Results Of Error Analysis Research Articles

Investigation of adsorption of Basic Orange 2 dye on montmorillonite and error analysis

ABSTRACT. In this study, isotherm studies were investigated for the removal of basic orange 2 (BO2) dye on the montmorillonite surface. Two-parameter isotherm models such as Langmir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms and Three-parameter isotherm models such as Sips, Toth, and Khan isotherms were calculated by non-linear analysis method. The adsorption capacity at equilibrium was calculated by adding 0.035 g of adsorbent at 10-300 mg/L concentrations to 100 mL of synthetic dyestuff solution at room temperature. According to the results obtained, it was determined that the isotherm data matched the Langmuir isotherm with a regression coefficient of 0.995 from the Two-parameter models, and the Sips isotherm with a regression coefficient of 0.998 from the Three-parameter isotherm models. In addition, according to the results of error analysis, it was determined that the lowest error value fit the HYBRID model. SNE values support the HYBRID model.
 
 KEY WORDS: Adsorption, Basic orange 2, Isotherm models; Error analyses, Hybrid
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(1), 47-58. 
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i1.5

A novel 3D, full-field optical method for measuring gears

With the aim of solving the problems of high cost, complex maintenance, and low efficiency of existing gear detection technology, a new three-dimensional (3D) full-field optical measurement method for gears is proposed. As an example, the method is verified in the measurement of the 3D error of the gear surface and the gear parameter error of a non-standard right-hand helical gear with a modulus of 1.75 and a number of teeth of 21. The gear accuracy standard GB/T 10095.1-2008 is used to analyze and evaluate the surface 3D error and parameter error measurement results. Based on the results of error analysis, the gear manufacturing improvement measures are analysed and fed back to the gear manufacturing system to realise closed-loop gear processing control and detection in order to produce gear products with higher precision. Our experimental results show that the proposed method can be used to measure the 3D errors at the surface in the X, Y, and Z directions and the parameter errors. The minimum surface error of the gear in the Z-direction of the keyway is −7.24162E-06mm, and the pitch error reaches the allowable value of deviation for a grade 8 precision gear, as set out in the GB/T 10095.1–2008 accuracy standard. A verification process is carried out to show that our method can meet the requirements of modern industrial intermediate precision gear testing.

Design of a CW BISOL RFQ for Three Kinds of High-Charge-State Ions Simultaneous Acceleration

Based on the latest design requirements proposed by the Beijing On-Line Isotope Separation (BISOL) project, a new Sn22+-based, 81.25 MHz CW radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) with external bunching has been designed. This RFQ can accelerate Sn22+ to 0.5 MeV/u with an output longitudinal-normalized rms emittance of 0.20 keV/u·ns over a length of 5.6 m. The tolerance and error analysis results indicate that this RFQ can handle a wide range of non-ideal beams while maintaining relatively lower longitudinal emittance growth and higher transmission efficiency. To maintain the beam intensity, the RFQ will simultaneously accelerate three kinds of high-charge-state mixed ions (132Sn21+, 132Sn22+ and 132Sn23+), the simulation results given by Impact-T show that the RFQ can achieve high transmission of the mixed beam. Compared with the previous Sn21+-based internal bunching RFQ scheme, this RFQ has a shorter length and smaller output emittance, which is beneficial to the designs of subsequent Medium-energy Beam Transport (MEBT) and Drift Tube Linac (DTL). In electromagnetic design, a four-vane structure with 48 tuners and 16 π-mode stabilizers (PSLs) were chosen. The results of the multi-physics analysis show that the maximum temperature rise and the maximum deformation of the cavity are 13.6 K and 40.3 µm, respectively. The results simulated with CST Microwave Studio (CST) and HFSS software were consistent.

