Volatile Essential Oils Research Articles

Changes in volatiles and essential oil composition of three organs (leaf, stem and flower) of purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) by GC–MS combined with multivariate statistical approach

The paper describes volatile compounds (in the organs for flower, leaf and stem) and essential oil contents in fresh or dried purple basil Ocimum basilicum L. grown in Turkey by using polar (TRB-WAX) or non-polar (DB-5MS) gas-chromatographic columns. dl-Limonene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, β-elemene, (Z)-methyl cinnamate and (E)-methyl cinnamate were major compounds of dried or fresh basil samples in polar column, while 1,8-cineole, linalyl acetate, l-linalool, α-terpinolene and (Z)-methyl cinnamate were major compounds of dried or fresh basil samples in non-polar column. 2-Pentanone, 1-pentanol, acetoin and methyl decadienoate were the volatiles detected only in dried basil samples, while 2,3-pentadione, p-xylene, delta-3-carene and o-xylene were found only in fresh basil samples. Furthermore, 1,8-cineole, linalool and methyl cinnamate were found to be the potent volatile compounds in purple basil essential oil with regardless of column type. Significant differences were also observed in the volatile components by using polar or non-polar columns. In conclusion, the multivariate statistical analysis and heat mapping showed that the plant organs contained different volatiles, and drying process significantly affected its concentrations in purple basil and its essential oil. Flower of the basil showed a distinct volatile composition with regardless of drying process and this was confirmed by both statistical approaches.

The effect of garlic extract and volatile oil on growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes

This study was conducted in the College of Medicine- laboratory of microbiology to assess the effect of crude garlic extract and essential volatile oil on growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Antidermatophytic activity of different concentrations of volatile oil, aqueous extract of garlic were investigated in vitro against T. mentagrophytes by using agar dilution technique. The results showed that minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of aqueous garlic extract (crude) was 0.5 mg/ ml, while the MIC of essential oil was 0.25 mg/ml

Visible light-based polymerization of poly (methyl methacrylate) encapsulated fragrances used for fabric softener applications

A visible-light-based photopolymerization is an attractive approach for encapsulating volatile essential oils with low aqueous solubility and stability. This research aimed to encapsulate pink fruity fragrance (PF) and white floral fragrance (WF) with poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), termed respectively as PF-PMMA and WF-PMMA, through photopolymerization under blue-light emitting diodes (LEDs) exposure. The PF-PMMA and WF-PMMA were used in fabric softeners to provide a long-lasting fragrance to the fabric. The wavelength of the blue-LEDs light was 410–530 nm, while camphorquinone and ethyl 4-(dimethylamino) benzoate were used as co-photoinitiators. The effect of the mixing ratio between polymer shell and core material on particle size, conversion, and encapsulation efficiency of WF-PMMA and PF-PMMA was investigated. The size of the prepared WF-PMMA and PF-PMMA microcapsules were 3.1–3.7 µm and 2.1–2.3 µm, respectively. These microcapsules were added to fabric softeners and applied to TC fabric. The highest encapsulation efficiency and conversion of WF-PMMA and PF-PMMA were 95.7 ± 0.1 %, 93.5 ± 2.4 %, 89.4 ± 1.0 %, and 74.1 ± 4.2 %, respectively. It was also found that the fragrances remaining in the fabrics after 30 d storage was 54.3 % for PF-PMMA and 37 % for WF-PMMA. The results presented the high potential for microencapsulation of fragrances by photopolymerization to prolong the fragrance release duration.

GC-MS (Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy) analysis of methanol leaf extract of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. of District Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh

Plants are a rich source of secondary metabolites or chemical constituents with interesting biological activities. Therefore, a thorough validation of the herbal agents has emerged as a new branch of science emphasizing and prioritizing the standardization of the natural drugs and products because several of these phytochemicals have complementary and overlapping mechanism of action. Mass spectrometry coupled with chromatographic separations such as Gas chromatography (GC-MS) is generally used for direct analysis of components existing in traditional medicines and medicinal plants. Gas chromatography separates the components of the mixture and mass spectroscopy analyses each of these components separately. In recent years, GC-MS studies have been increasingly applied for the analysis of medicinal plants as this technique has proved to be a valuable method for the analysis of non-polar components, volatile essential oils, fatty acids, lipids, alkaloids etc. The present study was aimed to find out the bioactive compounds present in methanol extract of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. by using Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy. GC-MS chromatogram showed 10 peaks indicating the presence of ten phytochemical constituents in this plant. The results revealed Limonene (18.48%), Caryophyllene (13.01%), 3-Heptanoicacid methyl ester (11.00%) and Phenol, 2-(2-methyl-2-propenyl) (5.52%) as the major components in the methanol extract. The results support the use of R. arboreum in traditional medicines for controlling bacterial, degenerative and other diseases. Thus, the present study approves the medicinal value of this plant and scientifically validates it for use as a component of medicinal preparations.
 Keywords: Rhododendron arboreum, methanol, leaf extract, phytochemicals, Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS)

