Ethical Nature Research Articles

Phenomenology and Philosophy of Stayer Running (review of Tapio Koski's monograph "Phenomenology and Philosophy of Running. The versatility of long-distance running")

The review of the monograph of the Finnish philosopher Tapio Koski "Phenomenology and Philosophy of Running", which has not been introduced into the sphere of domestic research of the philosophy of sports, is presented. The versatility of long-distance running" (2015). The subject of T. Koski's research is existential experiences based on the ontic contact of the body and the world. The author raises the question of how, with the help of stayer running, a person can explore and use his spiritual and physical potential, making his way to the authentic self. The ways of describing the running experience for T. Koski are the phenomenology of the body of M. Merleau-Ponty and the fundamental ontology of M. Heidegger, as well as some concepts of Eastern philosophy aimed at achieving the bodily and spiritual integrity of a person. T. Koski justifies the significance of running experiences for a person by the fact that they reveal some aspects of her being that are not presented to the "pure" consciousness that ignores bodily experience. These include "empirical cores", on the basis of which Dasein can realize its capabilities: the elimination of conflict between subject and object; pacification; full presence in the present; a sense of the power of life, "enlightenment", etc. Thanks to the running actualization, the "empirical cores" allow us to hear the "call of conscience" addressed to us and intuitively perceived, directing the individual to his own path of life. Around these "cores" other experiences are organized, channeling a person's life to authenticity and harmony with the world, on their basis the social being of the individual is carried out, which is why T. Koski considers them to have a fundamental ethical nature. The Finnish philosopher sees the significance of his research in the intensification of the study of the cultural content of running practices and the substantiation of the metaphysical components of stayer running, which can help to comprehend existentially important experiences for a "person running" and better understand the goals of his existence.

An integrated approach to the analysis of NRSA for translation. Mansfield Park in Spanish and German

In Jane Austen’s novels conversation provides internal evidence of the “moral and social nature of characters” (Morini, 2009, p. 9). Among the interplay of speech presentation forms (Page, 1972/2011), Narrative Report of Speech Acts (Leech & Short, 2007) has drawn less scholarly attention than others, for example Free Indirect Speech. However, NRSA condenses information about two communicative acts and therefore two addressers, namely the reporting narrator and the reported speaker (the character). Investigating this superposition of voices requires an integrative approach combining a speech-act theory analysis of the character’s speech with an analysis of both the character’s and the narrator’s dialogic stance, here set in the system of Engagement in Martin and White (2005). This paper aims to present this approach and to apply it to the description of Mansfield Park and its translations into Spanish and German. A sample of instances of NRSA and their translation solutions is analysed. While the most frequent type is literal translation, with both layers of meaning successfully reproduced, instances of translation shifts have been identified involving illocutionary force (addition, elimination or change of illocutionary features) and/or engagement value, combined with changes in certain cooccurring distancing devices. Such shifts suggest possible distortions to characterization cues.

Problems of digitalisation of monuments and electronic records of museum collections

The article is devoted to the current problems of domestic museums regarding the preservation, research, and popularization of national cultural heritage under the conditions of globalization, informatization, and digital transformation of society. The author considers the advantages and problems associated with digitizing monuments and electronic accounting of museum collections. The main goal of digital accounting and digitization of exhibits is to increase accessibility and popularization of museums, to safely storage the collections, to promote their scientific analysis and to interpret and expand opportunities for educational and cultural activities, as well as to solve problems of technical, ethical, social, legal and methodological nature that arise in the process of using digital technologies in museum business. The author offers recommendations for their solution based on the analysis of world and domestic experience, scientific sources and normative documents, as well as on his own observations. The author justifies the expediency of using an electronic accounting system for museum funds, which contributes to time economy and data protection, preservation of exhibits, and facilitates filling in and access to scientific documentation. Special attention is paid to the digitization of museum collections in the conditions of martial law and the increased threat of physical destruction of museum exhibits. In this regard, the author substantiated the priority criteria for selecting fund items for digitization, formed in the form of a graphical logical sequence. The peculiarities of the human resources aspect of digitalisation are taken into account.

Ethics as Moral Practice in Peacekeeping Missions: Insights on the Importance of Ethical Training

ABSTRACT Identifying peacekeeping as practical ethics helps analyze how the problems of existing approaches to military ethical training led to practical problems of standard setting. This article illustrates the value of understanding ethics as a theoretical framework to confront and prepare for moral practice. Pointing out the problems in terms of how military ethics ascertain the nature of ethics, the field of military ethics frames problems in ways that undermine standard settings for moral practice. Specifying these problems complements established theoretical inputs and helps peacekeepers better adjust to the moral choices and dilemmas ahead. This is particularly because military ethical training is also about coming to terms with society’s moral standards and demands that led to peacekeeping and peacebuilding missions in the first place. The article illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of this approach to military ethical training with the example of Austrian peacekeeper ethical training.