Giving an Individual Tutoring for 8th Grade Student in the Errors of Solving the Problem of Essay Test for Comparative Material in SMPN 232 Jakarta

This study aims to describe students’ errors in solving the problem of essay test for comparative material based on the type of errors, describe the causes of students making errors, and conduct individual tutoring to minimize and overcome students’ errors. This is action research that conducted in three cycles with Research Subject (RS) for four students of class VIII F SMPN 232 Jakarta. Each RS represents one type of error based on the results of error analysis on initial test that given during pre-cycle, successive factual error, conceptual error, operation error, and principle of error. The instruments used in this study were initial test, end-cycle tests, documentation tools, interview guidelines, tutor guidelines, observation sheets, and field notes. The data was analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that in cycle I, RS1 still made a factual error, RS2 also made a conceptual error, while RS3 and RS4 had not made any errors. In cycle II and III, RS1, RS2, RS3, and RS4 had not made any errors. The cause of the factual error is lack of thoroughness. The cause of the conceptual error is not understanding the concept of the comparison type. The cause of the operation error is lack of thoroughness and haste. The cause of the principle of error is lack of thoroughness. It can be concluded that individual tutoring can minimize and overcome students’ errors in solving the problem of essay test for comparative material.
 Keywords: students’ error, essay test, individual tutoring, comparative material.

Variation law and prediction model to determine the moisture content in tea during hot air drying

AbstractTo study the changes in the moisture content of tea leaves during the hot air drying process of tea production, this study designed an experiment to monitor the dynamic change of moisture content of rolled green tea during the hot air drying process under different feeding amounts (800–1,200 g), drying temperature (90–120°C), and drum speed (20–30 rpm/min). We established a dynamic prediction model to determine the moisture content using the BP, Elman, and Particle swarm optimization Elman neural network (PSO Elman) algorithms. The prediction calculation was conducted by considering the drying temperature, drum speed, drying initial water, and prediction time as input and the water content prediction result during the tea drying process as the output. Additionally, we analyzed the significant factors to explore the dynamic changes in the water content of tea leaves under different drying conditions. Experimental results showed that the temperature, rotational speed, and feeding rate significantly affected the drying effect. Furthermore, we established a traditional multiple linear regression fitting model was established to compare and analyze with the above three neural network models. The verification and error analysis results of the four water prediction models showed that the PSO–Elman model could better predict the changes in the water content during the drying process.Practical ApplicationsThe change of moisture content in the process of tea hot air drying research can provide a theoretical basis for the hot air drying technology and process of tea, and have important significance for guiding tea processing and production, improving processing efficiency and tea quality.

ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN PEMAHAMAN KONSEP MATEMATI DAN KESALAHAN MENYELESAIKAN SOAL CERITA MENGGUNAKAN PROSEDUR NEWMAN

This research is a descriptive study, which aims to see the ability of students' conceptual understanding and errors made in solving story problems on fractional material using the Newman procedure. The subjects of this research were the fifth grade students in SD Negeri in Lalolae totaling 54 students. The instrument used in this study was an essay test which was developed and tested for feasibility. From the results of the research, from 54 students of the research subjects, the average value of students' conceptual understanding ability was 41.48 or in the low category. From the results of the categorization of students' conceptual understanding abilities, the majority of the students have concept understanding abilities in the low and very low categories with 74% in total. Furthermore, from the results of student error analysis using the Newman procedure, the students made 215 errors and the most errors made by students were Comprehension errors

A Study on Korean Students’ Semantic Acquisition of Possible Complement Structure “V de/bu shang”: Based on Corpus

