Erroneous Answers Research Articles

Gaze and hand behaviors during haptic abilities testing-An update to multimedia learning theory.

The Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (CTML) suggests humans learn through visual and auditory sensory channels. Haptics represent a third channel within CTML and a missing component for experiential learning. The objective was to measure visual and haptic behaviors during spatial tasks. The haptic abilities test (HAT) quantifies results in several realms, accuracy, time, and strategy. The HAT was completed under three sensory conditions using sight (S), haptics (H), and sight with haptics (SH). Subjects (n = 22, 13 females (F), 20-28 years) completed the MRT (10.6 ± 5.0, mean ± SD) and were classified as high or low spatial abilities scores with respect to mean MRT: high spatial abilities (HSA) (n = 12, 6F, MRT = 13.7 ± 3.0), and low spatial ability (LSA) groups (n = 10, 7F, MRT = 5.6 ± 2.0). Video recordings gaze and hand behaviors were compared between HSA and LSA groups across HAT conditions. The HSA group spent less time fixating on mirrored objects, an erroneous answer option, of HAT compared to the LSA group (11.0 ± 4.7 vs. 17.8 ± 7.3 s, p = 0.020) in S conditions. In haptic conditions, HSA utilized a hand-object interaction strategy characterized as palpation, significantly less than the LSA group (23.2 ± 16.0 vs. 43.1 ± 21.5 percent, p = 0.022). Before this study, it was unclear whether haptic sensory inputs appended to the mental schema models of the CTML. These data suggest that if spatial abilities are challenged, LSA persons both benefit and utilize strategies beyond the classic CTML framework by using their hands as a third input channel. This data suggest haptic behaviors offer a third type of sensory memory resulting in improved cognitive performance.

Исследование эффективности теста ATTON в диагностике нарушения внимания у детей 5—7 лет

<p>This article describes the study of attention concentration in children using a new method — the ATTON test for the first time. The duration of the test, the response rate, the number of errors and correct answers in the main (106 children) and control (108 children) groups were measured. The authors identified differences in the groups in test duration, response rate, number of errors and correctly completed tasks at the significance level α<0.001. And also presented normative indicators of test duration, response rate, number of erroneous and correct answers for children aged 5, 6 and 7 years. The relationship between the duration of the test, the number of errors and correct answers of the ATTON test with the scores of the proof-reading test "Encryption", as well as with a non-verbal intellectual indicator, was revealed. The retest reliability was determined at the level of r=0.757 at p<0.001. The Cronbach's alpha value for the test was 0.973.</p>

Agreement with COVID-19 Conspiracy Theories Has Poor Temporal Stability.

Low temporal stability may complicate the interpretation of survey measures of conspiracy theories (CTs). Current study examines the stability of endorsement of CTs on a popular set of items addressing COVID-19-related CTs. An online survey tapping two CTs about COVID-19 was administered to 179 students of general medicine. The same items were presented twice in March 2022 and once in May 2022. The mean endorsement of the CTs did not differ between March and May. The correlation between answers provided in March and May was low (.5 < r < .7). Most of those reporting agreement with CTs in March reported disagreement in May. Conspiracy believers' responses did not change between two measurements in March but were different in May, suggesting that the low temporal stability was due to situational factors rather than erroneous or random answers. Poor temporal stability of responses endorsing CTs may problematize interpretation of survey data. Respondents' endorsement of CTs may be affected by situational factors, inflating agreement with CTs, and correlations with other survey-based measures.

"It was not mentioned": Improving responses to unanswerable questions using retrieval instructions.

