Espirito Santo State Research Articles

West Nile virus associated with equid encephalitis in Brazil, 2018.

Mosquito-borne arboviruses are a major public health concern worldwide and are responsible for emerging and re-emerging diseases. Taken together, the arboviruses have a strong impact on public health and are the most common causes of equine encephalitis. In-depth diagnostic investigation of equine viral encephalitis is of utmost importance for the epidemiological surveillance and control of this disease. Regarding neurological disorders in equids, in April-May 2018, at least 12 cases of equid mortality with acute neurological signs were reported in six farms from Espirito Santo state, Brazil. To investigate the aetiological agent of this neurological disease outbreak, central nervous system (CNS) fragments from two horses and two donkeys were submitted for virologic diagnosis. Rabies, equine herpesvirus-1, and arbovirus-associated encephalomyelitis were investigated using differential diagnosis techniques. West Nile virus (WNV) was detected by nested RT-PCR in CNS fragments from each of the four animals in the study and confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. This is the first case of neurological disease in equids confirmed to be associated with WNV infection in Brazil. This finding unveils a new and urgent field of research and the need to understand the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the disease and the risk to public health.

BURIAL RATE DETERMINES HOLOCENE RHODOLITH DEVELOPMENT ON THE BRAZILIAN SHELF

Abstract The structure and composition of rhodoliths in two regions of the Brazilian shelf, Abrolhos Continental Shelf (ACS) and South Espirito Santo State (SES) were examined and compared. Rhodoliths were sampled at depth ranges of 10–20 m and 50–60 m in SES, and 20–30 m and 50–75 m in ACS. Rhodoliths in SES are algal boundstones, built mainly of melobesioid corallines, with subordinate bryozoans and encrusting foraminifers. They show high porosity and the sediment infill of borings and voids contains a relatively high amount of siliciclastics (up to 8%). Rhodoliths from ACS are formed by a structureless carbonate mass covered by a thin veneer of encrusting coralline algae. The massive interior was produced by multiphase boring and infilling of an original boundstone. The infillings consist of a micritic matrix with bioclasts and low amounts of siliciclastic grains. Coralline assemblages are reduced to fragments of thin crusts. Rhodoliths from shallow depths are small (< 8 cm) whereas rhodoliths from the...

Six new species and new records of the genus Desmopachria Babington (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hyphidrini) from Brazil and redescription of D. varians Wehncke, 1877

Six new species of the genus Desmopachria Babington, 1841 are described and illustrated from Brazil: D. anauine sp. nov., D. carranca sp. nov., D. francischettii sp. nov., D. nigrasphera sp. nov., D. nigricoxa sp. nov. and D. yanomami sp. nov. Desmopachria varians is redescribed and illustrated from syntypes photos and material identified by Dr. Frank Young. New records for eight other species from Brazilian states are presented here: D. amyae Miller, 2001 has a new record from Minas Gerais State, D. grammosticta Braga &amp; Ferreira‑Jr., 2015 have new records from Minas Gerais and São Paulo States, D. granoides Young, 1986 has a new record from Espirito Santo State, D. laevis Sharp, 1882 have new records from Espírito Santo and Parana States, D. leptophallica Braga &amp; Ferreira‑Jr., 2014 has a new record from Paraná State, D. sioli Young, 1980 has a new record from Minas Gerais State, D. striola Sharp, 1887 have new records from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo States and D. volatidisca Miller, 2001 has a new record from Paraíba States and an unpublished record of D. challeti Miller, 2001 from Brazil.

ICHTHYOFAUNA OF THE ESTUARIES OF THE CRICARÉ RIVER: WEIGHT-LENGTH RELATIONSHIP

Este trabalho apresenta a relação peso-comprimento de 25 espécies de peixes. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente de 2010 a 2011, utilizando redes de arrasto em estuários do rio Cricaré, Espírito Santo, Brasil.

Using activity and occupancy to evaluate niche partitioning: the case of two peccary species in the Atlantic Rainforest, Brazil.