Based on the Chinese inter-language corpus of Korean students, this paper examines the Korean students’ acquisition of the structure ‘V de/bu shang(V得/不上)’. The conclusions are as follows:<BR> Firstly, the number of use cases of ‘V bu shang(V不上)’ is higher than that of ‘V de shang(V得上)’, but the error rate of ‘V de shang(V得上)’ is higher than that of ‘V bu shang(V不上)’. In the process of acquisition, there are five types of errors, such as misorder, confusion of ‘V de/bu shang(V得/不上)’ with other complement, confusion of ‘V de/bu shang(V得/不上)’ with other possible complement, other confusion, misuse and omission.<BR> Secondly, the error characteristics and rules of Korean learners in acquiring the possible expression ‘V de/bu shang(V得/不上)’ can be roughly sorted out as follows: 1) The use case proportion of Korean students using the term ‘realistic upward displacement’ is much lower than that of Chinese native speakers, indicating that Korean students may avoid using the construction ‘V de/bu shang(V得/不上)’ when expressing the meaning of ‘upward movement’; 2) ‘reach a certain standard’ is the most common meaning in Korean students’ use cases, and also the most frequent type of errors, including omission, confusion, misuse and misorder; 3) ‘achieve a certain goal’ has the highest error rate and is the most difficult meaning for Korean students to learn; 4) The error rate of each meaning of the positive expression ‘V shang(V上)’ is slightly higher than that of ‘V bushang(V不上)’, which may be related to the asymmetry of ‘possible/impossible’ expressions in Chinese and Korean. 5) Overall, when Korean learners acquire the possible expression ‘V de/bu shang(V得/不上)’, there are confusion, misorder, misuse, omission, among which confusion is most frequent type, which occurs in the acquisition process of all meanings and runs through the whole learning stage of learners.<BR> Finally, according to the results of error analysis, this paper puts forward some advices for teaching ‘V de/bu shang’ to Korean students.

Estimation of 24-h Urine Protein Excretion Using Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio from an In-Hospital Population.

BackgroundThere is little information available on quantitative description of the relationship between urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and 24-h urine protein excretion (24-h UPE). Here, we developed a calculation tool for 24-h UPE using the urine ACR and limited information on the request form.Material/MethodsThis was a retrospective and observational study. All individuals with same-day urine ACR and 24-h UPE tests in Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital from September 1, 2018 to December 31, 2019 were enrolled. Correlation and agreement between urine ACR and 24-h UPE were evaluated using correlation analysis and an intraclass correlation coefficient, respectively. The Durbin-Watson test and ANOVA were used to assess the performance of the calculation tool, and reliability of the prediction equation was evaluated in the validation group using residual error analysis.ResultsA total of 906 participants were enrolled, including 639 participants in the development group and 267 in the validation group. Natural logarithm transformation was applied to remove skewness. Natural logarithm-transformed urine ACR correlated well with natural-logarithm-transformed 24-h UPE (Pearson coefficient=0.908; P<0.001) and the agreement was consistently good (overall ICC=0.938; 95% CI: 0.928–0.947; P<0.001). The multivariable regression model had good performance (R2=0.864) and high accuracy, demonstrated by results of residual error analysis.ConclusionsWe provide a practical calculation tool to estimate total protein excretion using urine ACR and readily accessible variables. However, 24-h UPE is still mandatory when proteinuria is over 10 g/day or when most proteinuria may not be of glomerular origin.

Evaluation of elastic and inelastic contact forces in the flow regimes of Titania nanoparticle agglomerates in a bench-scale conical fluidized bed: A comparative study of CFD-DEM simulation and experimental data

The present study evaluates elastic and inelastic contact forces in predicting the fluidization characteristics of irregularly shaped Titania nanoparticle agglomerates in a bench-scale conical fluidized bed. At first, experiments were performed to identify the mutual effects of gas velocity and agglomerate size on the instantaneous pressure, bed pressure drop and bed expansion ratio. Rigid complex-agglomerates (∼100−200μm) were mainly formed in the partially fluidized regime, while soft simple-agglomerates (∼20−70μm) were primarily formed in the spouting regime. The simulations were performed through the CFD-DEM approach. The error analysis of results in the partially fluidized regime revealed that the combination of Hertz-Mindlin and Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (HM+JKR) model led to a better prediction of the bed pressure drop and bed expansion ratio than the spring-dashpot (LSD) model. In the transition flow regime, the Hysteretic model led to better results of the instantaneous pressure values than those proposed for other flow regimes. In the spouting flow regime, the HM and Thornton models led to over-estimation of bed pressure drop when compared to the LSD model. The comparative results of this study provide promising new insights into the collision mechanism of polydisperse agglomerates in different flow regimes for industrial aspects.

