Essential Nutrients Research Articles

Fermented banana feed and nanoparticles: a new eco-friendly, cost-effective potential green approach for poultry industry.

Fermented banana feed and nanoparticles: a new eco-friendly, cost-effective potential green approach for poultry industry.

Heavy Metal Contamination in Selected Vegetables Harvested Near Industrial Zones in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Vegetables play a crucial role in the human diet, providing a rich source of essential nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants. Regular consumption of vegetables is linked to numerous health benefits and can help prevent various diseases. However, vegetables cultivated in contaminated soil, irrigated with polluted water, and treated with excessive inorganic fertilizers may accumulate harmful heavy metals, posing significant health risks to consumers. This study aimed to evaluate the presence and concentrations of heavy metals in vegetables harvested from areas near industrial zones. Additionally, it assessed the potential health risks associated with the consumption of these contaminated vegetables. The study analyzed four types of vegetables—red spinach, water spinach, cauliflower, and brinjal—for the probable presence of toxic heavy metals, including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr). The concentrations of these metals were measured using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, with all results expressed on a fresh weight (fw) basis. The health risks associated with the intake of these metals were evaluated through Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) calculations, non-carcinogenic risk assessments using the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Total Target Hazard Quotient (TTHQ), and Hazard Index (HI), as well as carcinogenic risk evaluations based on total Carcinogenic Risk (CR). The analysis revealed that the concentrations of heavy metals exceeded the maximum allowable limits set by the FAO/WHO for lead in all vegetable samples, except for water spinach, and for cadmium (Cd) in leafy vegetables. The EDI values for all heavy metals in the vegetables were found to surpass the maximum permissible daily intake (MTDI). While the THQs for all heavy metals, except for lead (Pb) in cauliflower, were below 1, indicating no immediate health hazards for the adult population. The total TTHQs for lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) exceeded 1 across all vegetable types, signifying substantial health risks. Bioresearch Commu. 11(2): 1861-1868, 2025 (July)

EFISIENSI APLIKASI PUPUK KIESERITE UNTUK MENINGKATKAN SERAPAN HARA DAN PRODUKSI JAGUNG MANIS

Sweet corn production in Batu city is lower than in other districts/cities. This is thought to be due to a decrease in land area and deterioration of land conditions. In addition, intensive agricultural practices in the long term can reduce soil pH which will have an impact on the low availability of essential nutrients such as Mg, S, and P. Kieserite fertilizer application can be used as an effort to overcome these problems. This study aimed to evaluate the application of various doses of kieserite fertilizer combined with a single inorganic fertilizer on the efficiency of nutrient uptake and production of sweet corn plants. The research was conducted in Junrejo Village, Batu City in September 2023 - May 2024. The research used Randomized Group Design (RGD) with Kieserite fertilizer doses (0; 26.92; 53.85; 80.77 kg ha-1). The parameters observed and analyzed were plant height and number of leaves, corn production (quantity and quality), soil chemical properties (pH, Mg-dd, SO42-, P-available), nutrient uptake efficiency (Mg, S, P), and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (BPF) population. The research data were analyzed by ANOVA then DMRT further test at 5% level, correlation and regression tests using R-Studio. The results showed that the application of Kieserite fertilizer at a dose of 50% (~26.92 Mg ha-1) combined with inorganic fertilizer (N,P,K) at a dose of 75% shown in treatment A6 significantly increased the efficiency of Mg nutrient uptake by (RE=7.7%), S nutrient by (RE=2.9%), and P nutrient by (RE=49.9%). This increase in nutrient uptake efficiency certainly affected the level of sweet corn productivity. The correlation test between nutrient uptake efficiency (Mg, S, and P) and sweet corn production showed a positive and strong relationship (r=0.5-0.7), where the higher the nutrient uptake efficiency, the higher the sweet corn production. This study confirms the importance of efficient use of Kieserite fertilizer in order to get optimum production results.