Collared and white-lipped peccaries (Pecari tajacu and Tayassu pecari, respectively) are widely distributed, herd-forming ungulates that are sympatric in a variety of Neotropical ecosystems. Patterns of co-occurrence and niche partitioning are still poorly understood in sympatric peccary populations in the Atlantic Forest. We aimed to test the hypothesis that the collared and white-lipped peccary avoided each other by some degree of niche partitioning in the Vale Natural Reserve, Espirito Santo state, southeastern Brazil. Species-specific occupancy, detection, and activity patterns were estimated from camera-trap data collected at 39 sample sites over a 1-year period. We found that both peccary species respond to similar habitat covariates (palm density, distance to water resources, poaching intensity). We also quantified the probability of co-occurrence, or the Species Interaction Factor (SIF), using a two-species occupancy modelling approach. We found that the two species avoided each other in space (SIF=0.410.02), thus providing evidence for niche partitioning. Specifically, occupancy of the collared peccary was significantly lower at sites occupied by the white-lipped peccary (yBA=0.240.08) when compared to sites unoccupied by the whitelipped peccary (yBa=0.800.05). We also found weak evidence for temporal niche partitioning, with the white-lipped peccary being more restricted to diurnal hours. Our results contribute to our knowledge of species ecology and the potential mechanisms of coexistence for peccary species in the Vale Natural Reserve.

Anthropic Pressure on the Diversity of Cactaceae in a Region of Atlantic Forest in Eastern Brazil

Cactaceae are a highly endangered plant family with economical and ornamental potential. One of its centers of diversity and endemism is in Eastern Brazil, including the Atlantic Forest in the state of Espirito Santo. The latest Brazilian global floristic inventory recorded 41 cactus species for this state, however an exclusive study about Cactaceae is still necessary to survey and describe the actual diversity of the family in the region and current threats acting upon the cacti. The aim of this study was to survey the species of Cactaceae in Espirito Santo state and analyze the threats suffered by them. A database produced from fieldwork, herbarium and literature research resulted in 908 georeferenced records which served for the production of distribution maps and to analyze sampling efforts and species richness. The richest grid cells were positively correlated to the best sampled cells. In total 38 native species of Cactaceae were found, including epiphytic, rupicolous, and terricolous life-forms. Several threats to the conservation of cacti in the region are acting to reduce the habitat of native populations. Our results indicate the need to include an effective sampling of cactus specimens in order to understand the real conservation of the species of this highly endangered family.

Metals and Arsenic in Water Supply for Riverine Communities Affected by the Largest Environmental Disaster in Brazil: The Dam Collapse on Doce River

Considered the worst environmental disaster in Brazilian history, the collapse of Samarco dam directly affected the Doce river. Inhabitants living along the river who relied mainly on Doce river's water supply for agriculture and human consumption faced risk from the mining residue exposure. This study aimed to investigate the disaster’s impact on small family farmers living in Minas Gerais and Espirito Santo States by water elemental quantification and evaluate the potential pathways of contamination by survey. In July 2016, 48 water points - including well, river and public distributed water - of 3 cities (Belo Oriente, Governador Valadares and Colatina) were sampled for determination of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn elements. Ninety-eight percent of the inhabitants interviewed related Doce river water usage before the tragedy for diversified purposes, while only thirty-six per cent used it after the disaster, mainly for irrigation. Fe and Mn presented concentrations above the Brazilian legislation for drinking water and irrigation in all locations, but not in all samples. Pb concentration was above the drinking water legislation in one location. All the other elements concentrations were within safe limits. Colatina, the farthest city from the dam, presented the highest values, followed by Governador Valadares and Belo Oriente. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v10i4.1081

ADAPTATION OF PROGENIES/CULTIVARS OF ARABICA COFFEE (Coffea arabica L.) IN MOUNTAINOUS EDAFOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS

Brazil is known for production and worldwide export of coffees. Study of adaptation of new progenies/cultivars of Arabica coffee ( C. arabica L.) with resistance to rust in mountainous edaphoclimatic conditions is important for crop renewal and also for new plantations. This study was performed in the mountainous region of the Espirito Santo state, Brazil, with 30 progenies/cultivars of Arabica coffee planted at 2.5 x 0.7 m spacing with four replicates and seven plants/plot. The objective of the study was to evaluate the adaptation of rust-resistance coffee genotypes and compare them with the standard cultivars (Yellow and Red Catuais), with regards to the characteristics of productivity, rust infection, productivity, sieve, aspect, plant vigor and yield according to the different maturity periods of the fruits. The results show that there are progenies/cultivars available with yields superior to Red and Yellow Catuais for the five different maturation periods. The progenies/cultivars present tolerance/resistance to rust, high plant vigor and good agronomic characteristics of the beans. These are options for new plantations or for renovation of crops for high harvest yield and do not required the use of pesticides.

Discursos verbovisuais: a produção de sentido tecida entre o museu e a escola

O artigo apresenta parte de uma pesquisa realizada no Museu de Arte do Espírito Santo (MAES) envolvendo 98 crianças, de quatro turmas de 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola privada localizada na cidade de Vitória, Espírito Santo. Como corpus investigativo elege eventos propostos pelo Programa de Ação Educativa do Museu que nortearam a exposição “Meu País Tropical” e as práticas realizadas pelas crianças na escola. O artigo enfatiza as análises dos discursos verbo-visuais produzidos pelas crianças oriundos de uma destas práticas a partir da fundamentação da semiótica discursiva. As análises dos discursos verbo-visuais evidenciam a importância que as crianças atribuem a esta relação entre o museu e a escola em suas vidas. Conclui que as relações entre o museu, a escola e a Arte podem ser tecidas desde a mais tenra idade, com o intuito de ofertar e contribuir para um ensino de arte que vá além do conhecimento de técnicas, e que invista na educação pelo sensível.

A vegetação palustre da região dos “Alagados do Vale”, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo

Apresentamos a vegetação palustre encontrada na região dos Alagados do Vale, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo. Indivíduos férteis foram coletados em caminhadas assistemáticas ao longo das áreas permanentemente alagadas e em poças temporárias. Foram encontradas 23 famílias e 36 espécies, sendo Cyperaceae a família mais representativa, com sete espécies, seguida por Asteraceae, Poaceae e Rubiaceae, com três espécies cada uma. Apesar de a área apresentar histórico envolvendo extração irregular de areia e queimadas periódicas, ainda preserva considerável riqueza de espécies palustres relacionadas para a região Centro-Sul do Espírito Santo.

Sustainability certification scheme for the dimension stone industry in Brazil: A proposal for an initiative based on the northwest region of Espírito Santo State, Brazil

Abstract This paper presents an initial assessment of the possibility of structuring a sustainability certification scheme for the dimension stone industry in Brazil. A survey was conducted based on perceptions of key stakeholders with experience in Brazil's dimension stone industry and connected to it through research or institutional affiliations. Twenty-three out of twenty-six stakeholders agreed to be interviewed. Six groups of 40 questions included general and specific topics containing open-ended and multiple-choice questions on three main themes: sustainability, challenges to the sustainability, and deficiencies and omissions of the current regulatory scenario of the dimension stone industry. The findings demonstrated that participants have a positive perception about the feasibility of a sustainability certification scheme for the dimension stone industry in Espirito Santo State. Responses provided by the sample of stakeholders interviewed indicated that such a certification scheme would find support from key stakeholders and also legitimacy. In addition to this broader conclusion, other options were validated, including the agreement in the list of entities that could be part of the group relevant to the dimension stone industry. In this context, participation of public powers is essential, but in indirect participation in the scheme to avoid contamination of the balance of forces. This would support its evolution with promotion and collaboration tools, which would help solve the deficiencies of inadequate performance. More research is needed on the main challenges and impacts of such an initiative for a certification scheme. Recommendations for a preliminary model are given, based on the results of the interviews, and also on economic, social and environmental data about the dimension stone industry in Brazil and on the literature about certification schemes.

