Surface passivation has significantly increased the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the most advanced methods of surface passivation depend on ammonium ligands that can lose protons under light and heat. Here, a dual-molecule approach for surface passivation is presented by combining 4-methylpyridine-3-sulfonic acid (MPSA) with ethanolamine hydrochloride (EOACl). The sulfonic acid group of MPSA provides additional protons and thus prevents the loss of protons from ammonium cations. This method reduces the deprotonation equilibrium constant of the ligands by more than 10-fold. At the same time, EOA⁺, with its strong molecular dipole (6.72 D) and high adsorption energy (ΔE = -2.68eV), exhibits excellent field effect and chemical passivation. The enhanced perovskite solar cells achieved a PCE of 26.04%, with the encapsulated devices retaining 91.2% of their original PCE after 1100 h of MPPT operation. After 800 h of thermal aging in a dark, inert atmosphere at 85°C, the efficiency also remained at 90.3%, showing much improved stability for practical applications.

Abstract. The density is one of the important physical property essential in effective design and development of new processes to capture CO2 from various industrial processes such as post combustion (power plants). The usual practice is to measure the densities of the solvent but sometime it is not practically possible to measure the density due to limited resources. Therefore, it is important to develop estimation methods to predict the important physical properties of solvents such deep eutectic solvents. In this work, the densities of deep eutectic solvent consist of Ethanolamine hydrochloride (EAHC) and Diethylenetriamine (DETA) at ratio 1:9 with 30 % water by volume was predicted at various temperature ranging from 290 K to 350 K which is usually the operating temperature range of absorber and desorber. The critical properties of salt DETA and hydrogen bond donor (EAHC) were estimated using the modified Joback-Reid method, while for aqueous DES, Lee-Kesler method was employed. The Rackett equation was employed to predict the densities of the aqueous DES (EAHC:DETA, 1:9) at various temperatures. The estimated densities were compared with the measured density data and a good agreement was found which is evident from the R2 values and anova analysis.

The promotion mechanism of ethylene glycol on the absorption and desorption performance of CO2 in ethanolamine hydrochloride based deep eutectic solvents

Surface composition of mixed self-assembled monolayers on Au by infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy

In this work, vapor–liquid and vapor–solid equilibrium pressure and enthalpies of amine hydrochlorides were determined using a thermogravimetric method. Ferrocene was used as the reference compound to determine the calibration constant k. Then, ammonium bromide, ammonium chloride and benzoic acid were used for testing the k-ferrocene. Experimental vapor–solid equilibrium pressure of methylamine hydrochloride obtained in this study showed good agreement with recent literature data. For the other substances investigated, ethanolamine hydrochloride, pyridine hydrochloride, and trimethylamine hydrochloride, no reliable equilibrium data is available in the open literature. Among these substances, ethanolamine hydrochloride was found to be the less volatile, followed by methylamine, trimethylamine, and pyridine hydrochloride. Regarding the equilibrium enthalpies found in this work, all salts have shown a similar value. This can be explained by the similar reaction (dissociation) that takes place for these substances.

Protic ethanolamine hydrochloride-based deep eutectic solvents for highly efficient and reversible absorption of NH3

Improving the selectivity by using different blocking agents in DNA hybridization assays for SiGe bio-molecular sensors

Whereas prion replication involves structural rearrangement of cellular prion protein (PrP(C)), the existence of conformational epitopes remains speculative and controversial, and PrP transformation is monitored by immunoblot detection of PrP(27-30), a protease-resistant counterpart of the pathogenic scrapie form (PrP(Sc)) of PrP. We now describe the involvement of specific amino acids in conformational determinants of novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised against randomly chimeric PrP. Epitope recognition of two mAbs depended on polymorphisms controlling disease susceptibility. Detection by one, referred to as PRC5, required alanine and asparagine at discontinuous mouse PrP residues 132 and 158, which acquire proximity when residues 126-218 form a structured globular domain. The discontinuous epitope of glycosylation-dependent mAb PRC7 also mapped within this domain at residues 154 and 185. In accordance with their conformational dependence, tertiary structure perturbations compromised recognition by PRC5, PRC7, as well as previously characterized mAbs whose epitopes also reside in the globular domain, whereas conformation-independent epitopes proximal or distal to this region were refractory to such destabilizing treatments. Our studies also address the paradox of how conformational epitopes remain functional following denaturing treatments and indicate that cellular PrP and PrP(27-30) both renature to a common structure that reconstitutes the globular domain.