Previous research shows that posing many questions about an event may lead to asking questions about unwitnessed details and that people sometimes provide substantive and erroneous answers to them. Therefore, two experiments investigated the role of the problem-solving and judgment processes, which are unrelated to memory access, in improving responding to unanswerable questions. Experiment 1 compared the effects of a brief retrieval training with the effects of an instruction to increase the criterion of reporting. As expected, the two manipulations had different effects on participants' answers, which demonstrates that training can do more than just instigate more cautious responding. However, we found evidence against our prediction that an enhancement in metacognitive ability underlies improved responding after training. Experiment 2 investigated, for the first time, the role of constant awareness that questions can be unanswerable and that such questions should be rejected. We compared the effects of training with the effects of a small change in response format that ensured such awareness. The effects of the two manipulations were similar, which supports our prediction that the constant awareness of unanswerable questions is a key factor behind improved responding. Practical implications for the eyewitness memory domain are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Интернет-сервис для пациентов с неотложными офтальмологическими заболеваниями

Emergency care is relevant due to the high demand and frequency of occurrence. In this regard, it is very relevant to create an Internet service for patients with urgent ophthalmic diseases. the purpose of the study: the creation and study of the effectiveness of an Internet service for patients with urgent ophthalmic diseases. The service is open to any user. It is posted on the site https://intemsys.ru/. all available questions are standard, available in medical standards. After filling in all sections, the report is sent to the processing server. The response based on the results of the analysis is sent to the patient’s phone or email. The preliminary conclusion about the urgency of going to the doctor is based on diagnostic algorithms for the analysis of complaints. Using the service in the form of answering questions in order to identify the presence of complaints of their nature and severity did not cause difficulties for patients. To exclude erroneous answers based on the recommendations of users, the mode of double confirmation of the answer was implemented. The age of the patients ranged from 20 to 78 years, 285 of 320 (89 %) of them sought medical help on an emergency basis. This technique also provides new qualities: expanding the availability of specialized medical care, analyzing data using diagnostic algorithms, and monitoring the condition of patients. New and promising is the analysis of the data obtained by a neural network to automate and improve the efficiency of the diagnostic process. The novelty is the implementation by the service of the emergency informing factor and, accordingly, the reduction of time to effective assistance. Keywords: emergency care, ophthalmology, traumatology, glaucoma, inflammatory eye diseases, telemedicine

Self-assessment of oral hygiene in children aged 9‒14 years.

Self-assessment of oral hygiene can be well-accomplished through questionnaires with questions that can logically check deliberately erroneous answers by the individual being questioned. The standard questionnaires were distributed to children aged 9‒14 years to collect information on the personal level of oral hygiene, find the reasons for not receiving correct information from the individuals and not referring to a dentist for routine visits, and determine fears arising from previous visits and procedures. Deliberately chosen incorrect answers comprised 6.3% of cases. Dental hygiene was expressed in the correlation of the hemorrhage index and the presence of bacteria in 72.4% of cases. The dentist's approach toward pediatric patients, especially young children, should encourage children to continue dental treatments and not postpone them due to pain and aggravated dental situations. The relatively small percentage of cases with high psychological stress during dental visits in this study was a positive aspect.

Basic debt literacy and debt behavior

Using unique survey data from 1001 individuals representative of the French population, we document that less than half of the sample (47%) can provide correct answers to two basic questions addressing the functioning of debt interests. This proportion is higher among credit users, but the improvement emerges mainly from mortgagors (55%) and much less from consumer credit users (51%). Furthermore, among consumer credit users, the portion of respondents giving at least one erroneous answer (i.e. neither correct nor “don't know”) is above one third and significantly higher than in the rest of the population (35% vs. 30%). Next, with regressions, controlling for a wide array of socio-demographic variables and potential confounding factors like present-biased preferences or saving-oriented literacy, we show that incorrect answers to debt literacy questions predict a greater propensity to use consumer debt and to use it in a more expensive way (i.e. choosing lower settlements). Lastly, we find that respondents who answer debt literacy questions incorrectly are not more likely to report intention to take financial education training or to seek financial advice from a bank advisor, even when such respondents also present a high propensity to use debt or to use it in an expensive way.