Anthracnose Controlled by Essential Oils: Are Nanoemulsion-Based Films and Coatings a Viable and Efficient Technology for Tropical Fruit Preservation?

Post-harvest diseases can be a huge problem for the tropical fruit sector. These fruits are generally consumed in natura; thus, their integrity and appearance directly affect commercialization and consumer desire. Anthracnose is caused by fungi of the genus Colletotrichum and affects tropical fruits, resulting in lesions that impair their appearance and consumption. Antifungals generally used to treat anthracnose can be harmful to human health, as well as to the environment. Therefore, essential oils (EO) have been investigated as natural biofungicides, successfully controlling anthracnose symptoms. The hydrophobicity, high volatility, and oxidative instability of essential oils limit their direct application; hence, these oils must be stabilized before food application. Distinct delivery systems have already been proposed to protect/stabilize EOs, and nanotechnology has recently reshaped the food application limits of EOs. This review presents robust data regarding nanotechnology application and EO antifungal properties, providing new perspectives to further improve the results already achieved in the treatment of anthracnose. Additionally, it evaluates the current scenario involving the application of EO directly or incorporated in films and coatings for anthracnose treatment in tropical fruits, which is of great importance, especially for those fruits intended for exportation that may have a prolonged shelf life.

Peppermint essential oil volatiles as natural alternative to prevent potato sprouting induced by gibberellic acid.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of peppermint essential oil (PEO) on the inhibition of potato sprouting induced by gibberellic acid (GA) during storage. PEO (0.08 and 0.15mL L-1) was applied in the presence and absence of gibberellic acid (10mg L-1). The presence of phytopathogens and changes in breaking of dormancy, weight loss, moisture content, and total soluble solids were measured during 28days. The inhibition of potato sprouting by the PEO occurred at the lowest concentration, even in the presence of GA. Sprout development was inhibited with PEO addition, delaying the dormancy break and reducing weight loss. However, potato sprouting was still inhibited after the removal of the PEO, evidencing its residual efficacy. PEO application at both concentrations had a satisfactory effect on sprout suppression and can be used as a promising eco-friendly approach for inhibiting the sprouting of potato tubers during storage.

A Review on Oils used in Herbal Cosmetics

Because they have fewer or no negative effects, herbal cosmetics are becoming in demand on the global market. The current review focuses on the oils used in the preparation of various herbal cosmetics, including those used to cure the skin and the hair. Olive oil, coconut oil, and almond oil are a few examples. Cosmetics by themselves are insufficient to care for skin and other body parts; active substances must be combined to stop skin damage and aging. The preparations known as herbal cosmetics are those that are linked to pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, or active bio-ingredients as cosmetics. Volatile oil and essential oil are the two main categories of oils. Both are crucial in the creation of cosmetics. Oils are used topically on the skin for hydrating and calming effects. Oils are used in hair care products to treat and prevent hair loss, balding, and other conditions. Additionally, they encourage the luscious development of hair. As a hair tonic, hair oil containing herbal medications is utilized.

The multi characteristics values of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in human nutrition and disease prevention

Ginger is a flowering plant in the Zingiberaceae family (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). The most essential ingredient in our meal is ginger, which is utilized as a spice. One of the earliest recognized medicinal herbs, ginger has been used for centuries to treat a variety of human diseases. Sesquiterpenoids, monoterpenoids, essential volatile oils (1–5%), and non-volatile pungent chemicals such gingerols, shogaols, paradols, and zingerones are the primary components of ginger. Gingerol products can be use as antiparasitic, anti-microbial, radio protective, antiflarial and anti-cancer. Ginger regulates blood sugar levels using a variety of ways. Other suggested use for ginger includes the treatment of conditions like fever, indigestion, nausea, hypertension, dementia, and constipation. The antioxidant properties of ginger are enhanced by the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The antioxidant properties of ginger are enhanced by the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds.

