Ratio Of Essential Fatty Acids Research Articles

Nutritional Assessment in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, which clinically contains Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and other conditions. The inflammation of the intestinal mucosa in IBD is characterized by episodes of abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stools, weight loss, and the influx of neutrophils and macrophages that produce cytokines, proteolytic enzymes, and free radicals that result in inflammation and ulceration. Aim of the Work The aims of our study is to assess the nutrient status of individuals with CD and UC in relation to the recommended nutrient intake values, anthropometric measures, and biochemical indices of nutrition, and to determine the extent to which reduced food and nutrient intake contributes to the nutrition deficiencies in this population. Materials and Methods This was across-sectional study was conducted on patients with IBD, including Crohńs disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC)and undtermined colitis, who attended to the outpatient clinic for IBD of the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Ain Shams University, between january 2020 to july 2020. 90 patients with IBD (65 UC patients, 22 CD patients and 3 UD colitis) were included in the study. Results Our study show that The majority of our IBD patients showed a normal BMI indicating that malnutrition, especially underweight, is not as common a described in former studies with up to 85% in IBD patients. Our study show that majority of patients are suffering from GI upset following certain meals, all of them are suffering from flatulance, some of them suffering from nausea, vomiting, heart burn and 79(87.7%) patients are suffering from diarrhea, most of patients with crohns disease are suffering from constipation, and some of them are suffering from intestinal colick. So Many patients with IBD suppose that the diet influences the courseof their disease or even cause a relapse Our study groups showed an unfavorable ratio of essential fatty acids (FA) compared to the recent guidelines. Whereas the ratio of the n-6 fatty acid linolic acid (LA) to the n-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid (ALA) should be 5:1, the actual ratio was more than in all participants because of the high incidence of margarine ingestion. Conclusion The worldwide rising incidence of IBD is paralleled by a ―Westernization‖ of dietary habits in developing countries. It is therefore obvious that, in addition to a genetic influence, environmental factors, especially diet, undoubtedly play a major role in the development of IBD. Impairment of nutritional status in BID patients has a multifactorial etiology. Main reasons include suboptimal energy intake, malabsorption, enteric nutrient loss, increased basal energy expenditure, and medications.

Oxylipin secretion by human CD3+ T lymphocytes in vitro is modified by the exogenous essential fatty acid ratio and life stage.

Immune function changes across the life stages; for example, senior adults exhibit a tendency towards a weaker cell-mediated immune response and a stronger inflammatory response than younger adults. This might be partly mediated by changes in oxylipin synthesis across the life course. Oxylipins are oxidation products of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that modulate immune function and inflammation. A number of PUFAs are precursors to oxylipins, including the essential fatty acids (EFAs) linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA). LA and ALA are also substrates for synthesis of longer chain PUFAs. Studies with stable isotopes have shown that the relative amounts of LA and ALA can influence their partitioning by T lymphocytes between conversion to longer chain PUFAs and to oxylipins. It is not known whether the relative availability of EFA substrates influences the overall pattern of oxylipin secretion by human T cells or if this changes across the life stages. To address this, the oxylipin profile was determined in supernatants from resting and mitogen activated human CD3+ T cell cultures incubated in medium containing an EFA ratio of either 5:1 or 8:1 (LA : ALA). Furthermore, oxylipin profiles in supernatants of T cells from three life stages, namely fetal (derived from umbilical cord blood), adults and seniors, treated with the 5:1 EFA ratio were determined. The extracellular oxylipin profiles were affected more by the EFA ratio than mitogen stimulation such that n-3 PUFA-derived oxylipin concentrations were higher with the 5:1 EFA ratio than the 8:1 ratio, possibly due to PUFA precursor competition for lipoxygenases. 47 oxylipin species were measured in all cell culture supernatants. Extracellular oxylipin concentrations were generally higher for fetal T cells than for T cells from adult and senior donors, although the composition of oxylipins was similar across the life stages. The contribution of oxylipins towards an immunological phenotype might be due to the capacity of T cells to synthesize oxylipins rather than the nature of the oxylipins produced.

