Ethanol Extract Of Flowers Research Articles

Optimization of Chlorogenic Acid in Ethanol Extracts from Elderberry Flowers (Sambucus nigra L.) under Different Conditions: Response Surface Methodology

The characteristics of elderberries and their flowers as well as selected properties of chlorogenic acid related to phenolic compounds are described. The aim of this study was to optimize the content of chlorogenic acid in ethanol extracts of elderberry flowers using the response surface methodology (RSM). The experiment was carried out with four research variants: fresh raw material treated with warm ethanol (50 °C) or cold ethanol (25 °C) and the same procedure for raw material that was frozen for a month and then dried. For each variant, nine methods of obtaining extracts were prepared using three different ethanol concentrations by volume (40, 68 or 95%) and three different extraction times (7, 20 or 30 days). Higher contents of chlorogenic acid were found in variants treated with warm ethanol (106.3 to 384.8 µg/cm3) in comparison to the samples treated with cold ethanol (60.77 to 298.3 µg/cm3). Optimization models of the response surface showed that with small losses of efficiency, the extraction process can be carried out for up to 20 days (instead of 30) with the use of ethanol with a concentration of approx. 68% (instead of 95%). The optimization of the efficiency of technological processes in the processing of herbs can be supported by the use of the response surface methodology.

Characteristic of the Ethanol Extract of Carthamus tinctorius L. Flowers and its Antioxidant Activity

Safflower plant (Carthamus tinctorius L.) has been reported to be effective for treating people with measles, hypertension, stomach ache, malaria and cholesterol issues. This study aims to assess specific and non-specific parameters of characteristics for the ethanol extract of C. tinctorius L. flowers and its antioxidant properties. The specific parameters include the extract’s organoleptic properties, while the non-specific parameters include the drying shrinkage, microbial contamination content, ash content, as well as the extract’s solubility in water and ethanol according to Materia Medica Indonesia and Pharmacopeia Herbal Indonesia. An antioxidant activity assay was performed using the DPPH method. According to the results, the deep red, viscous organoleptic extract had a distinctive odor, as well as an astringent or chelate taste, and an Rf value of 0.79. Furthermore, the extract contained 0.12% of water-soluble compounds, 0.22% ethanol-soluble compounds, and several phytochemical groups, including flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, tannins, quinones, and steroids. According to the non-specific parameters, the extracts demonstrated 1.02%, 0.2237%, 0.96%, 0.23%, and 0.91% for weight, acid-insoluble ash content, dry shrinkage, ash content, and water content, respectively. Meanwhile, the microbial contaminant load was ˂ 1.0 × 10-1 colony/mL, alongside ˂ 1.0 × 10-1 colony/mL of mold/yeast. The C. tinctorius L. ethanol extract was observed to show significant antioxidant activities, evidenced by an IC50 which measured 2.511ppm, based on DPPH analysis. A similar outcome was also reported for the ethanol flower extract, which was further determined to fulfil both non-specific and specific standardization parameters.

Cytotoxicity Effects Of Ethanolic Extract Of Punica Granatum Var. Pleniflora On Mcf-7 Compared With L929 Cells

Abstract Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and has the highest mortality rate in women.Most of the methods used in cancer therapy have significant side effects. In recent years, the use of medicinal plants and products derived from them to prevent, treat and also manage the side effects of cancer has been considered. Pomegranates include a variety of phytochemical and phenolic substances. This study was aimed to investigate the impact of pomegranate flower ethanolic extract on breast cancer cells (human breast cancer cell line). Initially, ethanolic extracts of P. granatum flowers were extracted from its dried powders. Using the 3-(4, 5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide test, the cytotoxic effects of the ethanolic extract of pomegranate flowers were evaluated in human breast cancer cell line compared with normal mouse fibroblast cells. According to our findings, Punica granatum ethanolic extracts are less toxic to normal cells compared to human breast cancer cell line. Consequently, the minimum and maximum lethal concentrations of the P. granatum flower in normal cells were identified to be 150 and 450 μg/ml, whereas the minimum and maximum lethal concentrations were determined to be 700 and 1000 μg/ml in human breast cancer cell line. The present study showed that pomegranate flower has anti-breast cancer potential. This potential benefit can be further examined in future research.

ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLES - CAULIFLOWER, BROCCOLI

Objectives: This work aims to analyze the antibacterial and antifungal activities of cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower and broccoli. Methods: Cruciferous vegetables act as a good source of natural antioxidants due to their high levels of carotenoids, tocopherols, and ascorbic acid. In this study, two cruciferous vegetables, such as cauliflower and broccoli, were selected for antibacterial and anti-fungal studies. The stems, flowers of cauliflower, and broccoli were extracted with 125 mL of ethanol and water by Soxhlet’s apparatus for 6 h. Mueller Hinton agar and Sabouraud’s dextrose agar medium were used for antibacterial and antifungal activity, respectively. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of each cauliflower, broccoli stem, and flower extract were determined using a modified Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Standard antibiotics, gentamicin (25 μg/mL), and fluconazole (25 μg/mL) served as positive controls for antibacterial and antifungal activity, respectively. Results: Broccoli stem (100 μg/mL) ethanol extract produced higher antibacterial activity (13 mm) against Escherichia coli. Cauliflower, flower (100 μg/mL) ethanol extract produced higher antibacterial activity (13 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. Broccoli flower (100 μg/mL) ethanol extract produced higher antifungal activity (14 mm) against Candida albicans. According to the results obtained from this project, broccoli stems and flower ethanol extracts show very good antibacterial activity against Gram-negative microorganisms such as E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Similarly, cauliflower, flower ethanol extract shows excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis and S. aureus. Conclusion: Further analysis is recommended for the identification of active constituents responsible for these activities.

Wound Healing Activity of the Clitoria ternatea L. flower Ethanolic extract gel preparation in Diabetic Animal Model

The objective of the study was to determine the wound healing activity of the Clitoria ternate L. flower ethanolic extract in the gel preparation in a diabetic animal model. We conducted an optimization of the gel preparations from various concentration of carbomer (0, 5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%) and triethanolamine (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%) through stability study. The best formula gel was used as a basis for the Clitoria ternatea L extract in the wound healing activity study. We divided the animals into six groups, namely negative (placebo), positive (bioplacenton® gel), test I (Clitoria ternate L flower extract gel 5%), test II (Clitoria ternate L flower extract gel 10%), and test III (Clitoria ternate L flower extract gel 15%), and normal control group. All of these groups were induced by alloxan (170mg/kg BW i.p) to make diabetic (>200mg/dL), except for the normal group. Afterward, these diabetic animals were made a 2cm long wound incision using a sterile scalpel on the back, then followed by the administration of the preparations twice a day depending of the groups for 14 days. The study showed carbomer 1% and triethanolamine 1.5% formula was gave the best gel formulation with fulfilled value of viscosity, pH, homogeneity, consistency, and organoleptic parameters. Moreover, the wound healing study showed Clitoria ternate L. flower ethanolic extract gel 15% exhibited the best wound healing activity in the diabetic animal model significantly (p<0.05) than negative, normal, and test II, but not significantly different with positive and test I (p>0.05). The complete healing time and wound healing average percentage for the negative, positive, test I, test II, test III, and normal groups were >14 days (undefined), 13 days, 14 days, 14 days, and 10 days, and 47%, 52%, 59%, 49%, 63%, respectively. The Clitoria ternate L flower extract gel 15% is very potential in topical medication for diabetic wounds.

Antioxidant Potential, Anthelmintic Activity and Quantification of Total Phenols, Tannins, Flavonoids of E. milii Leaf and Flower Extracts

