Esterification Time Research Articles

Cellulose esterified with low molecular weight PBT and its composites with PBAT

Low molecular weight oligomer polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) with carboxyl terminated groups was synthesized via dry esterification method, and then was used to esterify the surface of cellulose. The optimal esterification reaction conditions were identified as a PBT-to-cellulose mass ratio of 1:5, an esterification time of 6 h, and a catalyst dosage of 2% of the cellulose mass. The esterified cellulose was blended with PBAT to prepare composite materials, and the effects of varying amounts of esterified cellulose on the mechanical properties, thermal properties, and two-phase compatibility of the composites were explored. The performance of PBAT/esterified cellulose composites was then compared with that of PBAT/cellulose composites. The results indicated that the compatibility of cellulose with PBAT and its dispersion in PBAT were significantly improved after PBT esterification. When the ratio of PBAT/esterified cellulose was 95/5, the tensile strength, elongation at break and tensile modulus of the composite material reached 21.89 MPa, 593.82% and 86.3 MPa, respectively.

Optimization of the Esterification Process of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) with Natural Zeolite Catalyst Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Esterification is one of the important processes in the production of biodiesel. This is done to ensure that the FFA content in CPO is less than 3%. The esterification reaction can be accelerated by using natural zeolite as a catalyst. Optimization needs to be carried out to select the appropriate conditions to reach the optimal region quickly. The purposes of this research are to analyze the impact of esterification time and the natural zeolite catalyst size on the reduction of FFA levels and find the optimal parameters in the CPO esterification through RSM. Esterification is operated by maintaining the reaction temperature at 60 °C, agitation speed at 150 rpm, and using a molar ratio of methanol:CPO of 6:1. The independent variables used in the research are esterification time (90, 110, 130, 150, and 170 minutes) and natural zeolite size (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mesh). The optimization results using RSM indicate that the optimum points in the study are at an esterification time of 170 minutes and a natural zeolite size of 97.3909 mesh.

From organic waste to renewable energy: response surface methodology approach for optimized biodiesel production from palm weevil larvae (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus)

AbstractThis study aimed to improve the production of biodiesel from white palm larvae (WPL) and to evaluate its potential as a feedstock. The larvae were grown using kitchen and palm waste for 21 days, and the crude oil was then extracted. The extracted oil was analyzed for its physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition. The analysis found that the feedstock oil contained a high quantity of monounsaturated fatty acids, indicating its suitability for biodiesel production. To optimize the production process, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed. A central composite design was used to study four operating conditions: temperature, methanol‐to‐oil mole ratio, esterification time, and catalyst loading for esterification, as well as transesterification time and catalyst concentration. The best conditions for esterification were a methanol‐to‐oil ratio of 18:1, a temperature of 70 °C, 120 min of reaction time, and a 4% H2SO4 catalyst. For transesterification, the optimal conditions were a methanol‐to‐oil ratio of 10:1, a temperature of 65 °C, 90 min of reaction time, and a 2% KOH catalyst concentration. The experimental data fit well with models, with significant P‐values and high R2 values. The biodiesel produced under the optimized conditions met the fuel quality standards set by Brazilian, European, and American standards. In conclusion, this study successfully optimized the biodiesel production process from white palm larvae and confirmed its suitability as a feedstock. The feedstock oil had properties that were suitable for biodiesel production, and the optimized conditions resulted in biodiesel that met fuel‐quality standards.