Development of EVA and LLDPE polymer-based carvone and spearmint essential oil release systems for citrus postharvest diseases applications

Carvone and spearmint essential oil vapours are suitable candidates for the control of citrus postharvest pathogens due to their strong antifungal activity. However, the high volatility of essential oils remains a hurdle that needs to be overcome before it can be applied as an alternative fungicide. This work investigates the antifungal activity of 20 and 30 wt-% spearmint essential oil or carvone, incorporated into ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) strands postharvest pathogens affecting kumquats. Following the melt-extrusion process, an average yield of 16–29 % and 15–28 % of the total carvone and spearmint essential oil, respectively, was determined in the polymer strands. Morphological studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the presence of microporous structures in the internal structure of the strands. The membrane-like skin that covers the polymer strand was also confirmed by SEM. Variations in the release rates were observed between carvone and spearmint essential oils, which was attributed to the difference in the vapour pressure of the neat essential oils. Furthermore, in this study, the results demonstrated that the diffusion exponent ‘n’ of the Korsmeyer–Peppas, Weibull and Log-logistic models exceeded 1.0. In most cases, the Super Case II mechanism was observed. In the case of the Mapossa model, as k2 was ˃> 1, it implies that the outer skin-like membrane covering the polymer strand fully controlled the carvone release. The application of the essential oil-loaded polymer strands resulted in a significant reduction in deterioration, caused by citrus postharvest pathogens, of kumquats kept at room temperature for 21 days. This study indicates that the incorporation of spearmint essential oil or carvone into LLDPE or EVA polymer strands promoted the preservation of kumquat over a 21-day period.

Chemical composition of essential oil from female cones of Cupressus arizonica Greene

The hydrodistilled volatile essential oils extracted from the female cones of Cupressus arizonica Greene that harvested in winter and spring seasons were analysed for their chemical composition by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Twenty-four and seventeen components were identified, accounting for winter (95.5%) and spring (96.9%) of the total oils volume, respectively. Monoterpenoids (winter 93.7% and spring 95.0%) dominated the identified components in the essential oils, followed by a small portion of sesquiterpenoids (winter 1.8% and spring 1.9%). Monoterpene hydrocarbons (MH) (winter 90.9% and spring 94.9%) were the principal subclasses of components with α-pinene (winter 42% and spring 72%), β-myrcene (winter 18.5% and spring 7.7%), δ-3-carene (winter 11.3% and spring 5.1%), limonene (9.4% for winter), and β-pinene (5.3% for spring) as main constituents. Limonene (9.4%), camphor (0.2%), exo-methylcamphenilol (0.2%), terpinene-4-ol (0.6%), β-citronellol (0.9%), and bornyl acetate (0.3%) were representative of the monoterpene hydrocarbon and oxygen-containing monoterpenoids (OM) in winter essential oil.

Nano-Encapsulation of Citrus Essential Oils: Methods and Applications of Interest for the Food Sector.

Citrus essential oils possess many health-promoting benefits and properties of high interest in the food and agri-food sector. However, their large-scale application is limited by their sensitivity to environmental factors. Nanostructures containing citrus essential oils have been developed to overcome the high volatility and instability of essential oils with respect to temperature, pH, UV light, etc. Nanostructures could provide protection for essential oils and enhancement of their bioavailability and biocompatibility, as well as their biological properties. Nano-encapsulation is a promising method. The present review is mainly focused on methods developed so far for the nano-encapsulation of citrus essential oils, with emphasis on lipid-based (including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid particles, and nano- and micro-emulsions) and polymer-based nanostructures. The physico-chemical characteristics of the obtained structures, as well as promising properties reported, with relevance for the food sector are also discussed.

Preparation and characterization of carvacrol essential oil-loaded halloysite nanotubes and their application in antibacterial packaging

Carvacrol (CA), a volatile plant essential oil, can pervade the headspace of containers and has high antimicrobial efficiency when it is applied in the food packaging system. Here, CA was encapsulated into halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) to form the carvacrol-loaded halloysite nanotubes (CA-HNTs) compounds. The results show that CA was successfully encapsulated in HNTs with the highest loading efficiency of 17%. The CA-HNTs compounds possessed a significant improvement in their thermal stability and acquired a sustained release ability supported by that 33.8% of CA was released at 40 ℃ after a long 25 days of storage. On this basis, the fabricated zein films containing 8 wt% CA-HNTs presented the maximum inhibition efficiency against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Benefiting from the antimicrobial ability and slow-release effects, the CA-HNTs-loaded films greatly prolonged the shelf-life of cherry tomatoes. Therefore, CA-HNTs are novel and valid antimicrobial component for food packaging.