Plants possess a diverse biologically active compound that exhibits high antioxidant activity. The purpose of antioxidant studies of plants is to reveal the significance of the plants as a reservoir of new antioxidant substances and to entail them in treatment of diverse medical ailments. The current research investigates the antioxidant prospect of E. milii leaves and flowers. These leaves and flowers of E. milii were excerpted using various solvents of various polarities. The antioxidant action of the E. milii leaf and flower extracts was determined using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The results of antioxidant screening revealed that the aerial parts of the plant i.e., leaf and flower have prominent antioxidant properties. In-vitro anthelmintic activity results confirmed the potential bioactivity of E. milii leaf and flower extracts and could be a promising source for the development of effective anthelmintic drugs. The total flavonoid, tannin, and phenolic contents of the plant extracts were evaluated spectrophotometrically and found a positive relationship between these phytochemicals and the antioxidant activity. Ethyl alcohol extract of a leaf and acetone extract of flower contained the highest concentration of flavonoids. The maximum range of phenolics was observed in ethyl alcohol solvent extract of a leaf and methanol extract of the flower. The most elevated concentration of tannins was recorded in ethyl acetate extract of leaves and ethanol extract of flowers. The existence of phytochemical constituents and high antioxidant activity convinces the anthelmintic potential of E. milii aerial parts. The present study justifies the traditional use of E. milii to treat helminthic diseases.

Investigation on Anti-Ulcer Activity of Rhododendron Arboreum Flower in Wistar Rat

Peptic ulcers, or open sores in the stomach or duodenum, can cause a great deal of discomfort. What's more, it affects a disproportionately significant percentage of people worldwide. Preliminary phytochemical study revealed that the Ethanol flower extract of Rhododendron arboretum (ELRA) is rich in Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, reducing sugars, and glycosides, all of which have been linked to poor dietary habits, prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), stress, and infection. ELRA's significant antiulcer and wound healing actions may be due to the presence of flavonoids and saponins, as suggested by preliminary phytochemical data. This study lends credence to the long-held belief that Rhododendron arboreum flower is an excellent herbal therapy for the treatment of peptic ulcers. More conclusive research on the therapeutic efficacies of Rhododendron arboretum flower is needed, specifically regarding the plant's efficacy, protection, and in vivo toxicity. This research suggests that Rhododendron arboreum ethanol floral extract (ELRA) may be useful for the treatment of peptic ulcers.

Chemical Constituents Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of the Leaves and Flowers from Gardenia carinata Wallich

Abstract The essential oil of the leaves was isolated by hydrodistillation and the ethanolic extract of the flowers from Gardenia carinata Wallich. were analyzed for the first time using GC and GC-MS. For the leaves essential oil: Seventeen compounds were detected and eleven compounds were identified, corresponding to 71.10% of the total chromatographical oil compounds. The major constituents were phytol (13.80%), 3-hexene-1-ol, benzoate (12.50%), vitispirane (8.00%), hexadecanal (7.90%), β-damascenone (3.90%) and (E,E)-α-farnesene (3.80%). For the flowers extract: Seventeen compounds were identified, constituting 37.5% of the total chromatographical components. The typical compounds were heneicosane (9.70%), ethyl linolenate (5.70%), squalene (5.70%), 4-allylphenol (5.40%), stigmasterol (2.10%), n-docosane (1.60%), lupenone (1.40%), hexadecanoic acid (0.90%) and compesterol (0.70%). The leaves essential oil showed antibacterial activity against both Gram positive S. aureus with the most potent activity at 18.7 µg/disc, and Gram negative E. coli with an activity of 17.6 µg/disc. The oil was not active against Gram negative P. aeruginosa. The antioxidant activity of the leave essential oil and the ethanolic flower extract were evaluated by using the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay. The leave essential oil showed medium antioxidant activity with the IC50 value of 15.24 ± 0.08 and 10.88 ± 0.05 mg/mL. The ethanolic flower extract possessed high antioxidant activity with the IC50 value of 3.68 ± 0.03 and 2.53 ± 0.03 mg/mL. Keywords: Gardenia carinata, GC-MS, Leave essential oil and ethanolic flowers extract, Antibacterial and antioxidant activities.

Ethanolic extract of Etlingera elatior flower exhibits anthelmintic properties to Fasciola gigantica in vitro.

Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease affecting the hepatobiliary system of livestock worldwide. The control of the fluke is important to be performed in endemic regions. This study aims to evaluate the effect of Etlingera elatior ethanolic extract on egg and adult stadia of Fasciola gigantica. Fasciola gigantica in different stages were incubated with E. elatior ethanolic extract in different concentrations and time points. The number of developed eggs with different concentrations of 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5% was significantly decreased by 36.67%, 56.67%, and 56.67% on day 11 post-incubation, which showed an ovicidal effect of the herb. The developed eggs on day 14, which were represented by hatched larvae, were also decreased by 70%, 50%, and 13.33%, respectively. Significant flukicidal effects were observed in the incubation time of 80 minutes for the concentration of 20% (p = 0.007) and 640 minutes for 10% concentration (p = 0.003). Surface microscopy of adult F. gigantica showed damaged skin and spina with the erosion of the inner membrane and detached syncytium from the tegument. Overall, the results indicate that E. elatior has a promising anthelmintic property against F. gigantica in both ova and adult stages.

"Carotenoids Content in Plant Organs of Taraxacum Officinale (L.) Species from Two Romanian Regions"

"Carotenoids are pigments that occur naturally in bacteria, algae, fungi and plants and give them their orange or red colour. The most important carotenoids that have beneficial effects on human health are beta-carotene, lutein, astaxanthin, lycopene and zeaxanthin. The main advantage of carotenoids lies in their antioxidant potential, the role of protecting the body's cells from damage by unstable oxygen molecules. The present paper presents the comparative content of carotenoid-type bioactive compounds present in the hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from different plant organs (roots, leaves and flowers) of the species Taraxacum officinale (L.), dandelion. The plant product was collected from the spontaneous flora, the southern area of Dobrogea, Constanța county and from the eastern area of Transylvania, Harghita county, in May 2022. The obtained hydroalcoholic extracts of 10% concentration in 50% ethanol and respectively 70% ethanol, using the cold maceration method, in the dark, for 14 days, were analysed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry to determine the total content of carotenoids, beta-carotene and lutein. Total carotenoids content was higher in ethanolic extracts of roots and flowers of plants collected from the southern area of Dobrogea, and for the leaves the content of total carotenoids was higher in the ethanolic extracts of the plants collected from the eastern area of Transylvania. The differential distribution observed in terms of the carotenoids content present in the various plant organs of the species Taraxacum officinale (L.), may be due to the influence of the climate and the type of soil characteristic of the two studied areas. Enriching the database regarding the concentration of analysed carotenoid-type bioactive principles can contribute to the development and testing of hypotheses about the therapeutic potential of this valuable component of the Romanian spontaneous flora."

Exploring the potential of Crotalaria juncea flower extracts as a source of antioxidants, antimicrobials, and cytoprotective agents for biomedical applications.

Plants provide an unlimited source of bioactive compounds, possessing tremendous applications in the pharmaceutical industry. In the search for sources of antioxidants and antimicrobial agents against human pathogens, ethanol extracts of Crotalaria juncea flowers (CJ flower extract) were evaluated. The highest total phenolic (5.65 μg GAE/ml) and flavonoid (0.43 μg QE/ml) contents were observed in the 100 μg/ml CJ flower extract. To assess antioxidant activity, three in vitro antioxidant tests were employed: DPPH radical-scavenging, ABTS+ radical-scavenging, and hydroxyl radical-scavenging assay. The CJ flower extract demonstrated significant (P < 0.05) antioxidant activity, dependent on the percentage of solvent extraction and the specific assays utilized. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained with 100% ethanol extraction and using the hydroxyl radical-scavenging assay (56.63%). Antimicrobial activity was assessed against six human pathogens, including the fungi Microsporum gypseum and five Gram-positive bacteria (Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus mutans), as well as one Gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli ). The CJ flower extract inhibited the growth of both fungal and bacterial pathogens. The cytotoxicity of the CJ flower extract was measured using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and the highest concentration of the extract (100 μg/ml) did not affect L929 cell viability. Moreover, the CJ flower extract demonstrated the ability to suppress H2O2-induced toxicity in L929 cells. Overall, the CJ flower extract has potential as an alternative source for exploring new antioxidants, antimicrobial agents, and cytoprotectants that could prove valuable for biomedical applications.