Corncob waste derived carbon with sulfonic acid group: An efficient heterogeneous catalyst for production of ethyl levulinate as biodiesel additives

Alkyl levulinate is a biomass-based chemical compound used as a fuel additive. This research aims to produce ethyl levulinate from levulinic acid and ethanol using esterification with the assistance of a heterogeneous sulfonated carbon catalyst. The carbon sulfonate catalyst is obtained from corncob waste that has undergone carbonization at 300 °C and sulfonation using sulfuric acid at a temperature of 150 °C for 8 h. The catalyst is used for esterification with predetermined operating variables using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) on the response surface methodology (RSM). The result shows significant variables for ethyl levulinate esterification are catalyst loading and esterification time. The FTIR analysis indicates the presence of S=O bonds in the sulfonated carbon catalyst. The XRD and SEM analysis shows that the sulfonated carbon catalyst is in amorphous and mesoporous form. Catalyst reusability demonstrates that the corncob-derived carbon sulfonate catalyst can be used up to 3 times. The optimum condition for esterification is 9 h of reaction, 10 % catalyst loading, and a molar ratio of levulinic acid to ethanol of 1:10, which has 83.15 % conversion. These results present the optimum parameter conditions for an efficient heterogeneous catalyst from corncob for producing ethyl levulinate.

Magnetic cross-linked lipase aggregates coupled with ultrasonic pretreatment for efficient synthesis of phytosterol oleate

Magnetic cross-linked lipase aggregates coupled with ultrasonic pretreatment for efficient synthesis of phytosterol oleate

Optimization for esterification of saturated palm fatty acid distillate by D-optimal design response surface methodology for biolubricant production

This work presents a synthesis of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD)-based esters to produce biolubricant oils through the esterification reaction between saturated palm fatty acid distillate (SFA-PFAD) with different types of high degree polyhydric alcohols such as trimethylolpropane (TMP), di-trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP), pentaerythritol (PE), and di-pentaerythritol (Di-PE) in the presence of sulfuric acid as catalyst. The chemical structures of synthesized SFA PFAD-based esters were characterized and confirmed by using FTIR, NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopies and GC-FID chromatography. The FTIR spectra of SFA PFAD-based ester products clearly showed the peaks of C=O and C-O of ester group at 1732-1740 cm-1 and at 1239-1162 cm-1, respectively. Furthermore, 1H NMR spectra confirmed the proton chemical shift (-CH2-O-) of the ester group at 3.80-4.01 ppm. The 13C NMR spectra confirmed the carbon chemical shifts of ester carbonyl signals at 171.09-174.07 ppm and secondary carbons (CH2-C = O) at 40.57-42.44 ppm. The results showed that the optimum conditions for the esterification of SFA-TMP was obtained at acid catalysts of 5%, esterification time and temperature of 6 h and 150 °C, respectively. The results have shown the ester products yields have been significantly increased up to 93% with selectivity of 99% SFA-TMP tri-ester after the optimization process by using D-optimal design. The results for lubrication properties have shown that the SFA PFAD-based esters have low-temperature properties with pour points value in the range of 18-35 °C, flash point (270-310 °C), onset oxidative stability temperature (251-322 °C) and viscosity indices (115-131), respectively. The results showed that the presence of many esters functional groups in the molecule structure of SFA PFAD-based esters provides a positive impact on the lubrication properties. Overall, the results indicated that the SFA PFAD-based esters can be used as biolubricant base oils with pour point depressants.

D-Optimal Design Optimization for Esterification of Palm Fatty Acids Distillate with Polyhydric Alcohols for Biolubricants Production

Plant-based biolubricant is crucial to be developed and adopted for many industries. This is due to the presence toxicity risk, climate change, energy security as well green-environmental approach issues. The utilization of palm oil processing industries by-product, palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD-based biolubricants is one way of green environment approach. A synthesis of polyol esters based on PFAD for biolubricants was carried out. The esterification of PFAD with high degree polyhydric alcohols trimethylolpropane (TMP), di-trimethylopropane (di-TMP), pentaerythritol (PE) and di-pentaerythritol (Di-PE) in the presence of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) catalyst have been performed. The optimization of the esterification reaction process was evaluated using D-optimal design based on three reaction parameters; H2SO4 concentration (%) for the catalyst, esterification time (h) and esterification temperature (°C). The chemical structure of the synthesized polyol esters was characterized and confirmed by using FTIR and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopies. The results showed that PFAD-based polyesters of PFAD-TMP ester successfully produced in high yields of 93% compared to others. The synthesized PFAD-based polyesters showed good lubrication properties with high viscosity indices in the range of 141-187, pour points (-5 to 5 oC), flash points (230-360 oC), and oxidative stability temperature (188-301 °C), respectively. The ester functional group presence in their chemicals structure of PFAD-based polyesters showed positive impact on the lubrication properties. The study indicated that the PFAD-based polyesters are plausible to be used as industrial biolubricants application.

