity transformation is examined in literature through the prism of social status, ethnicity, and gender discrimination. The analysis of the works shows the evolution of the representation of the Other from demonization and rejection to acceptance of the transformed identity. The change of perspective on the formation of a bicultural “Japanese-Brazilian” identity on the eve of World War II was interrupted by the outburst of Japanese nationalism during the war years. However, the acceptance of one’s own otherness and the literary representation of this process would become the foundation for the successful integration of the Japanese into Brazilian society in the postwar decades.

ABSTRACT This study examines how primary school pupils expect and perceive ethnic discrimination in teachers’ allocation of educational resources using a mixed-methods design. Participants were 265 children from the first to the sixth grade across five primary schools in Flanders, Belgium. Quantitative data reveal a nuanced understanding of discrimination, with an age-related trend indicating that younger pupils exhibit more explicit ethnicity bias in their expectations of teacher behaviour. As pupils grow older, this bias diminishes and even reverses, suggesting an evolving understanding of and negative attitude towards discrimination. Qualitative data highlight children’s ability to discern both overt and subtle forms of discrimination, influenced by personal experiences and socialisation processes in school. The results discuss implications for social policy, theory, and practice.