Rüzgar Hızı Değerlendirmesinde İki Parametreli Weibull Dağılımı İçin Üç Parametre Tahmin Metodunun Karşılaştırmalı Performans Analizi

The two-parameter Weibull distribution is widely used in the estimation of wind speed. In this paper, some recently proposed parameter estimation methods for the two parameter Weibull distribution have been compared using the wind data from two cities in Turkey. The compared methods in this paper are Wind Energy Intensification Method (WEIM), Energy Pattern Factor Method (EPFM), and Power Density Method (PD). These methods have been compared by checking the fit have provided in the probability-density graph. The comparison has also been made by comparing of efficiencies these methods in predicting wind energy density. Lastly, a comparison has been investigated by using the following performance criteria; Wind Energy Error (WEE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Coefficient of Determination (R2), and the results of error analysis have been compared. According to simulation results, while the EPFM and PD methods have shown a very close fit on the graph; when it comes to calculating wind energy densities, the PD method has shown a significant advantage over other methods. Finally, after the examination of error criteria, it was clear that EPFM has shown accurate performance which is the desired result. The main conclusion is that the accurate method for these selected regions is the EPFM.

The skill of natural interpreting in a trilingual child

Abstract The present work seeks to contribute to the fields of translation and bilingual acquisition focusing on the particular case of natural translation/interpreting of a single Slovak/English/German balanced trilingual child between 0;03 and 8;01 years. Natural interpreting is a strategy used by bilinguals whereby a message expressed in one language (source language = SL) is reproduced in another (target language = TL). Our study is based on two premises: 1. Translation in a bilingual child is an innate skill which can be acquired without formal training and is developed through guidance and practice (Harris, 1978); and 2. Natural interpreting can occur within different combinations of languages. We address the issue of bilingual competence and in particular the relationship that exists between linguistic competence and performance in the process of interpretation activity in the bilingual child. The first aim of the study is to reveal the social-academic context and the main sources of linguistic input, which had an important effect on the speech development of the child. The second aim of the study is to show that a trilingual child was able to become a sophisticated interpreter as she gradually moved through stages of pre-translation, autotranslation and transduction to more complex forms of interpretation (Harris and Sherwood, 1978; Harris, 1976 and 1978). The third aim of the study is to document the types of errors produced by the child and through error analysis and statistical data reveal whether these errors may hinder the communication of accurate meaning in the TL. The translation competence of the bilingual child is analysed via different types of spontaneous, elicited and experimental data gathered from the child’s longitudinal production recorded by the researcher in diary annotations, audio recordings and video recordings. Examples of the child’s interpretations presented in this paper are transcribed in the CHAT format. The results of our study demonstrate that a trilingual child acquiring three languages in a bilingual community with the bilingual-monolingual interaction strategy used by parents at home can become a competent interpreter by the age of 8;01 years and deliver messages quite accurately in the TL regardless of the directionality of interpretation. The results of error analysis show that the type of errors produced by the child in the process of interpretation are mainly morphological and occasionally syntactic or intrusion errors, which do not lead to misinterpretation of the meaning of original message in the TL.

The Fault Diagnosis of Diesel Fuel Supply System Based on BP Neural Network Optimized by Genetic Algorithm

As an important power source of diesel engine, the fuel supply system has the characteristics of high failure rate and being difficult to be detected, which is critical to detect and diagnose the fault for the reliable and stable operation of diesel engine. In the paper, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to process the initial data, back-propagation (BP) neural network was used to diagnose fault of diesel engine, BP diagnosis efficacy was analyzed, then the BP neural network fault diagnosis system was optimized by being introduced in the genetic algorithm , and the comparison results of training error and diagnostic analysis showed that: the fault diagnosis of BP neural network optimized by genetic algorithm is more accurate than that of traditional BP, which can effectively improve the fault diagnosis accuracy and reduce the training time.