Preparation of heterogeneous interfacial catalyst benzimidazole-based acid ILs@MIL-100(Fe) and its application in esterification

Preparation of heterogeneous interfacial catalyst benzimidazole-based acid ILs@MIL-100(Fe) and its application in esterification

Esterification of high FFA content waste cooking oil through different techniques including the utilization of cement kiln dust as a heterogeneous catalyst: A comparative study

Esterification of high FFA content waste cooking oil through different techniques including the utilization of cement kiln dust as a heterogeneous catalyst: A comparative study

Study on the Properties of Thermoplastic Resin-Based Carbon Fiber Composites Based on the Wrapping Method in the Art Design of Seating

The diglyceryl phthalate epoxy resin contains a benzene ring in its molecular structure, and its molecular weight is small. In addition to the generality of epoxy resins, it also has the advantages of low viscosity, moderate reactivity, high adhesion, good compatibility, excellent electrical insulation and ultra-low temperature, and good weather resistance. It has good adhesion with carbon fiber, and it is suitable to make carbon fiber composite material. Based on this background, this article mainly focuses on the seat art design, and uses the wrapping method to analyze the preparation of the carbon fiber composite resin matrix. The optimal reaction conditions are determined by changing the reaction during the preparation of the thermoplastic resin matrix. / PA = 1.9, esterification time 120min, cyclization time 70min, reaction temperature 110 °C, amount of promoter water 6g, concentration of cyclizing agent sodium hydroxide solution 30%. The resin synthesized in this case is a light-yellow transparent liquid with an epoxy value of 0.51 (mol / 100g).

Synthesis Biolubricant By Esterification Of Castor Oil (Jatropha Curcas L-Oil) With Chlorate Acid Catalyst

Biolubricant is made by reacting vegetable oil with alcohol with the help of strong acid or strong base catalyst in the esterification process. The goal of this research is to know the flash point of bio-lubricant, and know its characteristics. This research is done by reacting Jatropha oil and methanol reactant with perchloric acid with a variety of reactant mol and variety concentration of perchloric acid as a catalyst with esterification time of 7 hours, after that it will be purified by a various method to get the desired result. Results in this research have the highest flash point on 26 °C and lowest on 242 °C; highest viscosity on 217 cP and lowest on 130, 5 cP at 40 °C. At other temperature, the best viscosity is 184,5 cP at 40 °C and 27,45 cP at 100 °C. Average pour point from this bio-lubricant is -18,8 °C. Almost chemistry compound of Biolubricant contains fatty acid 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z) with methanol resulting monoester compound 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester.

DEVELOPING A NEW ESTERIFICATION METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FATTY ACID COMPOSITIONS OF MARINE OIL SUPPLEMENTS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH ORTHOGONAL CENTRAL COMPOSITE DESIGN AND RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

In this study, an efficient, applicable, and special esterification method for the quantification of fatty acid compositions of MOs has been created with chemometric techniques. The esterification variables which are the temperature of esterification (A), the time of esterification (B), and the amount of hexane (C), were optimized by using the orthogonal central composite design (OCCD). The relationships of the variables with each other and with the response value (R) are interpreted with response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions were as follows: the temperature of esterification, 60°C; the time of esterification, 40 min; and the amount of hexane, 4.3 mL. Even MOs that are difficult to esterify can be easily esterified and the fatty acid compositions of all MOs, especially important fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6), have been successfully analyzed by gas chromatography with the new method developed.