The effects of dietary essential fatty acid ratios and energy level on growth performance, lipid metabolism, and inflammation in grow-finish pigs.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) level and the ratio of linoleic acid:α-linolenic acid (LA:ALA) on the growth performance, lipid metabolism, circulatory and joint inflammatory status, and synovial fluid proteome of grow-finish pigs. A total of 224 pigs (BW = 41.5 ± 6.1 kg; PIC Genus 337 × 1050, Hendersonville, TN) were randomly assigned to either a high (3.55 Mcal/kg; HE) or low (3.29 Mcal/kg; LE) ME dietary treatment with a high (23:1) or low (12:1) LA:ALA in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Diets were fed across three 28-d phases. Pigs were housed either four barrows or four gilts per pen. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 21, 42, and 84. Synovial fluid was collected from the hock and carpus joints on days 0 and 84. Liver and adipose tissue samples were collected on day 84. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using PROC MIXED (SAS 9.4) with pen as the experimental unit and energy level, essential fatty acid ratio, sex, phase, and their interactions as fixed effects. Compared to LE, HE increased days 28, 56, and 84 body weight (BW; P = 0.005). For the overall period, HE increased average daily gain (ADG) compared to LE (P < 0.001) and improved feed efficiency (P = 0.001), while LE increased feed intake compared to HE (P < 0.001). Gilts receiving diets with low LA:ALA had similar final BW to barrows receiving a low LA:ALA at days 28, 56, and 84 (P = 0.024), resulting from improved overall days 0-84 ADG compared to gilts receiving the high LA:ALA (P = 0.031). In the liver, HE decreased the mRNA abundance of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACACA; P = 0.004), cluster of differentiation 36 (P = 0.034), and tended to decrease fatty acid synthase (FASN; P = 0.056). In adipose tissue, HE decreased ACACA (P = 0.001) and FASN (P = 0.017). Plasma inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) were reduced on day 84 compared to day 0 (P ≤ 0.014). In the hock and carpus synovial fluid, LE tended to reduce CRP and TNFα (P ≤ 0.096). Hock and carpus synovial fluid CRP were also reduced on day 84 compared to day 0 (P = 0.001). Age of the pig impacted serum and hock synovial fluid protein abundance, but not energy level, LA:ALA, or their interactions (P < 0.05). To conclude, the high and low LA:ALA ratios utilized in this study can be fed at varying energy levels without impacting growth. Additionally, LA:ALA ratios can differentially impact the growth of barrows and gilts.

Unbalanced fatty acid diets impair discrimination ability of honey bee workers to damaged and healthy brood odors.

Nutrition supports social insect colonies by regulating both individual performance and colony growth. In honey bee colonies, task-related behaviors such as nursing and foraging are partially mediated by nutrition. Young workers (nurses) consume almost all of the pollen in the hive, while foragers consume mostly nectar. Pollen provides vital proteins and lipids, consumed by nurse bees for approximately 1week post-eclosion. The role that lipids play in the physiology and behavior of adult bees is gaining significant attention. Recent research suggests that diets with balanced ratios of fatty acids increase olfactory learning in honey bees. Olfaction is crucial for young worker bees to perform brood care and cell cleaning behaviors, which is important for hive health and disease control. Thus, we targeted the early adult, pollen-feeding stage to examine how fatty acids affect cognition to hive-relevant odors. We fed young workers (days 0-9) diets balanced or unbalanced in their ratio of essential fatty acids (ω-6:3) sourced from pollen or cooking oils. We then measured their ability to learn healthy and damaged brood odors, as well as their ability to discriminate between the two. Workers fed balanced diets could learn and discriminate between brood odors better than workers fed unbalanced diets. Consumption of both diet types decreased with age, but their cognitive effects remained. These results suggest that diet affects young worker cognitive development, which may affect task-related behaviors and colony hygiene.