Detection of atmosphere CCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; spatio-temporal variations by ground-based high resolution Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Atmospheric dichlorodifluoromethane (CCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CFC-12), as a synthetic chemical agent, is a main stratospheric ozone-depleting substance in atmosphere. Studies of the detection techniques and the temporal and spatial distribution of CFC-12 have great significance in understanding the variation trend of regional CFCs and their influence on stratospheric ozone. In this study, the method of retrieving the vertical profile and total column for CFC-12 is studied based on ground-based high-resolution Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The spectral window for CFC-12 retrieval is selected as 922.5–923.6 cm&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt;, where the interfering gases are H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. The result of error analysis shows that the average total error is 1.27%, including the systematic error 0.76% and random error 1.02%. The vertical profiles and total columns of atmospheric CFC-12 in Hefei during the period from 2017 to 2020 were retrieved based on the optimal estimation algorithm. The vertical profiles of CFC-12 show that the concentration of atmospheric CFC-12 is high in the troposphere and low stratosphere at the altitude of 0–20 km, and then decreases, very low at height above 40 km. The total column average kernel of retrieved CFC-12 profiles is higher at 15–20 km, and the typical signal degree of freedom of CFC-12 is 1.217. Moreover, the long-term total columns of atmosphere CFC-12 observed show obvious seasonal variation in Hefei. Total columns of atmosphere CFC-12 are higher in summer and lower in winter and early spring. The maximum monthly concentration of CFC-12 is about 1.13 × 10&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt; mol·cm&lt;sup&gt;–2&lt;/sup&gt; in July, and the minimum monthly concentration is 1.00 × 10&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt; mol·cm&lt;sup&gt;–2&lt;/sup&gt; in March. Also, the annual average total columns of atmospheric CFC-12 decreased slightly from 2017 to 2020, with an increasing rate of –0.68%. This reflects the effect of China's implementation of CFCs control ban policy. Furthermore, in order to verify the accuracy of ground-based FTIR observation, we compare our ground-based observation data with ACE-FTS/ SCISAT satellite version 4.1 level 2 data. There are 16 pairs of matching points between satellite observation and ground observation data, and the correlation coefficient is 0.73 for two CFC-12 partial columns at the height of 16–28 km, showing good agreement between ground-based FTIR data and satellite data. The long-term observations demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of ground-based high-resolution FTIR technology for detecting the vertical distribution and seasonal variation of atmosphere CFC-12.

Evaluation of the Performance of some Evapotranspiration Models at a Tropical Location in Ile – Ife, Nigeria

This study evaluates the performance of some evapotranspiration models at Ile – Ife (7o 33’ N, 4o 33’ E) Nigeria. This was to identify suitable evapotranspiration (ET) models at the study site and to provide useful information for standardizing evapotranspiration estimations at a tropical location. Meteorological parameters (wind speed, relative humidity, temperature, solar radiation, soil heat flux, and net radiation) were routinely measured at the Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU) Meteorological Station located within the Teaching and Research Farm of the campus for a period of a month (1st – 29th July 2014). Nine standardized models for the estimation of ET; Penman-Monteith (FAO-56 PM), Priestly-Taylor (PT), Makkink (MAKK), Jensen-Haise (JH), Hargreaves-Samani (HS), Ivanov (IVA), Modified Romanenko (MROM), FAO-24 Radiation (FAO-24 RAD) and Turc (TURC) models were employed. The ET values obtained from these models were then compared to the estimated values obtained from the FAO-56 PM equation recommended as the international standard method for determining reference ET. The estimation of the ET obtained from FAO – 56 PM model ranged between 0.426 – 2.239 mm/day, MAKK, JH, and HS gave estimation closest to this, ranging from 0.544 – 2.272 mm/day. The estimation of ET from other models revealed that PT has the highest value ranging between 1.323 – 6.936 mm/day, followed closely was FAO – 24 RAD with values ranging between 1.197 – 6.500 mm/day, values of IVA model ranged from 0.620 – 1.829 mm/day, MROM value ranged from 1.240 – 3.659 mm/day, TURC has the least value ranging from 0.190 – 0.584 mm/day. Using the result of the mean biased error and regression analysis, JH model compared best with the FAO – 56 PM with coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.927; slope (b) = 0.957; mean biased error (MBE) = 0.133, this was followed closely by HS with value R2 = 0.929; b = 1.199; MBE = - 0.075 and MAKK with the value R2 = 0.931; b = 1.198; MBE = - 0.052. However, the other models showed significant over or underestimation of the ET benchmark values. The performance of the other models showed no improvement after they were recalibrated by adjusting their original coefficients. Thus, six out of the ET models employed in this study [the Priestly-Taylor (PT), Makkink (MAKK), Jensen-Haise (JH), Hargreaves-Samani (HS), FAO-24 Radiation (FAO-24 RAD) and Turc (TURC)] were found suitable for the climatic region of Ile – Ife after the adjustment of their coefficients.