Особенности выполнения методики «Нелепицы» детьми 5 лет с общим недоразвитием речи (III уровень) (сообщение 1)

The introduction describes the features of thinking, perception and analyzing observation of children with ONR, which make it difficult to correctly analyze and evaluate visual information. The research methodology is the task «Nelepies» in the version presented by R.S. Nemov. The results of the study provide generalized quantitative results for individual absurdities. Qualitative analysis captures the correct answers and reveals the mechanisms of children's erroneous answers. Qualitative characteristics of the analysis carried out by normally developing children and children with OHP (III level) aged 5 years when considering this image are presented: options for explaining inconsistencies (whether everything is drawn correctly) and options for clarifying answers (how it should actually be). For each option for explaining and clarifying discrepancies, generalized quantitative data and a quantitative difference between the results of normally developing children and children with OHP (III level) are given. All variants of explanations and clarifications are illustrated by the children's answers and presented in accordance with the quantitative difference between the indicators of children with normal speech development and GR (III level). At the same time, variants with a quantitative predominance in the norm, variants with a quantitative predominance in OHP (level III) and variants that are noted only in OHP (level III) are indicated. In conclusion, a sequence of established options for explanations and clarifications is presented in terms of the degree of quantitative difference between the indicators of normally developing children and children with OHP (level III) from a larger difference to a smaller one.

Out of proportion or out of context? Comparing 8- to 9-year-olds' proportional reasoning abilities across fair-sharing, mixtures, and probability contexts.

Findings on children's proportional reasoning abilities strongly vary across studies. This might be due to the different contexts that can be used in proportional problems: fair-sharing, mixtures, and probability. A review of the scientific literature suggests that the context of proportional problems may not only impact the difficulty of the problem, but that it also plays an important role in how children approach the problems. In other words, different contexts might elicit different (erroneous) thinking strategies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of context in third graders' (n = 305) proportional reasoning abilities. Results showed that children performed significantly better in a fair-sharing context compared to a mixture and a probability context. No evidence was found for a difference in performance on the mixture and the probability context. However, the kind of erroneous answers that were given in the mixture and probability context differed slightly, with more additive answers in the mixture context and more one-dimensional answers in the probability context. These findings suggest that the type of answers elicited by proportional problems might depend on the specific context in which the problem is presented.

Error‐based simulation as a thought experimental method for changing “motion implies a force” misconception: An evaluation

AbstractBackgroundIn learning mechanics, students often believe that “force is exerted on moving objects.” As this misconception called “motion implies a force” (MIF) is difficult to correct, various teaching methods have been proposed, such as showing refutational/explanatory text (Palmer &amp; Flanagan, 1997; Takagaki, 2004), promoting students' conceptual development (Dekkers &amp; Thijs, 1998) and epistemology‐focused instruction (Elby, 2001).ObjectivesThe purpose of this research is to empirically examine the effectiveness of an alternative method we have proposed for helping students overcome MIF misconceptions. The method is called the “Error‐based simulation (EBS)” that creates a counterexample to students' misconceptions by simulating erroneous phenomena based on students' incorrect ideas.MethodsWe conducted a two‐year experimental implementation of EBS in mechanics classes at a technical college, and investigated the results. Students worked on the pre‐test, the exercise with EBS, the post‐test, and the delayed post‐test.Results and ConclusionsIn both years, MIF‐answers (wrong answers due to MIF) in the learning task (problems learned with EBS) significantly decreased from the pre‐test to the post‐test and the delayed post‐test. The decrease in other erroneous answers was not significant. EBS was effective mainly in correcting MIF‐answers, and the effect was maintained over the long term. In the transfer task (new problems), the ratio of MIF‐answers to all erroneous answers in both the post‐test and delayed post‐test was much lower than that on the learning task in the pre‐test. These results suggest that learning with EBS not only corrected MIF‐answers but also promoted the correction of MIF misconceptions. A comparison between our results and those of other methods for correcting MIF misconceptions revealed that the effect of EBS was equal to or greater than that of other methods mentioned above.