Virtue Ethics, Confucian Tradition and the General Predicament of Modern Society

This paper discusses the nature of Confucian ethics and its tense relations with modernity through analysing the arguments contained in Chen Lai’s 陈来 Confucian Theory of Virtue. The author points out that Confucian ethical theory is a kind of virtue ethics and that the distinction between public virtue and private virtue in modern moral projects necessarily leads to the elimination of the latter by the former. This is a general predicament of virtue ethics faced by modern societies.

Moral foundations of russian criminal proceedings

The article explores the problem of the relationship between morality and law in general and in criminal proceedings in particular. It is proposed to consider morality as one of principles of law, and moral consciousness – legal awareness, and on this basis it is concluded that law and legal consciousness are connected not only purely legally, but also in a moral way. That is, they have a common moral foundation, moral nature. The approach is justified, according to which the domestic model of criminal proceedings should be formed primarily taking into account the moral needs of society and the individual. The moral aspect is defined as a system-forming category for both criminal procedure law and the law enforcement authority, which in turn should serve to improve the guarantees of a fair investigation and resolution of criminal cases, and to achieve the necessary balance of public and private interests in the criminal process.

Konsep Akhlak Menurut Pemikiran Imam Al-Ghazali dan Buya Hamka (Suatu Perbandingan dengan melalui Pendekatan Filosofis)

The phenomenon of moral decline has been going on for a long time. There are various strategies and efforts made by various groups to modify current conditions. Many efforts have been made to improve the quality of education by changing the curriculum. However, of the many curriculum changes that have been made, until now the benefits have not been felt significantly. Islam has a deep understanding of education. Before starting the learning process, a student or student needs to have or learn good manners first. This has been done by Islamic scientists for a long time. The aim is none other than so that the people produced from an educational institution are people with good morals. Therefore, in this research, the researcher will discuss the concept of morals according to the thoughts of a Muslim scholar who is famous for his moral theory. Therefore, the researcher hopes that this research will be able to help in finding solutions to the current moral situation. This research uses a library research methodology with a qualitative research type, namely using a data and reading approach based on library research. Imam Al-Ghazali and Buya Hamka have similarities in their thoughts about the nature of morals, namely that they both prioritize good morals with an emphasis on human efforts to achieve moral perfection consisting of four types, namely hikmah, syajaah, 'iffah and 'adl. The difference in the moral thinking of these two figures can be seen from the background of their thinking. Imam Al-Ghazali's thoughts about morals are the result of the emergence of human life, at that time worldly life came first while life in the afterlife came second. Meanwhile, Buya Hamka's thoughts live in modern times, which coincides with the period of colonialism and Indonesian independence.

Ethical Resource Allocation in Policing: Why Policing Requires a Different Approach from Healthcare

This article examines the inherently ethical nature of resource allocation in policing. Decision-makers must make trade-offs between values such as efficiency vs. equity, individual vs. collective benefit, and adopt principles of distribution which allocate limited resources fairly. While resource allocation in healthcare has been the subject of extensive discussion in both practitioner and academic literature, ethical resource allocation in policing has received almost no attention. We first consider whether approaches used in healthcare settings would be suitable for policing. Whilst there are some high-level similarities in the relevant ethical considerations and processes—such as aiming for efficient and equitable resource deployment—there are also fundamental differences between the two settings, which we argue necessitate a different approach. These differences include: (1) greater diversity and incommensurability of the benefits of policing, (2) more frequent non-linearity in returns on policing investment, (3) greater “ethical divisibility” (permissible scaling down) of programs in policing, (4) a requirement to assess “need” for policing resources at the collective (rather than individual) level, and (5) clearer primacy of equity considerations in policing. Having drawn out the implications of these differences, we sketch some tentative proposals for ethical resource allocation in policing.

ОБ ОДНОЙ СТАРИННОЙ ПРЕМИИ ЗА КНИГУ ДЛЯ ЮНОШЕСТВА

The article is devoted to a competition announced in 1776 in Brescia for the best short stories of a moral and educational nature, intended for teenagers from 8 to 14 years old. Using this competition as an example, the process of formation of a model for the functioning of children’s literature, which was subsequently established and, in general, is still in effect, is considered. In the person of the founder of the prize, Count Carlo Bettoni (1725–1786), the society, which realized the need to create a special kind of literature for the moral and social education of young people, focused on the psychological characteristics and aesthetic needs of the young reader, encourages writers to such activities. Critics (in this case, a group of professors from the University of Padua) act as experts who evaluate the works of writers. The article examines the short stories of Francesco Soave (1743–1806), submitted to the competition and recognized as the best essay, traces his pedagogical and creative path, and reveals the innovation of his work addressed to children. The approach to creating texts for children by Soave’s main rival, Girolamo Padovani (1733–1803), who took a more conservative position in relation to children’s literature, is briefly characterized. The appendix contains short stories by Francesco Soave translated by the author of the article; these texts are published in Russian for the first time.