Leprosy: clinical and epidemiological study in patients above 60 years in Espirito Santo State - Brazil

AbstractBackground: Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that is endemic in Brazil and little studied in patients over 60 years old.Objective: The aim of this study was the epidemiological and clinical description of cases of leprosy in individuals older than 60 years, notified in the State of Espirito Santo - Brazil.Methods: It was an observational, descriptive and retrospective study of leprosy patients notified between 2001 and 2011.Results: Out of 16,025 notifications, 2,510 (15.6%) were of patients over 60 years of age; the distribution among the period was egalitarian except in the last 2 years, when there was a mild reduction of cases; the average was 70 years of age (±7 years); 46% were women, being 62% of those paucibacillary cases; 1,145 (50.5%) were dark-skined people in particular among paucibacillary cases; 1,638 (72.9%) were illiterates or poorly instructed n particular among multibacillary cases (P=0.022); 59.9% patients were clinically multibacillary cases and 37.4% had positive bacilloscopy; 37.9% patients had clinical alterations on peripheral nerves, 36.7% of all the multibacillary cases were classified as grade I and 15.3% as grade in assessment of disability.Study limitations: This was a retrospective study, which used secondary data generated by physicians and notified by other professionals, whar could have enabled possible errors on original data.Conclusions: Leprosy in this age group suggests a long incubation period with reactivation of latent focus or late infection. Men were more affected, as well as the afro descendent race was statistically significant in the paucibacillary cases (P=0.000) and illiterate/poor education in multibacillary cases (P=0.022). Nearly 40% of patients had positive bacilloscopy and grade I/ II disability, demonstrating a late diagnosis.

Research Article Resistance to Helicoverpa armigera mediated by zingiberene and glandular trichomes in tomatoes for industrial processing

The Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) is a recent pest in Brazil, causing losses in tomato production in the Espirito Santo and Goias states, in Brazil. A promising alternative to control this insect pest is the development of resistent tomato varieties. The breeding programs have aimed to introduce alleles of resistance present in the wild tomato accessions in the cultivated tomato. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify resistance to in tomato genotypes with high zingiberene leaf contents in the segregating population (F2) from the first backcross to Solanum lycopersicum 'Redencao' from S. habrochaites var. hirsutum accession 'PI-127826'. For this, the glandular trichomes present in the leaves of the selected genotypes were quantified and submitted to two antixenosis and one antibiosis test of resistance to H. armigera. The genotypes 'RVTZ-2011-pl#117', 'RVTZ-2011-pl#185', 'RVTZ-2011-pl#335', and 'RVTZ-2011-pl#503' showed a high density of type IV and type VI glandular trichomes. These genotypes showed higher resistance levels to H. armigera by antixenosis and antibiosis than the Redencao variety. The indirect selection for high zingiberene content and high density of type IV and type VI trichomes was effective to obtain tomato genotypes with higher levels of resistance to H. armigera

Research Article Genetic diversity as tool to identify standard leaf nutrients in cassava genotypes

Among the factors affecting cassava yield, the leaf nutrients content has received little attention since cassava genotypes may grow well under inappropriate nutrient supply, however showing inadequate nutritional quality of tuberous roots. Considering this aspect, the genetic diversity should be explored in order to determine standard leaf nutrients in cassava genotypes. Thus, this study aimed at verifying leaf nutrient content (NC) as well as relationships among leaf nutrients (NR) in order to establish standard leaf nutrient level in twelve cassava genotypes. The experiment was performed during 2014/2015 crop seasons in northern region of Espirito Santo State, Brazil. A total of 24 samples were collected from each cassava genotype for quantification of leaf nutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and B). UPGMA method for quantifying genetic diversity as well as Scott-Knott for grouping averages were used. Our results reported low genetic diversity for both NC and NR, corroborating with grouping Scott-Knott test. Therefore, our leaf nutrients content values can represent an adequate nutritional status of cassava genotypes, which can be used as reference values for such specie

Análise da qualidade dos estudos de impacto ambiental no estado do Espírito Santo (2007-2013)