THE MEDIATING ROLE OF JOB SATISFACTION IN THE EFFECT OF SMARTPHONE ADDICTION ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE: A REVIEW OF THE HEALTHCARE SECTOR DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating role of job satisfaction in the effect of smartphone addiction on employee performance. The study has been carried out in the health sector, which is the most crucial sector in the fight against the Covid-19 pandemic. Questionnaire forms have been prepared in accordance with the objectives of the study and they’ve been distributed to 400 people working in Adiyaman province and its districts through simple random sampling. 250 people have responded to the surveys. Five questionnaires with erroneous or partial answers haven’t been assessed. Thus, 245 questionnaires have been assessed and tested in line with the study's objectives. IBM SPSS 25, Amos 23 and Excel programs have been utilized for data analysis. The analysis's findings indicate that smartphone addiction negatively affects employee performance and job satisfaction. On the other hand, job satisfaction positively affects employee performance. Furthermore, job satisfaction has a partial mediating role in the effect of smartphone addiction on employee performance. In the conclusion part of the study, the results of the analysis have been compiled and compared with the findings of similar studies in the literature. The literature study has revealed that there has never been a thorough investigation of the mediating role that job satisfaction plays in the effect of smartphone addiction on employee performance. Therefore, this study fills a significant gap in the literature of organizational behavior.

An inquiry on organic food confusion in the consumer perception: a qualitative perspective

PurposeThis study aims to reveal consumer perceptions towards organic food, particularly emphasizing the confusion and vagueness in the public eye.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 21 well-educated and relatively high-income consumers were selected as cases of the study. The knowledge about the organic food concept and organic food preferences were analyzed through the grounded theory analysis. In this analysis, ten categories which are shopping from the close circle, the product information attitude, do it yourself (DIY), true and false facts and dilemmas, information sources, the most preferred organic products, perception of organic food indicator, market place trends, organic food orientation reasons, and attitude toward the organic products/producers were detected as the main issues.FindingsThe authors chose the cases from well-educated people who have a relatively high income, and it is seen that the knowledge levels of consumers are low regarding organic foods. This low-level knowledge becomes apparent in confused and erroneous answers and actions. The confusion over the organic food concept and the institutional image appear as two main findings of the study. The authors named this false fact as organic confusion and dilemmas in this analysis. According to the study’s results, there is a considerable amount of confusion over healthy and natural food contexts.Originality/valueThis study aims to bring a comprehensive delineation to the general perception of the organic food concept in society. And it reveals a detailed feedback for the institutions and companies on how to solve organic food problems such as confusion, institutional image problem, and false facts. Although organic product knowledge is shown as a critical factor in many studies in the literature, the number of studies that examine this situation in depth is insufficient.

Inserting an Erroneous Element in the Answer Key of Grouped Team Readiness Assurance Test in Team-Based Learning: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Clinical Toxicology.

PurposeTeam-based learning (TBL) is an interactive instructional strategy designed to enhance student engagement. Few studies reported that TBL needs to be more interactive, concerns were raised regarding the insufficient instructor feedback, and students feel that TBL gets less attractive with time. One method of boosting students’ interaction and performance is adding an element of challenge or positive stress. Therefore, we hypothesized that inserting an erroneous answer in the answer key would generate an observable improvement in the selected outcomes in terms of better satisfaction, interaction, interest in learning, better academic performance, and better development of competencies compared to traditional TBL.MethodsThis randomized controlled trial aimed to determine if inserting an erroneous element in the answer key of a grouped team readiness assurance test (GRAT) would update TBL and whether this intervention would enhance students’ performance and satisfaction.ResultsA total of 55 medical students were recruited (88.7% response rate). Erroneous elements were inserted in the answer key of the experimental group and students enrolled in traditional TBL were considered as controls. Compared to the control group (p < 0.001), the experimental group revealed significantly higher academic performances in GRAT and team evaluation test (TET). Analysis of students’ perception of the implemented TBL revealed better perception among the experimental group (33.7 ± 6.4) than the control group (30.1 ± 7.0). Moreover, significantly higher team dynamics were reported among the experimental group than the control group (33.0 ± 6.3 and 27.8 ± 7.6 for both groups, respectively; p = 0.005). The reported advantages were in-depth understanding, easier information retrieval, and development of problem-solving skills. Students considered time and effort as their main limitations.ConclusionAdding a few erroneous answers in the GRAT is well perceived by students, enhances their learning competencies and overcomes some TBL challenges.