TRUTH, REALITY, AND LANGUAGE IN TOM STOPPARD’S JUMPERS

This study emphasizes the problem of truth, reality, and language, highly philosophical notions, as they are expressed in Jumpers (1972) by the contemporary British playwright, Tom Stoppard (1937: 87 years old). Basing our analysis on some theories of analytical philosophy and the postmodern thought, we show how Stoppard stresses, in his aforementioned play, the problem of knowledge or truth in a context where old certainties have collapsed. After displaying the intrinsic link between truth, reality, and language from a historical and philosophical perspective, the study focuses on the relativity of human knowledge, particularly with regard to questions of an ethical and/or metaphysical nature. It also shows that reality is ultimately only the subjective interpretation or representation that individuals have of facts and things. This means that it only exists in subjective consciousness and is, from this point of view, always elusive.

A Critical Evaluation of Business Ethics and Management Decisions for Retail Activities in Pakistan

A retail business is basically the business opportunity for retailers in Pakistan, it is said that when analysis is done on buyer’s requirements, that what changed the attitude and purchasing power of market in Pakistan. The competitive market has involved all segments of market in it for increasing interest of retailer to do more. Our local market activities on the basis of retail requires more effort to competitive market and variation in the market. If anybody survives its existence in the competition of businesses for acceleration in the traditional views business and business factors are based on the decision making of individuals that improved value of research. The local market opted the judgement on questionnaire but a question order to identify analysis of business and performance of market in Pakistan but the capital services, labor services and marketing services towards successful efforts for improvement of local market business. The outcome of the current analysis proved that the pattern of ethics having direct relationship with decision-making of management for local activities when data for 2017 to 2022 is analyzed, depending on marketing perspective which is more dominant and influential in Pakistan by taking facts from Lahore and Faisalabad. To understand the human nature of Business ethics and management decision, it is very important to note that the important elements of achieving retail business is showing different results for this study.

The Question of Compatibility between the Amoral Character of Modern-Institutions and the Moral Nature of Islamization-Movement

The Question of Compatibility between the Amoral Character of Modern-Institutions and the Moral Nature of Islamization-Movement

Towards an Ethics for the Healthcare Metaverse

Harnessing the metaverse for medical and healthcare purposes is currently heralded as the “next frontier in healthcare.” However, to ensure the “amazing possibilities” of the so-called “healthcare metaverse” can be fully realized, it’s vital to proactively identify and address potential challenges, especially those of an ethical nature. This paper aims to spotlight these ethical challenges within the healthcare metaverse and chart a course for confronting these issues and cultivating an ethics framework for this emerging field. We will demonstrate that the ethical quandaries within the healthcare metaverse bear striking similarities to those seen in digital medicine, an arena that grapples with vast quantities of data and the application of artificial intelligence. Reflecting on these parallels, we explore how six central ethical challenges in digital medicine – 1) accessibility, 2) fairness, 3) discrimination and bias, 4) responsibility, 5) privacy, data safety and security, and data ownership, as well as 6) environmental issues – unfold within the healthcare metaverse’s virtual boundaries and show that the metaverse’s immersive nature further intensifies these ethical challenges. In view of this, we advocate that the next phase in forging ethics for the healthcare metaverse involves a nuanced reconsideration of current ethical methods and principles in digital medicine, with an emphasis on the immersive element of the metaverse. We foresee the concept of embodiment within virtual settings to be at the heart of this immersion-focused reassessment.

CODE OF ETHICS FOR TEACHERS IN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS

Currently, there are many problems of an ethical nature, so it is necessary to look for possible solutions. One of them is the code of ethics, which forces people to reflect on their mission and the duties they have towards the environment that surrounds them. The code of ethics of a Catholic school teacher is specific in comparison with other professional codes, because in the behavior and actions of a Christian teacher, everyone should see an evangelical person.

Reflections on Morality-as-cooperation Theory: Curry's Interpretation of Morality, Evolutionary Ethics, and Consequentialism

Morality-as-cooperation theory is an evolutionary moral theory that emphasizes the influence of individual thinking and character on moral behavior. It suggests that morality is shaped by cognitive abilities, social norms, and cultural values, with individuals motivated by both their interests and the welfare of others. Character plays a crucial role in providing consistency and stability in moral actions. However, the theory inherits flaws from evolutionary ethics and consequentialism, leading to the naturalistic fallacy. This theory fails to distinguish between natural facts and moral values, overlooking normative morality. It lacks attention to moral values and normativity, essential aspects of any moral theory. Additionally, its consequentialist character equates cooperation with moral normality, ignoring the distinction between morally "good" and "bad" cooperation. To address these shortcomings, it should explore the moral values behind cooperative behaviors and differentiate descriptive and normative morality. It should consider culture, beliefs, and rationality as vital factors in moral development, along with evolutionary processes. Avoiding the naturalistic fallacy requires analyzing the moral nature of cooperation and its various consequences. The theory offers valuable insights into moral behavior formation, considering individual thinking and character alongside external influences.