Identification of zooplankton carbon sources using fatty acid biomarkers in lakes and reservoirs at different trophic states in Nanjing and surrounding areas

脂肪酸在生物的摄食活动中相对稳定，可用于辨别消费者的食物来源.不同营养水平的湖泊与水库中浮游动物的碳源组成有差异，因而可能具有不同的脂肪酸组成特征.本研究对南京市及其周边21个湖库的颗粒有机物（POM）、浮游动物的脂肪酸组成进行了对比分析.结果表明，南京市及其周边湖库21个湖库由中营养、轻富营养、中富营养、重富营养共4个营养水平组成.中营养湖库总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、叶绿素a（Chl.a）、浮游植物生物量均低于富营养湖库，透明度（SD）则相反.中营养湖库中POM脂肪酸的必需脂肪酸（EFA）平均浓度低于富营养湖库；而细菌特征脂肪酸∑C15+∑C17含量高于富营养湖库.随着湖库富营养化，POM中多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）浓度逐渐增大，单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）浓度则逐渐减少.中营养湖库中浮游动物PUFA浓度普遍低于富营养湖库，∑C15+∑C17含量高于富营养湖库；且浮游动物体内主要来源于藻类的必需脂肪酸EFA/C16：0比值与细菌源脂肪酸（∑C15+∑C17）/C16：0比值均大于其他湖库，表明中营养湖库中浮游动物摄食了较多细菌.随着湖库营养水平升高，浮游动物饱和脂肪酸（SFA）逐渐增多，MUFA浓度逐渐减少，EFA浓度增多，表明浮游动物主要摄食藻类，而外源碳对浮游动物的碳源贡献较小.冗余分析（RDA）结果显示，EFA/C16：0、（∑C15+∑C17）/C16：0与透明度呈正相关，与Chl.a、总磷、磷酸盐呈高度负相关，表明透明度较高、营养水平相对较低的湖库中，浮游动物可能利用较多的藻类与细菌碳；此外，陆源碳转化指标∑C24/C16：0与TN、硝态氮呈正相关性，表明随着营养水平升高，陆源碳对浮游动物碳源贡献呈增加趋势.总体而言，浮游动物更倾向于利用高质量的内源碳，但在内源碳不足以供给水生生物生长需求的中营养水体中，外源碳对生态系统的物质循环和能量流动会产生重要作用.;Fatty acids are relatively stable in the feeding activities of organisms and can be used to identify consumers' food sources. The carbon source composition of zooplankton in lakes and reservoirs with different nutrient levels is different, so they may have different fatty acid composition characteristics. This study compared the fatty acid composition of POM (particulate organic matter) and zooplankton in 21 lakes and reservoirs in Nanjing and its surrounding areas. The results show that the 21 lakes and reservoirs are composed of four nutritional levels:medium nutrition, light eutrophication, medium eutrophication, and heavy eutrophication. The total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll-a (Chl.a), and phytoplankton biomass of mesotrophic lakes and reservoirs are lower than those of eutrophic lakes and reservoirs, while the transparency (SD) is the opposite. The average concentration of essential fatty acids (EFA) of POM fatty acids in mesotrophic lakes was lower than that of eutrophic lakes, while the content of bacterial characteristic fatty acids ∑C15+∑C17 was higher than that of eutrophic lakes. With nutrient increase, the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in POM gradually increases, while the concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) gradually decreases. The PUFA of zooplankton in mesotrophic lakes and reservoirs is generally lower than that of eutrophic lakes and reservoirs, and the content of ∑C15+∑C17 is higher than that of eutrophic lakes and reservoirs; and the ratio of essential fatty acids EFA/C16:0, which are mainly derived from algae, and bacterial fatty acids in zooplankton (The ratio of ∑C15+∑C17)/C16:0 is larger than that of other lakes and reservoirs, indicating that zooplankton in the middle-nutrition lakes and reservoirs ingested more bacteria. As nutrient increases, zooplankton saturated fatty acids (SFA) gradually increase, MUFA gradually decreases, and EFA content increases, indicating that zooplankton mainly feeds on algae, while exogenous carbon contributes little to the carbon source of zooplankton. Redundancy analysis (RDA) show that EFA/C16:0, (∑C15+∑C17)/C16:0 are positively correlated with SD, and highly negatively correlated with Chl.a, TP, and phosphate, suggesting that zooplankton consumed more algal and bacterial carbon; and ∑C24/C16:0 is positively correlated with TN, nitrate nitrogen, indicating that zooplankton utilized more terrestrial carbon. In general, zooplankton is more inclined to use high-quality endogenous carbon, but in mesotrophic water bodies where endogenous carbon is not sufficient to supply the growing needs of aquatic organisms. Exogenous carbon plays an important role in the material circulation and energy flow of the ecosystem.