Microelements in Human Fertility: A Comprehensive Literature Review (2015–2025)

Introduction and purpose Microelements are essential nutrients required in small amounts but have profound physiological and biochemical roles in human reproduction. The main purpose of this review is to present the current state of knowledge regarding the effects of zinc, selenium, iodine, copper, iron, manganese, and magnesium on male and female fertility. The analysis highlights how deficiencies, excesses, and synergistic interactions among these elements affect gametogenesis, hormonal balance, oxidative stress, epigenetic modifications, and pregnancy outcomes. Through a synthesis of clinical, biochemical, and epidemiological findings, this paper emphasizes the need for micronutrient optimization as an adjunct strategy in managing infertility. Material and methods This review follows a comprehensive narrative synthesis approach to evaluate the role of microelements in human fertility, with a focus on zinc, selenium, iodine, copper, iron, manganese, and magnesium. A review was based on the analysis of 44 peer-reviewed articles, clinical, biochemical, and epidemiological studies published between 2015 and 2025. The primary objective was to critically assess the relationship between micronutrient status and fertility outcomes in both male and female populations. Studies were selected based on predefined eligibility criteria, which included research on micronutrient supplementation or deficiency, reproductive outcomes, and evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and meta-analyses.Conclusions Recent research highlights the synergistic effects of these elements, showing that deficiencies or imbalances can exacerbate fertility issues. Optimizing micronutrient levels is becoming an important strategy in fertility management, with potential benefits for both natural conception and assisted reproductive technologies (ART).

Evaluation of the physicochemical, bioavailability, nanoscale, and FTIR properties of eggshell, chicken, and cattle bones powders for muffin preparation

Minerals, especially Ca, P, and Mg, are undoubtedly essential nutrients associated with the maintenance of life. The proposed research work was designed with different treatments to fortify muffins using chicken eggshell pow-der (ESPck), chicken bone extract powder (T2 (BEPck)), and cattle bone extract powder (T3 (BEPct)) to augment mineral content and evaluate various quality parameters. According to the statistical outcomes of the research, the proximate composition of raw minerals showed a significant amount of ash in ESPck, fat and NFE (nitro-gen-free extract) in T2 (BEPck), and moisture and protein in T3 (BEPct). Significant amounts of Ca and Na were present in ESPck, while P, Mg, K, and Fe were found in T2 (BEPck), and Zn was identified in T3 (BEPct). High levels of Ca and Mg were observed in nano T3 (BEPct). The minerals-fortified muffins (MFM) showed a significant effect only in moisture and ash content, while mineral composition showed a significant amount of Ca in C+ve (control positive), and P and Mg in T3 (BEPct). High mineral bioavailability was observed for Ca in T2 (BEPck), and for P and Mg in T3 (BEPct). Although Ca bioavailability was greater in T2 (BEPck), bone powder did not yield highly preferred results in sensory and other parameters, whereas ESPck achieved the highest score in overall acceptability. It can be concluded that muffins fortified with chicken eggshell powder contain more calcium and received positive sensory scores.

Potential Contributions of Cashew Apple Juice to Nutrition, Medicine and Bioethanol Generation: An Outlook

The cashew apple with high nutritional and bioactive profile have always been underutilized. Cashew apple juice is a dense source of essential nutrients, including vitamin C, B-complex vitamins, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and a diverse array of antioxidants such as carotenoids and polyphenols. The phytochemical constituents of cashew apple juice, particularly its polyphenolic compounds like anacardic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, have demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer properties. These bioactivities suggest promising applications in the development of natural therapeutic agents, functional foods, and nutraceuticals that can support immune function and combat chronic diseases. Besides, its high content of fermentable sugars mainly glucose, fructose, and sucrose make it suitable and sustainable substrate for bioethanol production through microbial fermentation. The present study examines the potential contribution of cashew apple juice in renewable energy generation in the form of bioethanol, medicine, and nutrition with an emphasis on its multifunctional benefits. This work reveals that cashew apple valorization embodies the circular economy's goal of decoupling growth from resource extraction, demonstrating how waste can become a cornerstone of sustainable development thus, suggesting further research on the transformation of cashew apple fruits into bioethanol and other value-added products.

Amniotic fluid as a novel delivery route of 3-hydroxybutyrate during fetal brain development.

Amniotic fluid as a novel delivery route of 3-hydroxybutyrate during fetal brain development.