Administration of Oral Gemitir Flower Extract (Tagetes erecta L) Increased The Number of Neovascularization, Fibroblasts Cell and Epithelization of Wound in Male Wistar Strains Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Background: Herbal ingredients that can be used to reduce wound healing on the skin are the administration of bioactive compounds from gemitir flowers (Tagetes erecta L) used as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. This study prove that oral gemitir extract increases the number of neovascularization, fibroblast cell and epithelialization of wound healing in male Wistar strains rats. Method: This research is anexperimental research with a randomized posttest-only control group design method. The research subjects used 28 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), which were divided into 2 control groups and 2 treatment groups. The analytical method used the Shapiro-Wilk Test and Levene’s Test and then compared using the one-way ANOVA post hoc with least significant difference (LSD). Results: Neovascularization P0-4 and P0-14 have the same value 1.86±0.90,while in group P1-48.86±1.35and P1-14 decreased to 5.00±1.15. Number of P0-4 fibroblast cells: 8.29±3.25and P014:9.00±3.51cells/field of view, while PI-4:18.57 ± 4.89 and P1-14: 32.00 ± 7.39. Epithelialization results as described by epithelial thickness at P0-4: 28.08 ± 10.07 µm and P0-14:298.86±273.88µm, while at P1-4: 1096.71±133.93µm and P1-14: 1674.00± 331.55µm. The results of the one way ANOVA p&lt;0.001. LSD group P0 (4) vs P0 (14) were not significantly different while P0 (4) vs P1 (4), P0 (4) vs P1 (14), P1 (4) vs P1 (14) all differed significantly with p&lt;0.05. Conclusion: Oral administration of ethanol extract of gemitir flowers increased neovascularization in wound healing male Wistar rats on day 4 and increased the number of fibroblasts and thickness of epithelialization on days 4 and 14.

Chemical composition of the ethanol extracts of Verbascum niveum flowers and leaves

Chemical composition of the ethanol extracts of Verbascum niveum flowers and leaves

THE ANALGESIC EFFECT TEST OF KECOMBRANG FLOWER ETHANOL EXTRACT(Etlingera elatior .jack) ON MALE WHITE MICE (Mus musculus)

Background : Ibuprofen is a drug that is commonly used when the body experiences pain. In this study, the medicinal plant that will be tested for its analgesic effect on mice is Kecombrang flower.&#x0D; Methods: Kecombrang flowers were first used as ethanol extract with two different concentrations, namely 400 mg/kgBb and 800 mg/kgBb. The experimental animals used were 20 male white mice which were divided into 4 groups where each group consisted of 5 mice. Each group of mice was given a dose treatment first, then 30 minutes after that, 1.1% acetic acid solution was given via ip, after that, pay attention to the amount of writhing shown by the mice.&#x0D; Results: From the 2 concentrations of kecombrang flower ethanol extract given, it turned out that the 400 mg/kgBb dose group showed fewer stretches than the 800 mg/kgBb dose group, but the analgesic effect was still low compared to the control group + namely ibuprofen.&#x0D; Key words : Kecombrang flower, analgesic and mice

Assessment of Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activity of the Extracts Collected from the Leaves and Flowers of Hypericum scabrum

To study the bioactive substances of the H. scabrum, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of leaves and flowers were analyzed for their phytochemical contents and antioxidant actings. The antioxidant potiential was estimated using four methods, including DPPH radical, ABTS decolorization assay, reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. The results exhibited that the ethanolic flower contain higher amounts of total flavonoids (4.675 mg. g-1) and saponin (29.572 mg.g -1) contents, whereas, the water flower extract hold less amount of total flavonoids compounds (1.223 mg. g-1). Similarly, our results exposed that the antioxidant activities detected by DPPH and ABTS methods of the ethanolic extract of flower, were evidently better than the rest of extracts. Significant high relationship were noticed between total phenolic amount and total antioxidant activity, and between total flavonoid content and DPPH inhibition assay. Principal component analysis reveals 91.49 of total variance which indicates that the different extracts were well distinguished by their phytochemical substance contents and antioxidant effects. &#x0D; &#x0D;