Effect of essential fatty acid blend on circadian variations of ambulatory blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension and coronary artery disease risk markers.

Flaxseed oil is an excellent source of alpha-linolenic acid ALA known for its antihypertensive action. Flaxseed oil is unstable and its dose is not achievable in our conventional diet hence blending of natural flaxseed oil with palm oil, containing high flavonoids may be a better strategy, to stabilize the blend and provide proper balance of essential fatty acids and potential antioxidant effects. Aim of this study was to access the effect of blended flaxseed oil on 24 h 7-day circadian variations of blood pressure in subjects with essential hypertension. Assessment of CHAT (circadian hyper amplitude tension) using ABPM is the best marker for cardiovascular function. We registered 50 subjects with CAD (Group 1) and 50 subjects with Essential hypertension HT (Group 2) and 52 control subjects with CAD/Hypertension. Group 1 and 2 participant was supplemented with blended flaxseed oil (BFO) (30 ml/day) for the period of 24 weeks, while control group administered available oils sunflower in identical containers, for a follow-up period of 24 weeks. Twenty four hour seven days continuous ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was done initially and after six months of BFO supplementation. There were significant changes noted in lipid profile along with Ambulatory blood pressure parameters like MESOR, ACROPHASE, Hyperbaric Indexes, and CHAT. Circadian hyper amplitude tension (CHAT) incidence decreased after BFO supplementation. Study results suggest that blended flaxseed oil administration can be a potent natural vegetarian antihypertensive supplement which helps in synchronization of cardiac rhythms, and can be used as a preventive treatment of hypertension and as effective vegetarian source of maintaining Omega 3 and omega 6 ratios of essential fatty acids in the body.

Oxidative status and intestinal health of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles fed diets with different ARA/EPA/DHA ratios

The present work assessed the effects of dietary ratios of essential fatty acids, arachidonic (ARA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on liver and intestine oxidative status, intestinal histomorphology and gut microbiota of gilthead sea bream. Four isoproteic and isolipidic plant-based diets were formulated containing a vegetable oil blend as the main lipid source. Diets were supplemented with ARA/EPA/DHA levels (%DM) equivalent to: 2%:0.2%:0.1% (Diet A); 1.0%:0.4%:0.4% (Diet B); 0%:0.6%:0.6% (Diet C); 0%:0.3%:1.5% (Diet D) and tested in triplicate groups for 56 days. Lipid peroxidation was higher in fish fed diets C and D while no differences were reported between diets regarding total, oxidized, and reduced glutathione, and oxidative stress index. Glutathione reductase was higher in fish fed diet A than diets C and D. No histological alterations were observed in the distal intestine. Lower microbiota diversity was observed in intestinal mucosa of fish fed diet C than A, while diets C and D enabled the proliferation of health-promoting bacteria from Bacteroidetes phylum (Asinibacterium sp.) and the absence of pathogenic species like Edwardsiella tarda. Overall, results suggest that a balance between dietary ARA/EPA + DHA promotes gilthead sea bream juveniles’ health however higher dietary content of n-3 LC-PUFA might limited the presence of microbial pathogens in intestinal mucosa.