Study on the Deacidification of Rice Bran Oil Esterification by Magnetic Immobilized Lipase

Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) was immobilized on Fe3O4/SiOx-g-P (GMA) polymer carrier to obtain nano-magnetic Fe3O4/SiOx-g-P (GMA) lipase (magnetic enzyme). The obtained magnetic enzyme particles had an enzyme protein loading of 98.7 mg/g, an enzyme activity of 1226.5 U/g, an average particle diameter of 100.5 ± 1.30 nm, a magnetization of 15.80 emu/g, a magnetic enzyme optimum pH of 7.0, and an optimum temperature of 50 °C. The prepared magnetic enzyme was used as a catalyst, phytosterol was esterified with free fatty acid (FFA) in rice bran oil (RBO). Under the conditions of pH was 7.0, the FFA/phytosterol molar ratio was 1:4, the dosage of the immobilized CALB was 10.0%, the esterification temperature was 50 °C, the esterification time was 72 h, and the molecular sieve addition was 8.0%. The FFA content in RBO decreased from 16.0 to 2.4%, and the conversion rate of phytosterol was 85.7%. When the magnetic enzyme was used repeatedly for 7 times, the relative enzyme activity of the magnetic enzyme was 83.0%, which improved the utilization efficiency of the enzyme.

Esterification of p-hydroxybenzoic acid with glucose using a γ-Al2O3/SO4 catalyst

Esterification of p-hydroxybenzoic acid with glucose can be expected to produce esters. The rate of esterification reaction is usually very slow and, therefore, needs an acid catalyst to accelerate it. This research examined the performance of a heterogeneous catalyst made of γ-Al 2 O 3 impregnated with a protic acid, H 2 SO 4 . The heterogeneous catalyst, γ-Al 2 O 3 /SO 4 , was characterized using XRD, XRF, and BET methods. The esterification reactions were conducted using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent at a temperature of 100 0 C and observed after they lasted for 1 to 24 hours (reaction time). The esterification of p-hydroxybenzoic acid with glucose used two catalysts, namely 3% SO 4 2- /Al 2 O 3 and 5% SO 4 2- /Al 2 O 3 . The reaction products were analyzed using HPLC, IR, and LC-MS methods. The % yield was the highest at Hour 24 for both catalysts, while the % conversion fluctuated during the esterification time. The LC-MS showed that the three produced esters had molecular weights of 300, 420, and 540.

Optimized Synthesis of Poly(deoxyribose) Isobutyrate, a Viscous Biomaterial for Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Delivery.

Injectable and phase-transitioning carriers from natural polysaccharides have great potential for the minimally invasive delivery of therapeutic proteins in the field of bone tissue engineering. In this study, a novel and highly viscous drug carrier was synthesized by a sequential process of deoxyribose polycondensation and esterification. The effect of synthesis parameters on the molecular weight, viscosity, and adhesion of the material was studied and correlated to temperature and time of polycondensation ( Tp and tp), time and temperature of esterification ( Te and te), and the molar ratio of the monomer ( R). The formulations were evaluated for molecular weight and distribution properties using GPC, chemical structures by FTIR and NMR spectra, and rheological properties using a rheometer. Formulations illustrated a wide range of viscosities (0.736 to 2225 Pa s), adhesion (0.896 to 58.45 N), and molecular weights (637 to 4216 Da), where viscosity was significantly reduced in the presence of low amounts of solvents (10-20%). The sustained release of BSA was observed over 42 days in vitro. The biocompatibility of poly(deoxyribose) isobutyrate (PDIB) as well as its potential as a bone morphogenetic protein delivery system was assessed in vivo using a rat ectopic bone model, where bone nodules were observed at 2 weeks. In summary, PDIB is a promising molecule with multiple applications for protein delivery, including for bone tissue engineering.