A PHR transcription factor-directed gene network reveals key regulators of phosphate metabolism and starvation responses in tomato.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for plants, and its scarcity, especially in the form of soluble phosphate (Pi), induces phosphate starvation responses (PSRs). Our research delves into the molecular mechanisms that regulate tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant adaptation to Pi deficiency, highlighting the role of two PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE (PHR) transcription factors, SlPHR3 and SlPHR4, as central regulators of Pi metabolism and related developmental/physiological processes, particularly PSRs. Notably, our investigation into the SlPHR3- and SlPHR4-regulated transcriptional network led to the discovery of three previously unidentified regulators of Pi metabolism and PSRs: SlGRAS47, SlBHLH48, and SlMYB28. We substantiated the important roles of SlMYB28 in mediating SlPHR3 and SlPHR4 function by demonstrating that SlMYB28 suppression reduces Pi and P accumulation, ameliorates PSR-related phenotypes, and decreases the expression of genes involved in Pi metabolism and PSRs in SlPHR3 and SlPHR4 overexpression plants. Our findings shed light on the adaptive strategies of plants to Pi starvation and open avenues for the identification of important genes involved in Pi metabolism and PSRs, which can be leveraged to improve Pi use efficiency in agricultural crops.

Selenium and its mechanisms mitigate cadmium toxicity in plants: Promising role and future potentials.

Selenium and its mechanisms mitigate cadmium toxicity in plants: Promising role and future potentials.

Microalgae functional feed additives strengthen immunity and increase longevity in honey bees.

Microalgae functional feed additives strengthen immunity and increase longevity in honey bees.

PENGARUH INTENSITAS PENGAIRAN DAN DOSIS PUPUK MAJEMUK TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN, PRODUKSI DAN MUTU TEMBAKAU MADURA DI KABUPATEN TUBAN

Madurese tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a semi-aromatic tobacco that is very much needed by the Kretek cigarette industry, with the dominant cultivated varieties being Prancak-95 and Tarnyak. Madura tobacco production every year does not meet the market needs, so efforts to increase production through land extensification are one solution. The extensification of Madura tobacco land was carried out in Tuban Regency because it has suitable climatic conditions. This research aims to obtain the best irrigation and fertilization recommendations for the growth, production, and quality of Madurese tobacco in Tuban Regency. Madurese tobacco requires essential nutrients for its growth to produce good quality, such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), so it requires the addition of compound fertilizer. This research was carried out during the dry season in Tluwe Village, Soko District, Tuban Regency. This experiment used a Factorial Randomized Block Design consisting of 3 factors (variety P (Prancak-95) and T (Tarnyak), compound fertilizer dose 1 (100% fertilizer) and 2 (50% fertilizer), and irrigation intensity A (Water 100%). %) and B (Water 50%)) with 8 combinations and 3 repetitions, namely P1A, P1B, P2A, P2B, T1A, T1B, T2A, T2B. The research results showed that treatment of irrigation intensity and compound fertilizer had a significant effect on growth but no significant effect on production. The T1B treatment provided the highest average value for growth. P2B treatment produced the best quality Madurese tobacco physically and chemically (quality I), namely greenish/bright yellow color, elastic handle, very fresh aroma, nicotine content of 2.97%, and sugar content of 14.46%. Further research is recommended to be carried out with the addition of variations in fertilizer doses to obtain more optimal results for the growth, production, and quality of Madura tobacco.

The impact of biochar application on sponge function, water erosion, and vegetation cover in a Mediterranean vineyard soil.

The impact of biochar application on sponge function, water erosion, and vegetation cover in a Mediterranean vineyard soil.

Study of the Cytotoxic and Antitumor Effect of L-lysine-α-oxidase from Trichoderma harzianum Rifai.