Ethical Leadership: The Role of Ethical Competencies in Doctoral Supervision Context in Canada

Due to the influence factor in leader-follower relationships, leadership is an ethical undertaking by nature. In doctoral supervision, ethics are a critical competency, especially since it is an authoritative leadership context based on positional power. Doctoral supervisors have the power to impact their students’ well-being and performance, which means that ethics and ethical leadership could be the most important competency that can make the difference in effective supervision. In this chapter, we examined the nature of ethics and ethical leadership in doctoral supervision based on the supervisors’ and doctoral students’ lived experiences and perspectives. Data analysis of the participant’ responses revealed the importance of key ethical competencies in the context of graduate supervision: commitment, stewardship, honesty, justice/fairness, benevolence, nonmaleficence, respect, and autonomy. The data have shown that these competencies are vital within the doctoral supervision context as they can help maintain students’ well-being and enhance their performance. Findings suggest that attention to ethical practices is key to the development of positive supervisory relationships and the implementation of successful doctoral programs.

The poverty of ethical AI: impact sourcing and AI supply chains

AbstractImpact sourcing is the practice of employing socio-economically disadvantaged individuals at business process outsourcing centres to reduce poverty and create secure jobs. One of the pioneers of impact sourcing is Sama, a training-data company that focuses on annotating data for artificial intelligence (AI) systems and claims to support an ethical AI supply chain through its business operations. Drawing on fieldwork undertaken at three of Sama’s East African delivery centres in Kenya and Uganda and follow-up online interviews, this article interrogates Sama’s claims regarding the benefits of its impact sourcing model. Our analysis reveals alarming accounts of low wages, insecure work, a tightly disciplined labour management process, gender-based exploitation and harassment and a system designed to extract value from low-paid workers to produce profits for investors. We argue that competitive market-based dynamics generate a powerful force that pushes such companies towards limiting the actual social impact of their business model in favour of ensuring higher profit margins. This force can be resisted, but only through countervailing measures such as pressure from organised workers, civil society, or regulation. These findings have broad implications related to working conditions for low-wage data annotators across the sector and cast doubt on the ethical nature of AI products that rely on this form of AI data work.

The Grounding Problem of Equal Respect

In this paper, I explore three theories of value to illuminate how nontheistic and theistic accounts may differ in grounding human dignity: neo- Aristotelian ethical naturalism, Kantian constructivism, and a theistic account of good simpliciter. The theistic account of good simpliciter that I offer adapts Robert Adams’s notion of the transcendent Good as the Excellent. In this account, I explain how Adams’ thesis that goodness is a property consisting in a sort of resemblance to God may be understood in a new way, using ideas drawn from contemporary mathematics and quantum mechanics. On my account, we must value human beings neither because such valuing would be beneficial or necessary for human flourishing nor because it is a logical outcome of anything we care to value. Rather it is because we recognize the property of self-similarity in all of us, which may be understood as a resemblance to God as good simpliciter.

Ethnography and ethical life

AbstractThis is a reflection on the relationship between ethnography (as practice and as product) and ethical life. I suggest that there are values internal to the practice of ethnography as fieldwork, as writing, and as reading, irrespective of the historically situated objects and values of ethnography external to it. I summarize my understanding of ethical life as it emerged from my ethnographic experience and reading, focusing on acts of practical judgment and their consequences. I reflect briefly on the ethical nature of ethnographic practice itself.

Accounting as a means to legitimacy: the case of internally generated intangibles

Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify the norms that underlie and condition the decisions made by preparers of financial reports. Design/methodology/approach This interview-based study illustrates how financial report preparers engage in behaviors linked to the perception of recognition and measurement of internally generated intangible assets by important stakeholders. All of the companies included in the study adhere to International Financial Reporting Standards when creating their consolidated financial statements. The participants selected for the study are involved in accounting decisions related to research and development in accordance with International Accounting Standard (IAS) 38. Findings The authors identify the normative assumptions underlying the recognition and measurement of internally generated intangibles, which are based on concerns of consistency, credibility and reasonableness. The authors find that the normative basis for legitimacy in financial accounting is primarily related to cognitive legitimacy and is not of a moral or pragmatic nature. Originality/value The study reveals that recognition and measurement of internally generated intangibles in financial accounting relate to legitimacy. The authors identify specific norms that form the basis of this legitimacy, namely, consistency, credibility and reasonableness. These identified norms serve as constraints, mitigating the risk of judgment misuse within the IAS 38 framework for earnings management.