Review of lignolytic fungi invading wood, and leather and control of selected fungi by using volatile essential oil of plant origin

Several cultural and historical objects are made up of wood and leather that are prone to the attack of wood- and leather-degrading microorganisms. Lignolytic fungi have a huge potential to degrade such historical objects that are made up of wood and leather. To protect these types of objects from lignolytic fungi, several chemical agents are being used which have a significant impact on the environment that necessitates sustainable approaches to control these microorganisms. In the present study, seven lignolytic fungi (four from wood and three from leather) were isolated and were identified as Colletotrichum capsici, Phoma spp., Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus paraciticus and Colletotrichum capsici-1. All these fungi were able to produce a significant quantity of lignin peroxidase enzyme which confirms that these do have the potential to degrade wood and leather objects. 1200 mg/L was found to be the minimum inhibitory concentration for Aspergillus flavus, Colletotrichum capsici, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum capsici-1 and Aspergillus parasiticus. However, growth of Aspergillus niger and Phoma spp. was invisible at a concentration of 1400 mg/L, which is the minimum inhibitory concentration of Eucalyptus oil for Aspergillus niger and Phoma spp. At a concentration of 1200 mg/L of Eucalyptus oil, growth of Aspergillus flavus, Colletotrichum capsici-1, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum capsici and Aspergillus parasiticus was completely inhibited, while 100% growth inhibition was found for Aspergillus niger and Phoma spp. at 1400 mg/L of Eucalyptus oil. This study revealed that these lignolytic fungi may causes degradation of wood and leather made historical objects due to the presence of several organic compounds in Eucalyptus oil that have high anti-fungal activity. It was found that Eucalyptus oil has huge potential to control growth of lignolytic fungi including C. capsici, Phoma spp., A. niger, F. oxysporum, A. flavus, A. paraciticus and C. capsici-1 to protect wood and leather made historical objects in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way.

Preparation and evaluation of microcapsules containing Rimulus Cinnamon and Angelica Sinenis essential oils

Starch sodium octenyl succinate (SSOS) and maltodextrin (MD) are commonly used as wall materials to protect bioactive compounds, such as essential oils volatiles. In this work, Rimulus Cinamon (RC) and Angelica Sinenis (AS) essential oils (EOs) were encapsulated in (SSOS/MD) composite capsules via spray drying. The microcapsules were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric (TG). The particle size, Zeta potential, drug loading (DL), encapsulation efficiency (EE), stability and in vitro release of the EOs microcapsules were investigated. The average particle size of microcapsules and emulsion was 12.6 ± 1.09 μm and 0.22 ± 0.01 μm, respectively. The DL% and EE% of microcapsules were 16.3 ± 0.40% and 96.6 ± 1.17%. No phase separation was found in the emulsion within 7 d, and the creaming index was 0%, showing good stability. After 6 months of storage, the retention rate of cinnamaldehyde in the microcapsules was about 67.6%, which significantly improved the stability of EOs. Thus, SSOS/MD can efficiently encapsulate EOs with high drug loading, encapsulation efficiency and stability.

Repellent Activity of Clove Essential Oil Volatiles and Development of Nanofiber-Based Dispensers against Pear Psyllids (Hemiptera: Psyllidae).