1487-PUB: Fostering the Health Literacy of Younger Generations

Prevention of the onset and the increase in severity of lifestyle-related diseases extends healthy life spans. It is important to start educating younger generations on basic life knowledge, disease and health literacy. This class was offered in both private and public elementary (ES) and junior high schools (JHS) from 2015. A questionnaire (Q) survey was conducted before and after the class. The effects of education and future challenges were discussed. Qs were distributed to 727 students, consisting of 4th to 6th graders in 5 public ES and 3rd graders in JHS. The Qs were collected from 727 students before class and 715 students after class. 7submitted responses both before and after the class. A paired analysis was performed on these responses. Those who answered “I don’t eat breakfast” was less than 5% in both ES and JHS, while those who answered “sweet bread (including cakes) ” was about 30% in both ES and JHS. Those who were able to accurately list the three major nutrients carbohydrate, protein and fat, essential in larger amounts for growth and body’s basic function, improved from 5% (before class) to 71.2% (after class) in ES students and to 86.4% in JHS students. Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed no significant difference in improvement of the correct answers from pre- to post-class between 4th-grade students and 6th-grade students, nor between ES students and JHS. There were significant differences between different ES. Significantly more JHS than ES students (P&amp;lt;0.01) and more female than male students (P&amp;lt;0.01) answered that they had questions. There were many erroneous answers regarding calcium and vitamins. There were students even in the 3rd grade of JHS who lacked a proper understanding of the three major nutrients. They confused them with others. A better understanding of diseases and the three major nutrients can be gained from the 4th grade of ES by conducting classes related to the human body and diseases. Repeated health classes starting in ES may foster health literacy concerning lifestyle-related diseases. Disclosure S.Kaneko: None. K.Kamiya: None.

The number sense: a comparison between normal and adapted curriculum pupils in terms of subitization ability, the distance and magnitude effects

Number sense refers to the ability to easily understand, approximate and manipulate numerical quantities. In solving numerical problems, children use exact, respectively approximate calculation strategies. Unfortunately, some persons encounter difficulties in acquiring basic mathematical skills, and this condition represent a specific learning disability called developmental discalculia. The aim of the present study was to compare normal and adapted curriculum pupils in terms of subitization ability and efectiveness of number sense. The presence of magnitude and distance effects was tested in four distinct formats: 3D objects, 2D figures, verbal and visual Arabic numerical representation. The sample consisted of 111 normal and adapted curriculum pupils. Both number of errors and reaction times were registered. Adapted curriculum pupils registered more erroneous answers in the 2D, verbal, and arabic tasks and bigger reaction times in the 3D, tasks with Arabic or verbal numerals. Both normal and adapted curriculum pupils registered the best performances in the visual Arabic numerical representation task. Contrary to the expectations, the magnitude effect was not outlined in terms of reaction times, perhaps due to the calculation strategies which pupils adopted in different tasks.

Predictive Assessment of the Analysis of the Parameters of Track and Field Students’ Statokinetic Stability and Mental Performance in the Development of Exam Stress

In the article, it is shown that mental performance can be used to predict the degree of tension in track and field students under the influence of emotional stress associated with passing the exam. During the exams, there was a decrease in the statokinetic stability of the students' body, which led to an increase in erroneous answers of students and a decrease in the indicators of mental performance and work productivity, which remained reduced even a week after the end of the exam. The work also shows that a decrease in statokinetic stability is a factor of destabilization of the optimal level of mental performance and productivity of performing cognitive tasks.

Sources of difficulties and selection of strategies in translation of socio-political terms

The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the most common difficulties faced by students in translating socio-political terminological units from English and Ukrainian and the strategies they choose to overcome these difficulties. To achieve this goal, two lists of terminological units had been compiled in English and Ukrainian. The total number of units per a testee was one hundred and fifteen words and word combinations in each language. The testees were third and fourth year students of the School of Foreign Languages at V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, who had mastered specialized courses in the socio-political field of translation during several semesters, and therefore had gained some experience in translating the relevant terminology. They were asked to translate the above mentioned terms within seventy minutes. Then their translations were analyzed: the types of difficulties that caused errors were identified and systematized. The analysis of erroneous answers showed that most errors were caused by: unjustified word-for-word translation, which was caused by faulty selection of a translation equivalent; interlingual and intralinguistic interference; semantic modification; structural complexity; low frequency of the terminological unit and lack of subject knowledge. The sources of difficulties that students have in translating socio-political terminology, and the strategies they choose to overcome them, are generally the same as in other fields of translation. These sources and strategies should be considered in designing training courses for future translators.