The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a pattern-recognition receptor that binds to diverse ligands and initiates a downstream proinflammatory signaling cascade. RAGE activation has been linked to diabetic complications, Alzheimer disease, infections, and cancers. RAGE is known to mediate cell signaling and downstream proinflammatory gene transcription activation, although the precise mechanism surrounding receptor-ligand interactions is still being elucidated. Recent fluorescence resonance energy transfer evidence indicates that RAGE may form oligomers on the cell surface and that this could be related to signal transduction. To investigate whether RAGE forms oligomers, protein-protein interaction assays were carried out. Here, we demonstrate the interaction between RAGE molecules via their N-terminal V domain, which is an important region involved in ligand recognition. By protein cross-linking using water-soluble and membrane-impermeable cross-linker bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate and nondenaturing gels, we show that RAGE forms homodimers at the plasma membrane, a process potentiated by S100B and advanced glycation end products. Soluble RAGE, the RAGE inhibitor, is also capable of binding to RAGE, similar to V peptide, as shown by surface plasmon resonance. Incubation of cells with soluble RAGE or RAGE V domain peptide inhibits RAGE dimerization, subsequent phosphorylation of intracellular MAPK proteins, and activation of NF-kappaB pathways. Thus, the data indicate that dimerization of RAGE represents an important component of RAGE-mediated cell signaling.

Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a 188 amino acid, 25 kDa protein belonging to the lipocalin protein superfamily. Although predominantly associated with high density lipoprotein, apoM is found in all major lipoprotein classes. To facilitate clinical studies of apoM, we have developed a sandwich ELISA for the measurement of apoM in human plasma. This method has been used to investigate normal apoM variation and to establish reference values for healthy individuals through the measurement of 598 samples from the Nordic Reference Interval Project Bio-bank and Database (NOBIDA) biobank. For women 18-49 years old, the reference interval for apoM was 0.58-1.18 micromol/l, whereas for women 50+ years and for men, the reference range was 0.61-1.30 micromol/l. Correlation studies of apoM with 26 common clinical chemical analytes from the NOBIDA database revealed a marked positive correlation with plasma total cholesterol (r = 0.52) and LDL and HDL cholesterol (r = 0.43 and 0.36, respectively). There was no statistically significant correlation with HDL/total cholesterol ratio or body mass index. In conclusion, a sandwich ELISA for the measurement of apoM in human plasma shows that apoM concentration is strongly correlated to total cholesterol in healthy individuals.

Ethanolamine kinase catalyzes the first step in the CDP-ethanolamine pathway for the formation of the major membrane phospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn). In this work, the predicted Etnk2 cDNA was established as a soluble protein with ethanolamine-specific kinase activity that was most highly expressed in liver. Mice with an inactivated Etnk2 gene were derived, and its absence reduced the rate of PtdEtn synthesis from exogenous ethanolamine in hepatocytes. PtdEtn is a major precursor to phosphatidylcholine in liver; however, Etnk2(-/-) mice did not have reduced amounts of either PtdEtn or phosphatidylcholine or an altered phospholipid molecular species distribution. The knock-out animals were able to adapt to a choline-deficient diet. The Etnk2(-/-) mice exhibited a maternal-specific intrauterine growth retardation phenotype that resulted in a 33% reduction in litter size and frequent perinatal death. Histological analysis of pregnant Etnk2(-/-) females showed that fetal development failed at the late stage of pregnancy in a significant percentage of embryos because of the appearance of extensive placental thrombosis. These results illustrate a non-redundant role for EtnK2 expression in regulating placental hemostasis.

Although homo- or heterodimerization are common mechanisms for activation of cytokine receptors, cross-talk between two distinct receptors in this superfamily has been never shown. Here we show a physiologically relevant example indicating that such an interaction does occurs, thus raising the hypothesis that heterodimerization between distinct cytokine receptors may be a novel mechanism contributing to the diversity of cytokine signaling. These findings were documented using both surface plasmon resonance and gel filtration experiments and show that ovine placental lactogen (PL) heterodimerizes the extracellular domains (ECDs) of ruminant growth hormone receptor (GHR) and prolactin receptor (PRLR). We also show that PL or PL analogues that exhibit little or no activity in cells transfected with PRLRs and no activity in cells transfected with ovine GHRs exhibit largely enhanced activity in cells cotransfected with both PRLRs and GHRs. Furthermore, chimeric receptors consisting of cytosolic and transmembrane part of ovine GHR or ovine PRLR and ECDs of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (GM-CSFR) alpha or beta were constructed. Upon transfection into Chinese hamster ovary cells along with reporter luciferase gene and stimulation by GM-CSF, a significant increase in luciferase activity occurred when GM-CSFR-alpha-PRLR and GM-CSFR-beta-GHR or GM-CSFR-alpha-GHR and GM-CSRR-beta-PRLR were cotransfected. In conclusion, we show that ovine PL is capable of functional heterodimerization of GHR and PRLR and that when their cytosolic parts, coupled to the ECD of GM-CSF receptors, are heterodimerized by GM-CSF, they are capable of transducing biological signal.