Toxicity Test of Acehnese Plants Using The Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) Method

his study aimed to determine the potential toxicity of the ethanol extract of typical Acehnese plants to shrimp larvae (Artemia salina Leach) using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method as indicated by the LC50 value. This study used 1,080 shrimp larvae divided into four groups (three groups of extract concentration series and one negative control group). Each group consists of 15 larvae with three repetitions (triple) of treatment. The four treatment groups were given the suspension of ethanol extract of Cananga flower and leaf extract (Cananga odorata), jeumpa flower and leaf (Michelia alba), and Tanjung flower and leaf (Mimusops elengi) with concentrations of 1000 ppm, 100 ppm, and 10 ppm. The mortality data of shrimp larvae were analyzed by probit analysis to determine the LC50 value. The result of this research is that the ethanol extract of the Cananga flower and leaf (Cananga odorata) has LC50 values of 55.71 ppm and 79.43 ppm, respectively. The ethanol extract of the jeumpa flower and leaf (Michelia alba) had LC50 values of 831.76 ppm and 398.10 ppm, respectively. The ethanol extract of the Tanjung flower and leaf (Mimusops elengi) had LC50 values of 295.12 ppm and 77.67 ppm, respectively.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ALLAMANDA FLOWER (Allamanda ca-thartica L.) ETHANOLIC EXTRACT

Allamanda flowers were known as ornamental plants, but also have benefits as traditional medicine. Phytochemical screening is an important first step in identifying potential secondary metabolites of a plant. This study were to determine of characteristics and phytochemical screening of allamanda flowers ethanolic extract. Allamanda flowers used were natural flowers that have been air-dried for 7 days. The extract from dry sample of allamanda flowers was obtained by maceration method using 96% ethanol as solvent. The extracts were evaluated their characteristics including, yield, ash content, water content and phytochemical screening by color reaction method with specific reagent. The results were obtained that extract characteristics, namely the yield of 51.77%; water content of 1.14%; and ash content of 4.71%. The results were obtained from the phytochemical test that 96% ethanol extract of allamanda flowers contains flavonoid and saponin. It can be concluded that ethanol extract of allamanda flowers with ash content of 4.71% and water content of 1.14% contains flavonoids and tannins.&#x0D; &#x0D;

In vitro and in silico bioactivities and chemical profiling of Nepeta leucolaena to validate its use in nutraceutical or biopharmaceutical applications

Nepeta leucolaena grows worldwide and is being used in folk medicine system without any scientific evidence. The present study was carried out to unveil the metabolic picture, biological potential and to valid the medicinal uses of N. leucolaena. The flowers and leaves of this plant were separately extracted with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl, acetate and alcohol to get respective extracts. The total bioactive contents estimation disclosed that the highest value of phenolics (39.50 ± 0.53 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoid (24.99 ± 0.53 mg GAE/g extract) in ethanolic extract of flowers and leaves, respectively. Further chloroform extract of flowers, and ethyl acetate extract of leaves also contain significant amount of phenolics. In DPPH free radical scavenging assay, only ethanolic extracts of flowers and leaves exhibited antioxidant activity with values of 49.02 ± 0.12 and 46.33 ± 0.10 mg TE/g extract, whereas, in ABTS free radical scavenging activity, in addition to ethanolic extract flowers (113.37 ± 0.07 mg TE/g extract) and ethanolic extract leaves (98.95 ± 0.57 mg TE/g extract), other extracts also showed moderate to weak activity. Highest metal reducing power was also associated with ethanolic extract of flowers and ethanolic extract of leaves (CUPRAC: 167.86 ± 3.57 and 151.76 ± 1.59 mg TE/g extract, respectively and FRAP: 108.30 ± 0.98 and 101.30 ± 0.32 mg TE/g extract, respectively), while other extracts also exhibited moderate activity. Almost equal (1.6 mmol TE/g extract) total antioxidant capacity was measured for ethanolic extract of leaves and flowers and n-hexane extract leaves, however, all fractions showed significant and comparable metal chelating activity with highest value was noticed for n-hexane extract flowers (25.99 ± 0.10 mg EDTA/g extract) and leaves (25.93 ± 0.79 mg EDTA/g extract). Similarly, all extracts showed nearly equal inhibitory activity against AChE (3.06–4.06 mg GALAE/g extract), while against BChE low polar extracts were more active with highest potential in n-hexane extract leaves (3.99 ± 0.20 mg GALAE/g extract) and chloroform extract of leaves (3.67 ± 0.48 mg GALAE/g extract). n-hexane extract of flowers displayed highest inhibitory contents against tyrosinase enzyme followed by ethyl acetate extract flowers and leaves. In anti-diabetic assays, the hexane extracts exhibited highest values against α-glucosidase (1.08 ± 0.006 and 1.05 ± 0.019 mmol ACAE/g extract, respectively) followed by ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts respectively. UHPLC-MS analysis of the ethanolic extract of the whole plant (Flowers and leaves together) helped to identify 139 compounds mostly of phenolic, flavonoid, steroids, terpenoids and glycoside classes of secondary metabolites. Docking studies of some of the major compounds against various enzymes substantiated the biological potential of N. leucolaena, and make it a potential ingredient to be used in several health promoting formulations.