The effects of broodstock generation on ova fatty acid profile in Giant Kokopu Galaxias argenteus

ABSTRACT The ability of different broodstock generations to provision lipids to their gametes is often overlooked in aquacultured freshwater fish. In this study we investigated the ability of two generations (F1 & F2) of Giant Kokopu (Galaxias argenteus) to provision fatty acids into their eggs. Here we show that eggs of captive-bred females (F2) displayed different relative fatty acid concentrations compared with eggs of females bred from wild fish (F1). F2 generation eggs showed significantly lower total mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) concentration, predominantly through lower C18:1(n−9) Oleic acid, and higher total poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) concentration, predominantly through higher 22:6(n−3) docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]. Furthermore, Oleic to n−3 fatty acid ratio, and Oleic to DHA ratio, both declined significantly from F1 to F2 generation. Our results suggest an elevated capacity of F2 females to provision better ratios of essential fatty acids during reproduction, most likely due to a transgenerational adaptive response, either to the fed diet or to a predictable laboratory environment. The findings of this study have important implications for aquaculture management in new captive freshwater species, particularly in aiding identification of more adapted broodstock generations.

Fatty acid composition of blood lipids of young beef cattle of different genotypes of CAPN1, GH, TG5, LEP genes

The results of genotyping of beef cattle (bull-calves of white-faced and Kazakh whiteheaded cattle) made it possible to establish the features of gene polymorphism ensuring meat efficiency (CAPN1, GH, TG5, LEP). Genotype carriers of selection significant alleles marking high efficiency and quality of beef are revealed. Superiority by body weight, daily average gains of homozygous (CAPN1CC GHLL TG5TT LEPTT) genotypes in comparison with alternative (CAPN1GG GHVV TG5CC LEPCC) genotypes was established in the selection of white-faced bull-calves by 13.2 and 14.9%, Kazakh white-headed – by 11.8 and 13.3%. The fatty acid composition of blood lipids of young white-faced, Kazakh white-headed cattle of different genotypes is defined. The features of fatty acid composition of blood lipids depending on pedigree and genotype of animals expressed by integrated indicators characterizing the intensity of biosynthesis of fatty acids are established: index of lipid saturation (ILS), index of lipid exchange intensity (ILEI), metabolism efficiency ratio of essential fatty acids (MER). The determined stable correlation of integrated indicators of lipid exchange intensity with body weight and daily average gains gives grounds for their use as biochemical test systems during lifetime assessment of young cattle breeding potential.

Origin of Carbon and Essential Fatty Acids in Higher Trophic Level Fish in Headwater Stream Food Webs.

Dietary carbon sources in headwater stream food webs are divided into allochthonous and autochthonous organic matters. We hypothesized that: 1) the dietary allochthonous contribution for fish in headwater stream food webs positively relate with canopy cover; and 2) essential fatty acids originate from autochthonous organic matter regardless of canopy covers, because essential fatty acids, such as 20:5ω3 and 22:6ω3, are normally absent in allochthonous organic matters. We investigated predatory fish Salvelinus leucomaenis stomach contents in four headwater stream systems, which are located in subarctic region in northern Japan. In addition, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios, fatty acid profile, and stable carbon isotope ratios of essential fatty acids were analyzed. Bulk stable carbon analysis showed the major contribution of autochthonous sources to assimilated carbon in S. leucomaenis. Surface baits in the stomach had intermediate stable carbon isotope ratios between autochthonous and allochthonous organic matter, indicating aquatic carbon was partly assimilated by surface baits. Stable carbon isotope ratios of essential fatty acids showed a positive relationship between autochthonous sources and S. leucomaenis across four study sites. This study demonstrated that the main supplier of dietary carbon and essential fatty acids was autochthonous organic matter even in headwater stream ecosystems under high canopy cover.

Effect of ocean acidification on the nutritional quality of marine phytoplankton for copepod reproduction.