A low molecular weight, heat-resistant hepatotrophic factor in an extract from the bovine intestinal mucosa was purified and identified as ethanolamine by structural analyses. The mode of action of ethanolamine in vitro and in vivo coincided with that of the crude extract of the tissue, indicating that ethanolamine is the active component. Ethanolamine synergistically elevated the stimulation of DNA synthesis in hepatocytes in primary culture when added together with a growth factor, such as epidermal growth factor, with the ED50 being 20 microM, although it showed little stimulatory effect by itself. Contrary to these in vitro results, the intraperitoneal administration of ethanolamine hydrochloride (24 mg of ethanolamine per kg of body weight) enhanced hepatocyte proliferation in regenerating rat livers after two-thirds hepatectomy without the administration of any growth factors. In the regenerating liver, hepatocyte proliferation may be initiated by an endogenous growth factor, but the supply of ethanolamine in circulation may not be sufficient for optimal hepatocyte proliferation; thus, the exogenous administration of ethanolamine may further enhance hepatocyte proliferation. Ethanolamine in circulation may be a humoral hepatotrophic factor.

Abstract An unusual police exhibit having the physical appearance, color, and odor of methamphetamine hydrochloride was identified unequivocally on the basis of combined evidence from 1H- and 13C-NMR, mass, and infrared spectroscopic examination as N-(2-hydroxyethyl)amphetamine hydrochloride (HEA·HCl). A minor contaminant of the exhibit was similarly identified as ethanolamine hydrochloride (HE·HCl), suggesting synthesis via reductive amination of phenylacetone. Relevant spectroscopic data (1H-, 13C-NMR, mass, and FT-IR) and spectra are presented.

Novelty: An antibiotic compound, 1 -[4-hydroxy-5-aminoethyloxy-N2-(10.12-dimethyl-1-oxotetradecyl)omithine]-5-(3-hydroxyglu~mine)-6-(3-hydroxyproline)echinocandin B, is disclosed. The compound has potential in the therapy of human mycotic infections and may be used for inhibiting or alleviating Pneurnacysris carinii infections, prevalent in immuno compromised patients.Biology: The antifungal ability of the compound was determined against many strains using microbroth dilution assay. Results showed the minimal fungicidal concentration against Candida albicans MY 1055 was 0.125 μg/ml. The lytic activity of the compound was also assayed. The minimum lytic concentration to produce complete or partial lysis of red blood cells was 400 mg/ml.Chemistry: The process for the preparation of the compound comprises reacting 1 -[4,5-dihydroxy-N2-(10,12-dimethyl-1-oxotetradecyl)ornithineJ-5-(3-hydroxy-glutamine)-6-(3-hydr-oxypro1ine)echinocandin B with ethanolamine hydrochloride, in the presence of strong acid in an aprotic polar solvent.