Simple SummaryPear psyllids are responsible for transmitting the pathogen ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’, causing the pear decline disease. Specific repellents are a potential method for controlling this pest and reducing the spreading of phytoplasma pear in orchards. Little is known about the chemical ecology of these insects. Based on recent literature, we tested the behavioral reactions of Cacopsylla pyri and Cacopsylla pyricola to the major synthetic compounds of clove essential oil in olfactometer experiments. In addition, we developed new nanofiber-based repellents dispensers and evaluated their repellent and host-odor masking activity in the laboratory and later in the field. Results demonstrate that only the synthetic mixture of the three major compounds of the clove essential was repellent to both psyllids species. When volatiles were formulated in nanofibers, they were not only repellent but could mask the odors of pear plants, disrupting the insects from finding the host. In the field, no differences in psyllids captures were observed in color-attractive sticky traps with repellent-loaded nanofibers or nanofibers without repellent. Our study also evaluated the release rates of volatiles from the nanoformulation. We discussed using nanofibers as volatile dispensers and the improvements necessary to use repellents as a management tool for pear psyllids in the field.Pear psyllids are the main vectors of the pathogen ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ causing pear decline. Based on earlier reports, we tested the behavioral activity of the major synthetic compounds of clove essential oil (eugenol, eugenyl acetate, and β-caryophyllene) against Cacopsylla pyri and C. pyricola. Of six mixtures tested in olfactometer assays, a formulation consisting of three specific compounds (M6 mixture) demonstrated a repellent effect on both psyllid species. In addition, this formulation masked the odor of the host Pyrus communis cv. Williams Christ, disturbing the host finding ability of C. pyri. Electrospun fibers were produced with biocompatible polymers poly(ε-caprolactone), cellulose acetate, and solvents formic acid and acetic acid, loaded with the repellent mixture to test their efficacy as dispensers of repellents in laboratory and field. The fibers produced were repellent to C. pyri and effectively masked the odors of pear plants in olfactometer tests. In a pear orchard, we compared the captures of pear psyllids in green-colored attractive traps treated with nanofibers loaded with M6 mixture or unloaded nanofibers (blank). The result showed no differences in the captures of C. pyri between treatments. The release rates of volatiles from the fibers were evaluated weekly over 56 days. The fibers were able to entrap the major compound of the M6 mixture, eugenol, but the release rates were significantly reduced after 21 days. Our results suggest that biodegradable dispensers could be produced with electrospinning, but further improvements are necessary to use repellents as a management tool for pear psyllids in the field.

Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) needles and their essential oil kill overwintering ticks (Ixodes scapularis) at cold temperatures

The blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, vectors Borrelia burgdorferi, a bacterium that causes Lyme Disease. Although synthetic pesticides can reduce tick numbers, there are concerns about their potential effects on beneficial insects, such as pollinators. Plant-based pest control agents such as essential oils could provide an alternative because they have low environmental persistency; however, these products struggle to provide effective control. We found a new natural acaricide, balsam fir (Abies balsamea) needles, that kill overwintering I. scapularis ticks. We extracted the essential oil from the needles, analyzed its chemical composition, and tested it for acaricidal activity. We placed ticks in tubes with substrate and positioned the tubes either in the field or in incubators simulating winter temperatures. We added balsam fir essential oil, or one of the main components of balsam fir essential oil (i.e., ß-pinene), to each tube. We found that both the oil and ß-pinene kill overwintering ticks. Whole balsam fir needles require several weeks to kill overwintering ticks, while the essential oil is lethal within days at low temperatures (≤ 4 °C). Further, low temperatures increased the efficacy of this volatile essential oil. Higher temperatures (i.e., 20 °C) reduce the acaricidal effectiveness of the essential oil by 50% at 0.1% v/v. Low temperatures may promote the effectiveness of other natural control products. Winter is an overlooked season for tick control and should be explored as a possible time for the application of low toxicity products for successful tick management.

Antimicrobial effect of essential oils in content of edible films (review)

The globalization of food trade, the growing demand for minimally processed, easy-to-prepare, ready-to-eat food, and the proliferation of centralized food processing pose serious problems for food safety. Outbreaks of infectious diseases of alimentary origin stimulate the search for innovative ways to increase the safety and shelf life of ready-to-eat foods. No less important is the problem of solid waste disposal, a significant share of which is food packaging. Therefore, in the last decade, interest in edible films and packaging has increased significantly. Essential oils are natural antibacterial agents that can be successfully used in edible films as a substitute for synthetic compounds. Numerous studies have shown that antimicrobial films and coatings with the inclusion of essential oils are effective in reducing the level of pathogenic microorganisms such as Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157: H7 and others. Essential oils have the status of GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) registered by the European Commission and the United States. They contain a wide variety of secondary metabolites that are capable of inhibiting or slowing the growth of bacteria, yeasts and moulds. In addition to external application on the surface of food systems, the components of essential oils can diffuse into food to neutralize the target microorganisms. The article summarizes current information on the sources, properties, limitations and potential application of volatile essential oils and their compounds in edible films and packaging to ensure food safety. Despite the many advantages, the inclusion of these compounds in the composition of edible films requires additional research, in particular to determine the optimal inhibitory concentrations, mechanical and functional properties of the films and so on. Key words: essential oils, edible films, antibacterial additives, biodegradation, food safety.

Preparation of a Nanoemulsion of Essential Oil of Acroptilon repens Plant and Evaluation of Its Larvicidal Activity agianst Malaria Vector, Anopheles stephensi.