Log orthogonal functions: approximation properties and applications

Abstract We present two new classes of orthogonal functions, log orthogonal functions and generalized log orthogonal functions, which are constructed by applying a $\log $ mapping to Laguerre polynomials. We develop basic approximation theory for these new orthogonal functions, and apply them to solve several typical fractional differential equations whose solutions exhibit weak singularities. Our error analysis and numerical results show that our methods based on the new orthogonal functions are particularly suitable for functions that have weak singularities at one endpoint and can lead to exponential convergence rate, as opposed to low algebraic rates if usual orthogonal polynomials are used.

Error Analysis Study on the Veering of Marine Target and the Midcourse Guidance of Anti-ship Missile

This paper presents the results of new error analysis on the veering of marine target with the concept of frequency of occurrence, and shows how to apply the midcourse guidance errors of anti-ship missile. The veering error would be a dominant factor in the midcourse guidance errors with flight time increase. This study suggests the reasonable application method of the veering error based on the characteristics of abnormal error, and describes the tailoring method including trade-off between the midcourse guidance range of veering target and the value of frequency of occurrence on veering error. Keywords: 변침 오차, 발생 빈도, 중기 ìœ ë„, 상시 오차, 비상시 오차, í Œì¼ëŸ¬ë§, ì ˆì¶© Keywords: Veering Error, Frequency of Occurrence, Midcourse Guidance, Normal Error, Abnormal Error, Tailoring, Trade-off

An efficient hardware logarithm generator with modified quasi-symmetrical approach for digital signal processing

This paper presents a low-error, low-area FPGA-based hardware logarithm generator for digital signal processing systems which require high-speed, real time logarithm operations. The proposed logarithm generator employs the modified quasi-symmetrical approach for an efficient hardware implementation. The error analysis and implementation results are also presented and discussed. The achieved results show that the proposed approach can reduce the approximation error and hardware area compared with traditional methods.