Tendo em vista a necessidade de evidências que orientem o aperfeiçoamento da prática da Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA) e considerando a escassez de trabalhos dessa natureza no contexto brasileiro, este trabalho tem como principal contribuição uma análise sistemática da qualidade de Estudos de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) submetidos ao processo de licenciamento ambiental. Deste modo, utilizou-se como objeto empírico de pesquisa o sistema de AIA do Estado do Espírito Santo, tendo sido analisados 21 EIAs submetidos entre 2007 e 2013, equivalente a 57% do total de estudos desse tipo encaminhados ao órgão licenciador no período. Os estudos contemplam projetos públicos e privados, englobando as atividades de petróleo e gás, usinas termoelétricas, portos, linhas de transmissão, pequenas centrais hidrelétricas, siderurgia, estradas, empreendimentos imobiliários e aterros sanitários. A análise de qualidade foi realizada conforme o modelo Lee and Colley Review Package, amplamente aplicado e reconhecido na literatura internacional. A análise dos resultados revela aspectos que devem ser aprimorados, uma vez que estão diretamente relacionados à efetividade da AIA praticada no Estado: a identificação e a avaliação de impactos relevantes, especialmente na associação entre o impacto determinado e a linha de base; a consideração de impactos cumulativos; a previsão de magnitude e a avaliação da significância dos impactos. Como pontos positivos, destacam-se a descrição do ambiente e a apresentação das informações. Ainda que os resultados indiquem semelhança com outros contextos, é possível afirmar que a qualidade da informação apresentada ao órgão licenciador é baixa, dificultando a sua análise e possivelmente contribuindo para uma baixa efetividade da AIA no Estado.

Flora do Espírito Santo: Micropholis (Sapotaceae-Chrysophylloideae)

Resumo Neste trabalho são apresentados dados morfológicos, informações sobre distribuição geográfica e estado de conservação para as espécies do gênero Micropholis (Sapotaceae) nativas do Espírito Santo. Um total de cinco espécies de Micropholis foi encontrado: M. compta, M. crassipedicellata, M. gardneriana, M. guyanensis subsp. guyanensis e M. venulosa. Este número representa 100% das espécies ocorrentes na Mata Atlântica. Os caracteres mais importantes para a distinção das espécies são: nervura central sulcada ou não na face adaxial, nervuras secundárias espaçadas ou congestas entre si distinguíveis ou indistinguíveis das terciárias, indumento dos ramos jovens e forma da folha. Micropholis gardneriana constitui um novo registro para o Espírito Santo e Micropholis compta foi categorizada como Quase Ameaçada (NT).

Distribuição espacial do ataque da broca-do-café no café conilon

O conhecimento do padrão de distribuição espacial de um inseto permite concentrar o esforço amostral e de manejo nos locais onde se encontram as maiores densidades populacionais. Além disso, o comportamento espacial do inseto fornece informações sobre as condições no agroecossitema e a migração ou agregação da praga. Apesar da importância para o manejo de pragas, o conhecimento sobre a distribuição espacial de Hypothenemus hampei no café conilon possui raros relatos na literatura. Assim, objetivou-se no presente estudo determinar a variabilidade espacial da incidência de H. hampei no café conilon. Foi instalada uma malha irregular com 100 pontos em uma lavoura de alta produtividade, localizada em São Mateus, ES, safras 2011/2012 e 2012/2013. Avaliou-se após a coleta de amostras de frutos em cada ponto o número de frutos atacados pela praga por meio da verificação da perfuração característica nos frutos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise geostatística. Foi possível verificar a variabilidade de densidade no ataque da praga nos diferentes anos safra. Os semivariogramas referentes ao ataque do inseto ajustaram-se melhor ao modelo esférico e ao modelo exponencial, com índice de dependência espacial de 72 e 62%, respectivamente. Observou-se uma tendência de movimentação do ataque da praga de uma safra para outra a partir das bordas para o centro da lavoura.