The 15-item version of the Boston Naming Test in Italian: normative data for adults

ABSTRACT Background The Boston Naming Test (BNT) is a neuropsychological tool that is widely utilized in clinical practice to detect naming difficulties (i.e., anomia) in patients with language disorders and to evaluate the semantic memory integrity in patients with cognitive impairment (i.e., Alzheimer’s Disease). The complete version of the test includes 60 items, but several abbreviated forms have been developed in order to shorten the time of administration. These shortened versions have also been translated and adapted in countries where English is not the primary language. It is still necessary, however, to collect normative data from other languages, including Italian. Aims The purpose of the current study was to introduce the first Italian version of the 15-item BNT for adults that is comparable to the original English version and to provide normative data based on 275 healthy Italian-speaking adults stratified by age, sex and education. Finally, we assessed the qualitative differences in erroneous answers in order to detect normal incorrect patterns of response. Methods and Procedures The 15-item Form 4 proposed by Mack and collaborators, which is included in the latest version of the BNT (2001), was administered to 130 males and 145 females, aged between 18 and 85 years, with a formal education ranging from 5 to 32 years. The 15 items of the original English BNT were double translated, achieving an appropriate cross-linguistic and cross-cultural comparison. The statistical analysis was performed applying a generalized linear regression model with inverse Gaussian distribution of the response variables. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was utilized to investigate the relationship between the pattern of responses and the demographic variables. Results We provided data for educated Italian adults from multiple age groups stratified by gender and educational background. In addition, our results demonstrate that demographic variables, mostly at the schooling level, play an important role in naming performance, with higher levels of education being strongly associated with better performance Conclusions We suggest that this 15-item BNT is a suitable tool for the assessment of naming ability in the adult Italian population.

Multi-modal User Intent Classification Under the Scenario of Smart Factory (Student Abstract)

Question-answering systems are becoming increasingly popular in Natural Language Processing, especially when applied in smart factory settings. A common practice in designing those systems is through intent classification. However, in a multiple-stage task commonly seen in those settings, relying solely on intent classification may lead to erroneous answers, as questions rising from different work stages may share the same intent but have different contexts and therefore require different answers. To address this problem, we designed an interactive dialogue system that utilizes contextual information to assist intent classification in a multiple-stage task. Specifically, our system incorporates user’s utterances with real-time video feed to better situate users’ questions and analyze their intent.

TruthTrust: Truth Inference-Based Trust Management Mechanism on a Crowdsourcing Platform.

On a crowdsourcing platform, in order to cheat for rewards or sabotage the crowdsourcing processes, spam workers may submit numerous erroneous answers to the tasks published by requesters. This type of behavior extremely reduces the completion rate of tasks and the enthusiasm of honest users, which may lead a crowdsourcing platform to a failure. Defending against malicious attacks is an important issue in crowdsourcing, which has been extensively addressed by existing methods, e.g., verification-based defense mechanisms, data analysis solutions, trust-based defense models, and workers’ properties matching mechanisms. However, verification-based defense mechanisms will consume a lot of resources, and data analysis solutions cannot motivate workers to provide high-quality services. Trust-based defense models and workers’ properties matching mechanisms cannot guarantee the authenticity of information when collusion requesters publish shadow tasks to help malicious workers get more participation opportunities. To defend such collusion attacks in crowdsourcing platforms, we propose a new defense model named TruthTrust. Firstly, we define a complete life cycle system that from users’ interaction to workers’ recommendation, and separately define the trust value of each worker and the credence of each requester. Secondly, in order to ensure the authenticity of the information, we establish a trust model based on the CRH framework. The calculated truth value and weight are used to define the global properties of workers and requesters. Moreover, we propose a reverse mechanism to improve the resistance under attacks. Finally, extensive experiments demonstrate that TruthTrust significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches in terms of effective task completion rate.