Phytoplankton are the oceans’ principal source of polyunsaturated fatty acids that support the growth and reproduction of consumers such as copepods. Previous studies have demonstrated ocean acidification (OA) can change the availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids to consumer diets which may affect consumer reproduction. Two laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the effects of feeding high-pCO2-reared phytoplankton on copepod egg production, hatching success, and naupliar survival. Marine phytoplankton Rhodomonas salina, Skeletonema marinoi, Prorocentrum micans, and Isochrysis galbana were exponentially grown in semi-continuous cultures at present (control) (400 ppm CO2, pH~8.1) and future (1,000 ppm CO2, pH~7.8) conditions and provided to Acartia tonsa copepods over 4 consecutive days as either nitrogen-limited (Exp. I) or nitrogen-depleted (Exp. II) mixed assemblage of phytoplankton. The composition of FAs in the phytoplankton diet was affected by pCO2 concentration and nitrogen deficiency; the ratio of essential fatty acids to total polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased in phytoplankton grown under high pCO2 and the mass of total fatty acids increased under nitrogen depletion. Additionally, total concentrations of essential fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet mixtures were less under the high-pCO2 compared to the control-pCO2 treatments. Median egg production, hatching success, and naupliar survival were 48–52%, 4–87%, and 9–100% lower, respectively, in females fed high-pCO2 than females fed low-pCO2 phytoplankton, but this decrease in reproductive success was less severe when fed N-depleted, but fatty acid-rich cells. This study demonstrates that the effects of OA on the nutritional quality of phytoplankton (i.e., their cellular fatty acid composition and quota) were modified by the level of nitrogen deficiency and the resulting negative reproductive response of marine primary consumers.

Fatty acid and mineral composition of some agro-morphologically distinct quality germplasm of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) which occupies largest area among the all oleiferous Brassicas, is an important source of nutritionally important fatty acid and micronutrients for animal including humans. The present study was aimed to evaluate the fatty acid and mineral composition of 30 agromorphologically distinct quality germplasm of Indian mustard. The quality germplasms were evaluated for fatty acid profiling by injecting methyl ester sample into SP-2300 (2%) + SP-2310 (3%) packed silica column. Micronutrients were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. Fatty acid variability in quality germplasm revealed the erucic acid content of <2% in genotypes BC3-BC4–1 (0.57%), F3-F4–1 (0.67%), F3-F4–3 (1.05%), NUDH-YJ-3-3 (0.28%), F3-F4–2 (0.74%), F4-F5–1 (0.72%), PRQ 2004-8 (0.51%) and PRQ-2005-1 (1.24%). w6/3 ratio was fairly better in genotypes PLGM-2002-2-7(2.28), LG BC 2005-6-8 (2.20), PRQ 2004-9 (1.92), PRQ-2005-11-BE (1.91) and F4-F5–5 (2.13). The mineral proportion of meals showed that all quality genotypes had variable amounts of N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. The identified genotypes having low erucic acid, optimal ratio of essential fatty acids and promising micronutrients can be used for preparation of functional food or for determining the quality traits and nutritional status of Indian mustard.

Natural Oils for Skin-Barrier Repair: Ancient Compounds Now Backed by Modern Science.

Natural plant oils are commonly used as topical therapy worldwide. They are usually easily accessible and are relatively inexpensive options for skin care. Many natural oils possess specific compounds with antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-itch properties, making them attractive alternative and complementary treatments for xerotic and inflammatory dermatoses associated with skin-barrier disruption. Unique characteristics of various oils are important when considering their use for topical skin care. Differing ratios of essential fatty acids are major determinants of the barrier repair benefits of natural oils. Oils with a higher linoleic acid to oleic acid ratio have better barrier repair potential, whereas oils with higher amounts of irritating oleic acid may be detrimental to skin-barrier function. Various extraction methods for oils exist, including cold pressing to make unrefined oils, heat and chemical distillation to make essential oils, and the addition of various chemicals to simulate a specific scent to make fragranced oils. The method of oil processing and refinement is an important component of selecting oil for skin care, and cold pressing is the preferred method of oil extraction as the heat- and chemical-free process preserves beneficial lipids and limits irritating byproducts. This review summarizes evidence on utility of natural plant-based oils in dermatology, particularly in repairing the natural skin-barrier function, with the focus on natural oils, including Olea europaea (olive oil), Helianthus annus (sunflower seed oil), Cocos nucifera (coconut oil), Simmondsia chinesis (jojoba oil), Avena sativa (oat oil), and Argania spinosa (argan oil).

Quality Properties of Sesame and Olive Oils Incorporated with Flaxseed Oil.