ANALYSIS OF THE PRODUCTION CAPACITY FROM A HARVESTER IN THE FOREST IN OWN AND OUTSOURCED MODULES.1

ABSTRACT This study aimed to perform a machine operational analyses used on the eucalyptus mechanized harvest, in four different regions of the Espirito Santo and Bahia states. The activities were performed by own and outsourced labor, the regions had a similar climate condition, relieve and similar machine, the harvest forest tractor. The mechanical disponibility, operational efficiency, machine production was analyzed during a 12 months period in the field and by the operational output from the database from 60 own machines and 60 outsourced machines in each one from de four regions (120 machines). Based on the results, it was observed that in the own module and the outsourced, variables were the mechanical disponibility operational efficiency and technical disponibility did not have different during the study period, among the regions. The executed work with own machines had a higher production when compared to the outsourced, with exception of the regions A and C. The total volume produced per year by the cut forest with the own machines were higher than 1.234.310 m3 to the total volume cut with outsourced machines, showing a higher operational efficiency when the harvest was made with an own model.

Small subunit ribosomal metabarcoding reveals extraordinary trypanosomatid diversity in Brazilian bats.

BackgroundBats are a highly successful, globally dispersed order of mammals that occupy a wide array of ecological niches. They are also intensely parasitized and implicated in multiple viral, bacterial and parasitic zoonoses. Trypanosomes are thought to be especially abundant and diverse in bats. In this study, we used 18S ribosomal RNA metabarcoding to probe bat trypanosome diversity in unprecedented detail.Methodology/Principal FindingsTotal DNA was extracted from the blood of 90 bat individuals (17 species) captured along Atlantic Forest fragments of Espírito Santo state, southeast Brazil. 18S ribosomal RNA was amplified by standard and/or nested PCR, then deep sequenced to recover and identify Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) for phylogenetic analysis. Blood samples from 34 bat individuals (13 species) tested positive for infection by 18S rRNA amplification. Amplicon sequences clustered to 14 OTUs, of which five were identified as Trypanosoma cruzi I, T. cruzi III/V, Trypanosoma cruzi marinkellei, Trypanosoma rangeli, and Trypanosoma dionisii, and seven were identified as novel genotypes monophyletic to basal T. cruzi clade types of the New World. Another OTU was identified as a trypanosome like those found in reptiles. Surprisingly, the remaining OTU was identified as Bodo saltans–closest non-parasitic relative of the trypanosomatid order. While three blood samples featured just one OTU (T. dionisii), all others resolved as mixed infections of up to eight OTUs.Conclusions/SignificanceThis study demonstrates the utility of next-generation barcoding methods to screen parasite diversity in mammalian reservoir hosts. We exposed high rates of local bat parasitism by multiple trypanosome species, some known to cause fatal human disease, others non-pathogenic, novel or yet little understood. Our results highlight bats as a long-standing nexus among host-parasite interactions of multiple niches, sustained in part by opportunistic and incidental infections of consequence to evolutionary theory as much as to public health.

Call variation and vocalizations of the stealthy litter frog Ischnocnema abdita (Anura: Brachycephalidae)

Ischnocnema abdita is a small-sized litter frog belonging to the I. verrucosa species series and only known for mountainous areas of southeastern Espirito Santo State, Brazil, in the Municipalities of Santa Teresa (type locality), Cariacica and Mimoso do Sul. In this paper, we describe the calls and provide estimates of within-male variation of I. abdita from its type locality and from a recently discovered population in the region of Alto Caparao, Municipality of Espera Feliz, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Additionally, we also performed a GMYC analysis of molecular assignment that recovered the haplotypes of I. abdita from its type locality and from the new record (Alto Caparao) under the same taxonomical entity. Our bioacoustical analysis revealed two distinct types of calls, herein referred as A and B calls. The A call was observed in both populations, whereas the B call was only recorded at Alto Caparao. Despite the apparent similarity in the A calls from both localities, we observed differences in all traits analyzed. Moreover, each call trait expressed variation within males. The peak frequency never exceeded 5% variation and it was classified as static in both populations. Temporal parameters, such as call duration and interval between calls were classified either as dynamic or intermediate, with variations ranging from 1.8-66.1% within males. Although number of pulses per note was a dynamic trait at the type locality, it did not vary in both types of call recorded at Alto Caparao.