Enzymatic anticancer therapies are actively investigated as they can selectively deprive cancer cells of essential nutrients. L-lysine-α-oxidases of different origins have been reported as potential anticancer enzymes with a significant antitumor potency. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and antitumor activity of L-lysine-α-oxidase obtained from the domestic strain of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai VKPM F-180. The melanoma cell line A875 and normal keratinocytes HaCaT were used for cytotoxicity testing. Murine solid tumors sarcoma 45, carcinosarcoma W-256, carcinoma PC-1 and hepatoma 22 were used for experiments with animals. Tumor growth inhibition (TGI) was the primary measure of antitumor efficacy. L-lysine-α-oxidase exhibited selective cytotoxicity toward melanoma cells (IC50=0.09 μg/ml) compared to HaCaT cells (IC50=0.38 μg/ml). In animal models, the enzyme significantly inhibited growth of sarcoma 45, carcinoma PC-1, and hepatoma 22, with TGI ranging from 25% to 41% at 35 U/kg by the 8th or 9th day post-treatment. However, carcinosarcoma W-256, a reactive oxygen species-producing tumor, demonstrated lower sensitivity, particularly at higher enzyme doses. L-lysine-α-oxidase from Trichoderma harzianum Rifai demonstrates promising selective cytotoxicity and antitumor activity, especially in ROS-sensitive tumors.

Green-driven CaO catalyst for biodiesel production

With increasing population and development, the resources of fossil fuels decreased, leading to the need to find alternative sources of energy. Furthermore, the use of fossil fuels is accompanied by several downsides including environmental fatality associated with toxic gas emissions from diesel engines and continuous increase of the price of diesel fuel. Biodiesel is one of the most important types of renewable energy that replaces the fossil fuel requirement (mineral diesel) and maintains eco-friendly sustainability. Calcium is an essential plant nutrient as it plays an important role in the formation of plant cell walls and membranes. Therefore, the fallen leaves of mango tree can be utilized to produce nano calcium oxide and serve as a highly effective catalyst in the transesterification process for biodiesel production. The green approach of mango leaves extract is more cost-effective, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly compared to other ways such as chemical and physical procedures. Transesterification reaction was conducted at fixed parameters of 65 ℃ reaction temperature, 3 wt.% catalyst concentration, 1.5 h reaction time, and 50% alcohol to oil weight ratio. The effects of several other parameters on the transesterification reaction were studied such as the volume of the reaction mixture, mixing speed, FFA% content, and methanol/ethanol weight ratio. The study found that methanol is more effective than ethanol as alcohol in transesterification reaction, and the FFA% has a slight effect on the catalyst to 1.8% FFA. The produced biodiesel was characterized by GC-MS and FT-IR analysis which indicate the presence of esters. The physical and fuel characteristics of the produced biodiesel were measured; it had a viscosity of 3.708 mm2/s, a density of 0.88869 g/cm3, and a flash point of 108 °C.

Assessment of Soil Health Status and Exploring the Potential of Its Improvement Using Cover Crops in Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State

This study assessed the soil health status of Dutsin-Ma by evaluating key physical, chemical, and biological properties. Soil samples were collected using a grid pattern, air-dried, and analyzed for various parameters, including soil texture, pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable bases, and micronutrient concentrations. The results indicate that the soil in Dutsin-Ma is predominantly sandy loam, with a slightly acidic pH (mean = 5.77) and moderate levels of available phosphorus (mean = 3.2 mg/kg). However, organic carbon (mean = 0.57%) and total nitrogen (mean = 0.05%) were found to be low, which may limit microbial activity and crop productivity. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) was moderate (mean = 3.24 cmol(+)/kg), indicating a fair ability to retain essential nutrients. Micronutrient analysis revealed that zinc (mean = 4.75 mg/kg), copper (mean = 2.70 mg/kg), manganese (mean = 25.50 mg/kg), and iron (mean = 116.83 mg/kg) were within acceptable ranges for crop growth, though iron variability suggests possible uptake challenges. Salinity parameters showed a high base saturation percentage (mean = 99.21%), low sodium adsorption ratio (mean = 0.08), and moderate magnesium hazard (mean = 25.00), indicating potential risks of soil structure deterioration over time. The study highlights the need for soil management practices such as organic amendments, cover cropping, and balanced fertilization to improve soil fertility and nutrient availability. Therefore, the outcomes of this research is recommended to be utilized by policymakers, researchers, and farmers in making informed decisions to enhance soil quality and long-term productivity in the region.