Purpose: Suitable ratio of essential fatty acids has an important role in maintaining good health. There is no pure oil with an ideal fatty acid composition and oxidative stability. The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the physical, chemical and nutritional properties of oil obtained by blending flaxseed oil as a rich source of ω3 fatty acids with sesame and olive oils. Methods: Three different ratios (65:30:5, 60:30:10 and 55:30:15) were prepared using olive, sesame and flaxseed oils. These mixtures were stored at 4°C and 24°C and their quality and physicochemical properties were determined by measuring the fatty acid composition, phenolic compound, peroxide, anisidine values and schaal tests. Results: Fatty acid composition indicated that adding 10% and 15% flaxseed oil into blends have suitable ratio of essential fatty acids. The sample which contained 5% flaxseed oil had the highest phenolic content among treatments and these compounds showed a significant decrease during storage. A significant increase (p<0.05) was observed in peroxide values of all samples during storage. Increasing the flaxseed oil content in the blends, lead to an increase of the anisidine value. Conclusion: Blending sesame and olive oils with flaxseed oil produced oil blends with a good balance of essential fatty acids. Although peroxide and anisidine values increased during storage of the oil blends; the blends were of a good quality for home and industrial use.

THE EFFECT OF THE LIPID AND FATTY ACID STATUS OF ATLANTIC SALMON, SALMO SALAR L., FINGERLINGS ON THEIR PRIMARY DISPERSAL AND FORMATION OF PHENOTYPIC GROUPS

A comparative study of the lipid metabolism in Atlantic salmon fingerlings staying after hatching near their spawning redds along the banks of the Varzuga River main channel (at rapids and riffles) and those who had migrated to tributaries – the Arenga, the Pjatka and the Falaley. The choice of habitats by fingerlings after hatching and dispersal affects the quantitative characteristics of lipids and fatty acids, and is supported by the organism’s adaptive systems, including variations in the ratios of individual lipid and fatty acid classes within physiological limits. Fingerlings from the Pjatka had higher length-weight values, the energy/structural lipids ratio(TAG+ECHOL/PL+CHOL), and the ratio of essential fatty acids 18:3ω-3/18:2ω-6 as compared to fish from other studied biotopes. The combination of ecological and trophic conditions (temperature, water flow rate, depth, riverbed particle size composition and fouling, species composition and amount of food items, and their availability) in the Pjatka are more favorable for the growth and development of fingerlings. The identified biochemical differences between the fingerlings that had migrated to the tributaries and those remaining along the main channel banks may be the basis for the formation of steady fish differentiation into groups with different lipid status and length-weight indices during further development (in fish aged 1+ and 2+). This differentiation in 0+ Atlantic salmon can be considered as a start of intrapopulation heterogeneity, affecting further choices on the fish life strategy.

Concentration and ratio of essential fatty acids influences the inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide challenged mice

The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of both the % of dietary, 18-carbon PUFA (2.5%, 5% and 10%) and the n-6:n-3 ratio (1:1, 10:1 and 20:1) on the acute inflammatory response. Mice were fed diets for 8 weeks and injected intraperitoneally with LPS to induce acute inflammation. After 24h mice were sacrificed and plasma cytokines measured. Diets significantly affected the erythrocyte PUFA composition and the effect of PUFA ratio was more prominent than of PUFA concentration. The % dietary PUFA affected feed efficiency (p<0.05) and there was a PUFA×ratio interaction with body fat (p<0.01). In mice fed high %kcal from PUFA, those given a low n-6:n-3 ratio had more body fat than those fed a high ratio. Of the twelve cytokines measured, eleven were significantly affected by the % PUFA (p<0.05), whereas five were affected by the ratio (p<0.05). For seven cytokines, there was a significant PUFA×ratio interaction according to a two way ANOVA (p<0.05). These data indicate that dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids can affect LPS induced-inflammation.