AKTIVITAS SENYAWA FLAVANOID EKSTRAK ETANOL BUNGA KERSEN (Muntingia calabura L) SEBAGAI TABIR SURYA

Chronic exposure to ultraviolet rays from the sun might result in oxidative stress, changes in the structure and composition of the skin. Sunscreen preparations are recommended to be used to prevent or minimize the harmful effects of UV rays on the skin. Sunscreen can be obtained from natural ingredients, one of which is the flower of cherry ( Muntingia calabura L.). This study aims to identify the content of flavonoids and test the sunscreen activity of the ethanol extract of cherry flower ( Muntingia calabura L.) in vitro using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method based on the SPF value. Flavonoids are claimed to be capable to blocking ultraviolet (UV) light-induced radicals that have a protective effect against UV radiation, where the SPF value is a universal measure that describes the potency of a UV defense material. The findings of this study showed that the ethanol extract of cherry flowers positively contained flavonoid compounds including the flavonol, flavanone, and anthocyanidin groups. The results of the sunscreen activity test showed that the ethanol extract of cherry flowers had sunscreen activity at a concentration of 0.01% with an SPF value of 10.9 (moderate SPF), 0.05% with an SPF value of 41.6 (high SPF), 0,15% with an SPF value of 45.5 (high SPF). and 0.25% with an SPF value of 48.7 (high SPF). The higher the extract concentration, the higher the SPF value indicating the greater the activity as sunscreen.

The Effect of Butterfly Pea (Clitoria Ternatea) Extract on Reducing Total Cholesterol Levels in Rattus norvegicus with the Hypercholesterolemia Model

Hypercholesterolemia is a metabolic disorder disease characterized by increased blood cholesterol levels above normal limits. Many studies support the use of statins as cholesterol-lowering agents that work by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase so that cholesterol secretion decreases. The use of statins is often prescribed in the long term which results in side effects such as myotoxicity, myopathy, myalgia, myositis, and rhabdomyolysis. A study is needed on butterfly pea flower or Clitoria ternatea which is known to contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, anthocyanins, triterpenoids and phytosterols. This content can work as an antioxidant that helps lower cholesterol levels in the blood. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of butterfly pea flower extract (Clitoria Ternatea) on reducing total cholesterol levels in Rattus norvegicus with the hypercholesterolemia model. This research is based on laboratory experiments with pre and posttest control group design. The sample used in this study was male white rats (Rattus norvegicus), 2-3 months old, weighing ± 200 grams. It was found that the average difference in cholesterol levels in the control group (C) was 10.34 ± 0.06 which indicated that there was a not too significant increase. In the simvastatin group (S), treatment group 1 (G1), treatment 2 (G2), and treatment 3 (G3) had a mean difference in total cholesterol levels which showed a decrease with the results S = -62.17 ± 4.4 G1 = -52.33 ± 3.08 G2 = -55.17 ± 2.13 and G3 = -59.34 ± 0.49. The One Way Anova test a significance value of p <0.05 was obtained which indicated a significant difference. It can be concluded that, administration of ethanol extract of butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) can reduce total cholesterol levels in the blood.