Novel lineages of bacteria with reduced genomes from the gut of farm animals.

Genome reduction and associated metabolic deficiencies have been described in various lineages of parasitic and symbiotic microorganisms that obtain essential nutrients from their partners, and in some free-living microorganisms that inhabit stable environments. The animal gut is a relatively stable ecosystem, characterized by an abundance of organic substances and a high concentration of microorganisms, which provides favorable conditions for the survival of microorganisms with reduced genomes. Metagenomic analysis of 49 samples of feces of farm animals (cows, sheep, yaks, and horses) revealed uncultured lineages of bacteria with reduced genomes (<1 Mbp): family UBA1242 (Christensenellales, Firmicutes), order Rs-D84 (Alphaproteobacteria), and family UBA9783 (Opitutales, Verrucomicrobiota), defined in genome-taxonomy database. Analysis of the genomes showed that these bacteria lacked pathways for the biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, lipids, and many other essential metabolites. The UBA9783 genomes encoded a near-complete Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway and the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway, while in UBA1242 and Rs-D84, these pathways are incomplete. All bacteria are limited to fermentative metabolism and lack aerobic and anaerobic respiratory pathways. All UBA9783 and some Rs-D84 genomes encoded F0F1-type ATP synthase and pyrophosphate-energized proton pump; they also can import and utilize peptides and some amino acids. While UBA9783 bacteria could thrive as specialized free-living organisms in the organic-rich gut environment, the UBA1242 and Rs-D84 lineages appear to have adopted the lifestyle of an obligate symbiont/parasite, obtaining metabolites from other cells.IMPORTANCEThe microbiota of the animal gastrointestinal tracts is a complex community of microorganisms which interact in a synergistic or antagonistic relationship and play key nutritional and metabolic roles. However, despite its importance, the gut microbiota of farm animals, especially its uncultured majority, remains largely unexplored. We performed a metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiome of farm animals and characterized three uncultured lineages of bacteria with reduced genomes (<1 Mbp) from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobiota. These bacteria were predicted to possess key metabolic deficiencies such as the inability to synthesize essential cell metabolites, suggesting their adaptation to the lifestyle of a symbiont/parasite, or a scavenger obtaining nutrients from the organic-rich gut environment. This study shows that genome reduction with metabolic specialization and adaptation to a partner-dependent lifestyle occurred through convergent evolution in several phylogenetically distant lineages of gut microbiota.

Geochemical Map of Croatia – Key findings and legacy of geochemical mapping in the Pannonian Basin

The Geochemical Atlas of Croatia revealed differences in the spatial distribution of geochemical elements between the Croatian Dinaric coastal region and the Pannonian Basin. In the Pannonian Basin, 1,254 topsoil samples (0–25 cm) were analysed for 27 elements and pH values. This geodynamic unit is characterised by the variability of geological, pedological and land-use-related characteristics. To analyse the geochemical properties of soil above different lithological units, soil types and land use and land cover classes, a discriminant function analysis was performed using the compositional data. The study shows significant geochemical and ecological patterns, with the first two discriminant functions explaining a major proportion of the variability: in the GEOLOGY model, DF1 explains 33.31% and DF2 17.97%; in the SOIL model, DF1 explains 51.59% and DF2 20.22%; in the CLC model DF1 explains 59.85% and DF2 30.30%. The geological model distinguishes between the Quaternary sediments and the older lithological units and highlights alkaline and acidic soil conditions. The soil model shows the effects of fluvial and alluvial deposits, agricultural practices and the underlying geology on soil composition and emphasises the enrichment of essential nutrients and heavy metals in the soils. The land use and land cover model illustrates the anthropogenic influence on agricultural soils and the susceptibility of wetlands to heavy metal accumulation. The results obtained illustrate the complex interaction between geology, the topsoil layer, as well as land use and land cover, providing awareness for environmental management and monitoring, and the need for further geochemical studies of the soils in the Pannonian Basin.