Fractionation of the stable carbon isotope ratio of essential fatty acids in zebrafish Danio rerio and mud snails Bellamya chinensis

Fractionation of stable carbon (C) isotopes in the essential fatty acids 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, and 22:6n-3 was investigated in the zebrafish Danio rerio and the mud snail Bellamya chinensis fed the same two diets. These diets differed in essential fatty acid compositions: (1) TetraMin contained all five fatty acids, and (2) Chlorella contained only two, 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3. On average, the isotopic fractionation was -0.5 ± 0.9 ‰ for 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 for all experiments, indicating that the fractionation of these essential fatty acids was negligible. However, the isotopic fractionation of 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, and 22:6n-3 varied greatly between species and between diets. The isotopic fractionation of the Chlorella diet was -0.2 and -6.9 ‰ for zebrafish and mud snail, but 4.2 and -1.3 ‰, respectively, when these consumers were fed TetraMin. This variation could be explained by the different amount of assimilation and the biosynthesis of these fatty acids from their precursors (i.e., 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3). These results indicate that the isotopic composition of C20 and C22 essential fatty acids was strongly influenced by the fatty acid composition in the diets. Thus the stable C isotope ratios of C18 essential fatty acids in consumers are more useful as dietary tracers in food web studies.

Kvik: three-tier data exploration tools for flexible analysis of genomic data in epidemiological studies.

Kvik is an open-source framework that we developed for explorative analysis of functional genomics data from large epidemiological studies. Creating such studies requires a significant amount of time and resources. It is therefore usual to reuse the data from one study for several research projects. Often each project requires implementing new analysis code, integration with specific knowledge bases, and specific visualizations. Although existing data exploration tools are available for single study data exploration, no tool provides all the required functionality for multistudy data exploration. We have therefore used the Kvik framework to develop Kvik Pathways, an application for exploring gene expression data in the context of biological pathways. We have used Kvik Pathways to explore data from both a cross-sectional study design and a case-control study within the Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) cohort. Kvik Pathways follows the three-tier architecture in web applications using a powerful back-end for statistical analyses and retrieval of metadata.In this note, we describe how we used the Kvik framework to develop the Kvik Pathways application. Kvik Pathways was used by our team of epidemiologists toexplore gene expression data from healthy women with high and low plasma ratios of essential fatty acids.

Kvik: three-tier data exploration tools for flexible analysis of genomic data in epidemiological studies

Kvik is an open-source framework that we developed for explorative analysis of functional genomics data from large epidemiological studies. Creating such studies requires a significant amount of time and resources. It is therefore usual to reuse the data from one study for several research projects. Often each project requires implementing new analysis code, integration with specific knowledge bases, and specific visualizations. Although existing data exploration tools are available for single study data exploration, no tool provides all the required functionality for multistudy data exploration. We have therefore used the Kvik framework to develop Kvik Pathways, an application for exploring gene expression data in the context of biological pathways. We have used Kvik Pathways to explore data from both a cross-sectional study design and a case-control study within the Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) cohort. Kvik Pathways follows the three-tier architecture in web applications using a powerful back-end for statistical analyses and retrieval of metadata.In this note, we describe how we used the Kvik framework to develop the Kvik Pathways application. Kvik Pathways was used by our team of epidemiologists toexplore gene expression data from healthy women with high and low plasma ratios of essential fatty acids.

Kvik: three-tier data exploration tools for flexible analysis of genomic data in epidemiological studies

Kvik is an open-source system that we developed for explorative analysis of functional genomics data from large epidemiological studies. Creating such studies requires a significant amount of time and resources. It is therefore usual to reuse the data from one study for several research projects. Often each project requires implementing new analysis code, integration with specific knowledge bases, and specific visualizations. Existing data exploration tools do not provide all the required functionality for such multi-study data exploration. We have therefore developed the Kvik framework which makes it easy to implement specialized data exploration tools for specific projects. Applications in Kvik follow the three-tier architecture commonly used in web applications, with REST interfaces between the tiers. This makes it easy to adapt the applications to new statistical analyses, metadata, and visualizations. Kvik uses R to perform on-demand data analyses when researchers explore the data. In this note, we describe how we used Kvik to develop the Kvik Pathways application to explore gene expression data from healthy women with high and low plasma ratios of essential fatty acids using biological pathway visualizations. Researchers interact with Kvik Pathways through a web application that uses the JavaScript libraries Cytoscape.js and D3. We use Docker containers to make deployment of Kvik Pathways simple.