Subfractionation of clarified cotyledon homogenates of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings on sucrose gradients revealed a single coincident peak of cholinephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.2) (CPT) and ethanolaminephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.1) (EPT) activities, which equilibrated with the main peak of Antimycin A-insensitive NADH:cytochrome c reductase (CCR) activity. The small percentage of CPT and EPT activities (less than 5% of the total) in glyoxysome-enriched pellets equilibrated with cytochrome c oxidase activity, not with catalase activity. Preincubation of microsomes (containing 83% of total CPT and EPT activities) in 0.2 millimolar MgCl(2) followed by subfractionation on sucrose gradients resulted in peak CPT and EPT activities equilibrating with peak CCR activity at 24% (w/w) sucrose. Preincubation of microsomes with (14)C-CDPcholine (or (14)C-CDPethanolamine) resulted in synthesis and incorporation of (14)C-phosphatidylcholine (PC) (or (14)C-phosphatidylethanolamine, PE) into membranes at the same density. Increasing the Mg(2+) concentration to 2.0 millimolar facilitated binding of ribosomes and caused a concomitant shift in density (to 34% w/w sucrose) of peak CPT, EPT, and CCR activities. Under these conditions, newly synthesized and incorporated (14)C-PC (or PE) was recovered in these membranes. Transmission electron microscopy of this fraction confirmed binding of ribosomes to membranes. Radiolabeling in vivo of cotyledons with [methyl-(14)C] choline chloride or [1,2 ethanolamine-(14)C] ethanolamine hydrochloride resulted in a linear incorporation of radiolabel into PC or PE in a time dependent manner. Subfractionation of homogenates of radiolabeled cotyledons on sucrose gradients showed that membranes sedimenting at 24% (w/w) sucrose (ER) contained the majority of radiolabeled PC and PE with a minor peak at 40% (w/w) sucrose (mitochondria), but no radioactive PC or PE was recovered in glyoxysomes. These results indicate that ER in cotyledons of germinated cotton seedlings is the primary subcellular site of PC and PE synthesis. This is similar to the situation in endosperm tissue but distinctly different from root and hypocotyl tissue where Golgi are a major subcellular site of PC and PE synthesis.

[6-3H]3′-[3-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-3′-deoxythymidine ([3H]3′-CTNU) radiolabelled with 3H in the carbamoylating moiety has been synthesized in high yield by conversion of tritiated 3′-amino-3′-deoxythymidine([3H]3′-ATdR) to [6-3H]3′-[3-(2-chloroethylureido)]-3′-deoxythymidine ([3H]3′-UTdR), followed by nitrosation with N2O3 gas. The title compound radiolabelled with 14C in the alkylating moiety was prepared by conversion of [2-14C]ethanolamine hydrochloride to [1-14C]chloroethylamine hydrochloride, followed by reaction with phosgene to yield [1-14C] chloroethyl isocyanate. This was converted to 3′-3-([1-14C] 2-chloroethylureido)-3′-deoxythymidine([14C]3′-UTdR), and nitrosated to afford 3′-[3-([1-14C] 2-chloroethyl) -3-nitrosoureido]-3′-deoxythymidine ([14C]3′-CTNU). HPLC methodology was developed for the purification of intermediate and final products.

SUMMARYIsolated purified fractions containing haustorial complexes and mesophyll protoplasts were used to investigate the relative affinities in vitro of the host‐parasite interface and host for the mildew specific fungicide, ethirimol. Compounds labelled with [14C] were used throughout this study.Isolated haustorial complexes accumulated fungicide against a concentration gradient and, in 15 min, to much higher concentrations than they accumulated glucose, sucrose, uracil, glycine, ethanolamine hydrochloride, inulin carboxylic acid, thiocyanate ions or uridine diphosphate glucose. Accumulation of ethirimol ceased after 30 min when the internal concentration was over twenty times greater than in the ambient medium. Similar quantities were absorbed in 15 min at pH 4.2 and 6–2. The quantities absorbed during 1 h incubation were directly related to the ambient concentration (4–400 μm). Ethirimol introduced into haustorial complexes was easily removed by washing; one third was removed in the first 5 min and only one sixth of the original remained after 3 h. Analysis of the kinetics of ethirimol efflux showed that it was located in two compartments within the complexes; thus it most probably entered the fungal cytoplasam.Ethirimol entered pea mesophyll protoplasts showing biphasic kinetics with considerable uptake in the first 30 min and a more gradual influx during the following 18 h. It was not accumulated against a concentration gradient until 6 h and after 18 h the internal concentration exceeded that of the ambient by only 1.74 fold.Extraction and chromatography showed that only small proportions of the ethirimol were degraded by haustorial complexes and protoplasts during the experimental periods.These in vitro experiments indicate competitive accumulation of ethirimol by the host‐parasite interface in vivo.

Antianaphylactic and antiserotonin activity of a compound obtained from egg yolk, peanut oil, and soybean lecithin

Abstract Lewisite I, containing a small proportion of Lewisite II, is readily obtained in good yield by passing acetylene into a vigorously stirred mixture of arsenious chloride in carbon tetrachloride and a concentrated solution of cuprous chloride in aqueous ethanolamine hydrochloride. The reaction is most conveniently carried out continuously.