Synthesis and physiochemical properties of poly(ethylene glycol)-octanol sulfosuccinates

Synthesis and physiochemical properties of poly(ethylene glycol)-octanol sulfosuccinates

KINETIC OF ESTERIFICATION OF CITRIC ACID IN PRODUCTION OF TRIALKYL CITRATES

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a body of a great many of composite materials and takes one of the leading places in thermoplastic polymers production capacity. Annual intake of PVC in the world (data of 2014 years) achieves to 35 mtpa. and has a consistent trend to further increase. PVC recycling is impossible without using of plasticizers. Nowdays scopes of use and plasticizers market used in the polymer materials production intended for contact with alimentary products, for medical equipment and children's toys production, are upon essential impact of policy statements of health, safety, security, environment. Plasticizers with citric acid – trialkyl citrates have needed properties: hazard class 4, high plasticize ability, full miscibility with polymer, high boiling and flash points, low volatility. The citric acid is available renewable raw produced from saccharified residues; world production volume is 1.6 mtpa. There are no local plasticizers production technologies with citric acid. Development of plasticizers production technologies with renewable raw material is relevant objective. Purpose of research is to create method of producing of trialkyl citrate, study of esterification regularities of citric acid with low molecular alcohol over different catalysts. In this research, the kinetic of performances of citric acid esterification by pentanol was estimated over different catalysts. Reaction orders were defined using three catalysts: sulphuric acid, orthophosphoric acid and p-toluene sulphonic acid. The rate constants and activation energies of esterification were found. Kinetic formulas were obtained. The time of esterification was defined to achieve 95 % conversion of citric acid. The time varies from 1.5 to 5 h depending on used catalyst. For citation:Sushkova S.V., Levanova S.V., Glazko I.L., Pavlova K.V. Kinetic of esterification of citric acid in production of trialkyl citrates. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N2. P. 74-78.

Surface Modification of Macroporous Matrix for Immobilization of Lipase for Fructose Oleic Ester Synthesis

The objective of this research was to modify the matrix surfaces to obtain both hydrophobic matrix (HM) and hydrophilic-hydrophobic matrix (HHM) for enzymatic synthesis of fructose oleic ester (FOE). The modification was performed by the attachment of 2-phenylpropionaldehyde (PPA) and PPA followed by polyethyleneimine (PEI) for HM and HHM, respectively. The results from FT-IR analysis showed that the peak of stretching vibration of NH2 bond decreased and it was followed by an increase of the peak vibration of –C=N– bond at wave number 1667 cm-1. The peak of bending vibrations of the C=C bond also increased. It indicated that PPA was successfully attached on matrix. For HHM, an increase in the peak area of NH2 bond indicated that PEI was also successfully attached on the matrix. The optimum conditions of lipase adsorption were obtained at buffer pH 7 containing 0.5 M NaCl (9.27 mg protein/g matrix) and without NaCl (9.23 mg protein/g matrix) for HM and HHM, respectively. For FOE synthesis, the best immobilized lipase concentration was about 8% and 6% for HM and HHM, respectively. The optimum time of esterification was 24 h and 18 h for HM and HHM, respectively, in which the yields were 75.96% and 85.29%, respectively. The immobilized lipase could be used up to 3 cycles of esterification reaction.

Esterification of Rice Straw Cellulose Using Microwave Heating for Plastic Film Preparation

Esterified rice straw cellulose was synthesized by the reaction of cellulose with lauroyl chloride in the presence of toluene medium. Microwave heating was used to accelerate the esterification of cellulose. The optimum condition for esterification was investigated in term of microwave power and reaction time. Solubility of modified cellulose was characterized. The cellulose films were prepared by solvent casting method and mechanical properties of cellulose films were tested. The result shows that the best condition for cellulose esterification was 100 W of microwave power and 15 minute of esterification time. Percentage of weight increase of esterified cellulose at this condition was 143.83 %. Modified cellulose can be dissolved in organic solvent such as toluene, dichloromethane and chloroform. Tensile properties of cellulose films were examined. Tensile strength, Young’s modulus and % elongation at break of rice straw cellulose ester film were 2.33 MPa, 56.63 MPa and 4.21 %, respectively.

Acetylation of bacterial cellulose catalyzed by citric acid: Use of reaction conditions for tailoring the esterification extent

Acetylation of bacterial cellulose catalyzed by citric acid: Use of reaction conditions for tailoring the esterification extent