Extensive use of chemical larvicides to control larvae, has led to resistance in vectors. More efforts have been conducted the use of natural products such as plant essential oils and their new formulations against disease vectors. Nanoformulation techniques are expected to reduce volatility and increase larvicidal efficacy of essential oils. In this study for the first time, a larvicide nanoemulsion from the essential oil of Acroptilon repens was developed and evaluated against Anopheles stephensi larvae under laboratory conditions. Fresh samples of A. repens plant were collected from Urmia, West Azarbaijan Province, Iran. A clevenger type apparatus was used for extracting oil. Components of A. repens essential oil (AEO) were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). All larvicidal bioassay tests were performed according to the method recommended by the World Health Organization under laboratory condition. Particle size and the morphologies of all prepared nanoformulations determined by DLS and TEM analysis. A total of 111 compounds were identified in plant. The LC50 and LC90 values of AEO calculated as 7 ppm and 35 ppm respectively. AEO was able to kill 100% of the larvae in 4 days. The nanoemulsion of AEO showed a weak effect on the larvar mortality. It may therefore be suggested that this kind of nanoemulsion is not appropriate for the formulation as a larvicide. It is important to screen native plant natural products, search for new materials and prepare new formulations to develop alternative interventions with a long-lasting impact.

Chitosan-cellulose nanoencapsulation systems for enhancing the insecticidal activity of citronella essential oil against the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis

Essential oils of plant origin could provide green and effective alternative to synthetic insecticides. To avoid the instability and high volatility of essential oils, it is necessary to introduce new techniques to protect their bioactive constituents. In the current study, nanoencapsulation systems from chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) and cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were used to control the release of citronella essential oil (CEO) for use against cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). The size, entrapment efficiency, and kinetic of CEO release from CSNPs and CSNPs/CNF nano-systems were studied. The size of CSNPs was increased from 102.1 ± 0.55 nm to 171.9 ± 2.4 nm and 426.9 ± 4.38 nm due to addition of CEO and CEO/CNF, respectively, whereas the encapsulation efficiency of CEO was 61.8 ± 1% and 90.8 ± 1% for CSNPs and CSNPs/CNF systems, respectively. CEO release after two weeks was 100% and 74% from the CSNPs and CSNPs/CNF nano-systems, respectively, while the release of the control sample (non-encapsulated CEO) was 100% after only 6 h. Experiments on insecticidal activity revealed that all nano-formulations disrupted the development of S. littoralis. CEO-CSNPs/CNF was the most effective system; it significantly prolonged the larval and pupal durations compared to control group. A significant reduction in pupal weight, adult longevity, and female fecundity was observed particularly after CEO-CSNPs/CNF and CEO-CSNPs treatments. The semi-field experiment revealed that CSNPs/CNF had the greatest persistence effect, resulting in the highest larval mortality across all tested intervals, followed by CEO-CSNPs and CEO-NE. CSNPs and CEO, on the other hand, demonstrated little or no persistence effects. The observed results revealed that CSNPs and CNF could improve the insecticidal effect of CEO as bio-insecticide against S. littoralis larvae.

Encapsulated oil powder: Processing, properties, and applications

AbstractThis review aimed to evaluate the applicability of microencapsulation of different oils (such as fish oil, sunflower oil, soyabean oil, palm oil, flaxseed oil, sesame oil, virgin coconut oil, and rice bran oil) by freeze drying, coacervation, fluidized bed coating, extrusion, and spray drying. Microencapsulation is the process of creating a functional barrier between the core and the wall material to avoid chemical and physical reactions and maintain the biological, functional, and physicochemical characteristics of the core material. The use of microencapsulated oils (oil powder) in food products provide a significant application in enhancing their functionalities due to the functional benefits of oils. However, utilization of simply oil leads to oxidation and other reactions causing deterioration of finished products quality. Microencapsulated oil has good oxidative stability, thermostability, shelf‐life, and biological activity. Also, microencapsulation helps control the volatility and release properties of essential oils. This review focuses on the role of microencapsulation in increasing the stability, functional properties, and benefits of oils in various food products.Practical ApplicationThe comprehensive review on oil powder will be very useful for developing convenient and easily usable oil powder. The oil powder developed will have longer self‐life, stability, and better health benefits. Oil powder can be used as a fortification in meat, dairy, and bakery products to enhance the nutritional value, fatty acids intakes, mouth feel, and textural properties. Such work will help the academic field as well as the industries to develop food products.