Positional Accuracy Assessment of Lidar Point Cloud from NAIP/3DEP Pilot Project

The Leica Geosystems CountryMapper hybrid system has the potential to collect data that satisfy the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Geospatial Program (NGP) and 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) requirements in a single collection. This research will help 3DEP determine if this sensor has the potential to meet current and future 3DEP topographic lidar collection requirements. We performed an accuracy analysis and assessment on the lidar point cloud produced from CountryMapper. The boresighting calibration and co-registration by georeferencing correction based on ground control points are assumed to be performed by the data provider. The scope of the accuracy assessment is to apply the following variety of ways to measure the accuracy of the delivered point cloud to obtain the error statistics. Intraswath uncertainty from a flat surface was computed to evaluate the point cloud precision. Intraswath difference between opposite scan directions and the interswath overlap difference were evaluated to find boresighting or any systematic errors. Absolute vertical accuracy over vegetated and non-vegetated areas were also assessed. Both horizontal and vertical absolute errors were assessed using the 3D absolute error analysis methodology of comparing conjugate points derived from geometric features. A three-plane feature makes a single unique intersection point. Intersection points were computed from ground-based lidar and airborne lidar point clouds for comparison. The difference between two intersection points form one error vector. The geometric feature-based error analysis was applied to intraswath, interswath, and absolute error analysis. The CountryMapper pilot data appear to satisfy the accuracy requirements suggested by the USGS lidar specification, based upon the error analysis results. The focus of this research was to demonstrate various conventional accuracy measures and novel 3D accuracy techniques using two different error computation methods on the CountryMapper airborne lidar point cloud.

Pre-flight calibration of a multi-angle polarimetric satellite sensor directional polarimetric camera.

The directional polarimetric camera (DPC), developed by Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, is a satellite sensor used to observe the polarization and directionality of the earth's reflectance. It acquires the two-dimensional image of the earth with a large field of view (118.74°) and a high spatial resolution (3.3 km) in 8 spectral bands. The first DPC was successfully launched onboard the GaoFen-5 satellite in May 2018, subject to the Chinese high-resolution earth observation program. In this paper, a set of systematic and complete pre-flight calibrations of the DPC are proposed to ensure the effective characterization for in-flight calibration, so as to ensure the accuracy of DPC measured radiation polarization data and the reliability of inversion results. Since the geometric calibration method of the DPC has been presented in an early companion paper [Appl. Opt. 59 226 (2020)], this paper will not introduce it in detail. Instead, the geometric calibration results of each spectral band together with a discussion on the origin of differences between spectral bands are analyzed, and the error analysis of the method is conducted. The results of the DPC geometric calibration is that the residuals of all spectral bands are less than 0.1 pixel. For radiometric calibration, the radiometric models of non-polarized bands and polarized bands are derived in detail, respectively, and the specific calibration methods with error analysis, equipment, and main results with their related accuracies for each parameter of the radiometric models are described. To verify the accuracy of calibration parameters, a series of polarization detection accuracy verification experiments based on a non-polarized radiation source, a polarizing system, and a natural scene were carried out. The experimental results show that the maximum deviation of degree of polarization between the set values of the polarizing system and measured values of the DPC at the corresponding positions of four field of view angles of 0, 15, 30, and 45 degrees of each polarized spectral band is 0.009, 0.004, and 0.003, respectively. The average error in measuring the degree of polarization of a non-polarized light source by all pixels in the three polarized bands is 0.0043, 0.0046, and 0.0037, respectively. And the relative deviations of each field of view are within 0.020 when the DPC and CE318N simultaneously measure the DoLP of sky. All of these prove the effectiveness of the pre-flight calibration.

Kesalahan tata bahasa bidang morfologi pada karangan narasi peserta didik kelas IV semester I sdn tegalsari n0. 60 tahun pelajaran 2019/2020

&lt;p class="Abstract"&gt;&lt;em&gt;This research was carried out at SDN Tegalsari No. 60 Surakarta, precisely at 4&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; grade students with a total of 24 students. The purpose of this research was to alakyze and describe thee types of grammatical errors in the field of morphology tata exsited in the narrative essay of fourth gade students at SDN Tegalsari No. 60. This type of research is a qualitative study using descriptive methods. Data collection is done by means of observation and using thu method of documentation, interviews, and field notes. Based on the results of grammatical error analysis in the field of morphologythat has been obtained, then the data is processed trough interactive Milles and Huberman data analysis. The data that has been obtained is then grouped into each type and corrects errors and causes the errors. Bese on the results of research, grammatical errors in the filed of morphology in students narrative essays can be divided into 6 types of errors, writing point errors, comma writing errors, writing errors in capital letters, writing errors in invented words, writing errors reduplication words, and errors diction.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;