Green and Wood Waste Biochar Based Soil Amendment to Mitigate Early Blight Stress in Tomato

The use of available resources for the benefit of both environment and human beings comes under sustainable agriculture. Application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is against the sustainable management of agricultural resources. Biochar acts as alternative to chemical pesticides and fertilizers by promoting the disease suppression and enhancing plant growth. Current study examines the effect of different biochar concentrations on growth enhancement of tomato plants and availability of essential nutrients like potassium and phosphorus both in the absence and presence of Alternaria solani infection. Soil was amended with green and wood waste biochar (GWB). Both biochar concentrations (3 and 6%) effectively minimized disease progress while enhancing plant growth. However, 6% GWB performed better. Both root and shoot length increased in soil amended with 6% GWB. Both disease incidence and severity reduced drastically in soil amended with 6% biochar. Nitrogen contents increased by 13.07% under stress conditions. The disease incidence was 100% in un-amended soil while it was reduced to just 20% in soil amended with 6% GWB. There was significant drop (6%) in disease severity in 6% GWB amended soil. In short, soil amendment with biochar proved effect strategy for mitigation of early blight in to tomato by stimulating plant growth parameters and minimizing disease incidence. Biochar application is crucial for sustainable agriculture.

Synergistic Effects of Green Manuring and Nitrogen Fertilization on Soil Fertility and Grain Quality of Basmati Rice

Background: The integration of green manuring and nitrogen fertilization is a sustainable approach to enhance soil fertility and improve crop quality. Specifically, in crops like Basmati rice, these practices are known to influence critical parameters such as protein content and the availability of essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. This study aims to evaluate the effects of various green manuring crops and nitrogen application levels on both soil nutrient status and grain quality of Basmati rice. Methods: The experiment was conducted during the 2023 kharif season at the Agricultural Research Farm of Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, using a split-plot design. Four main plots were used: M0 (Control, no green manuring), M1 (Sesbania aculeata), M2 (Crotalaria juncea) and M3 (Vigna unguiculata), along with four nitrogen levels as sub-plots: N1 (0 kg ha-1), N2 (15 kg ha-1), N3 (30 kg ha-1) and N4 (45 kg ha-1). Key parameters such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium availability in the soil, alongside protein, nitrogen content in the rice grains, were assessed to figure out the impact of these treatments. Result: The application of green manures, particularly in Sesbania aculeata (M1), resulted in significant improvements in both the protein content of Basmati rice grains and the availability of essential nutrients in the soil. The treatments involving Vigna unguiculata (M3) and Crotalaria juncea (M2) also had positive effects, through to a lesser degree. Among the nitrogen levels, the highest protein content and nutrient availability were observed at 45 kg ha-1 nitrogen application followed by 30 kg ha-1 (N3), 15 kg ha-1 (N2), whereas the control treatment with 0 kg ha-1 (N1), with no nutrient input, exhibited the lowest values. These findings underline the critical role of integrating green manuring and nitrogen fertilization to enhance both soil fertility and basmati rice quality.

Valorizing Brazilian Propolis Residue: Comprehensive Characterization for Sustainable Reutilization Strategies

This study presents the first comprehensive characterization of Brazilian propolis residue, revealing its rich content of bioactive compounds, essential nutrients, and volatile substances, showcasing its potential for sustainable utilization. The term “residue” refers to the solid by-product remaining after ethanolic extraction of raw propolis, which is typically discarded, despite retaining significant nutritional value. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis identified significant concentrations of p-coumaric acid (637.80 mg/kg), chlorogenic acid (497.93 mg/kg), kaempferol (295.82 mg/kg), and caffeic acid (115.11 mg/kg); while HPLC-DAD revealed also artepillin-C (56.56 mg/kg), illustrating strong antioxidant properties. Nutritional analyses showed high moisture content (37.08%), protein (12.56%) and dietary fiber (24.2%). Additionally, the mineral profile highlighted potassium (9800 mg/kg), phosphorus (2520 mg/kg), and calcium (2100 mg/kg). Volatile compounds analysis via HS-SPME-GC-MS identified a diverse class of components, predominantly terpenoids such as α-pinene (20.09%) and caryophyllene (9.76%), suggesting potential applications in fragrance and flavor industries. The multifunctional nature of propolis residue aligns with circular economy principles and highlights its value as a resource for diverse applications.