ERP Study Research Articles

Unconscious cognitive reappraisal and unconscious expression suppression regulate emotional responses: an ERP study

Unconscious cognitive reappraisal and unconscious expression suppression regulate emotional responses: an ERP study

Effects of different types of interference on nurses' working memory: An ERP study.

To explore the effects of different types of interference on nurses' working memory, and the role of attention control. A repeated measures design. A single-factor, four-level within-subjects design was adopted. Thirty-one nurses completed a delay-recognition task with four blocks in September 2020: Interrupting Stimulus (stimuli requiring attention), Distracting Stimulus (stimuli to-be-ignored), No Interference and Passively View. Behavioural responses of the participants and EEG data were recorded. MATLAB 21b and EEGLAB 21b were used for electroencephalogram data preprocessing and data extraction. Firstly, when nursing information system was used as task material, the accuracy rate and false alarm rate of primary tasks under interruption condition was statistically significantly different with that of distraction and no interference condition. There is a statistically significant difference in electroencephalogram measurement between correct and wrong response under interruption. Secondly, the role of attention control was different under interruption and distraction. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the average amplitude distraction attention control index and task accuracy, and statistically significant negative correlation between the latency interruption attention control index and the accuracy of working memory task. There were different effects of interruptions and distractions on nurses' working memory and the role of attention control were also different. Measures can be designed according to these results to reduce the negative impact of interference on nurses, so as to improve work efficiency and reduce patient risk. This study has implications for clinical nursing during human-computer interaction. Resumption of the speed of the target information after an interruption affected task performance. Therefore, interventions should be designed to reduce the time needed for nurses to extract task information after an interruption, such as providing key clues in the information system interface. Registered nurses participated in the study as subjects.

An ERP study on the certainty of epistemic modality in predictive inference processing.

Previous psychological experiments have shown that predictive inference processing under different textual constraints is modulated by the directionality function of epistemic modality (EM) certainty within the context. Nevertheless, recent neuroscientific studies have not presented positive evidence for such a function during text reading. Consequently, the current study deposited Chinese EMs "" (possibly) and "" (surely) into a predictive inference context to examine whether a directionality of EM certainty influences the processing of predictive inference via the ERP technique. Two independent variables, namely textual constraint and EM certainty, were manipulated, and 36 participants were recruited. The results revealed that, in the anticipatory stage of predictive inference processing while under a weak textual constraint, low certainty evoked a larger N400 (300-500 ms) in the fronto-central and centro-parietal regions, indicating the augmentation of cognitive loads in calculating the possibility of representations of the forthcoming information. Meanwhile, high certainty elicited a right fronto-central late positive component (LPC) (500-700 ms) associated with semantically congruent but lexically unpredicted words. In the integration stage, low certainty resulted in larger right fronto-central and centro-frontal N400 (300-500 ms) effects in the weak textual constraint condition, associated with the facilitation of lexical-semantic retrieval or pre-activation, and high certainty successively elicited right fronto-central and centro-parietal LPC (500-700 ms) effects, associated respectively with lexical unpredictability and reanalysis of the sentence meaning. The results support the directionality function of EM certainty and reveal the complete neural processing of predictive inferences with high and low certainties under different textual constraint conditions.

Increased N250 elicited by facial familiarity: An ERP study including the face inversion effect and facial emotion processing

The present study aims to explore how familiarity modulates the neural processing of faces under different conditions: upright or inverted, neutral or emotional. To this purpose, 32 participants (25 female; age: M = 27.7 years, SD = 9.3) performed two face/emotion identification tasks during EEG recording. In the first task, to study facial processing, three different categories of facial stimuli were presented during a target detection task: famous familiar faces, faces of loved ones, and unfamiliar faces. To explore the face inversion effect according to each level of familiarity, these facial stimuli were also presented upside down. In the second task, to study emotional face processing, an emotional identification task on personally familiar and unfamiliar faces was conducted. The behavioural results showed an improved performance in the identification of facial expressions of emotion with the increase of facial familiarity, consistent with the previous literature. Regarding electrophysiological results, we found increased amplitudes of the P100, N170, and N250 for inverted compared to upright faces, independently of their degree of familiarity. Moreover, we did not find familiarity effects at the P100 and N170 time-windows, but we found that N250 amplitude was larger for personally familiar compared to unfamiliar faces. This result supports the reasoning that the facial familiarity increases the neural activity during the N250 time-window, which may be explained by the processing of additional information prompted by the viewing of our loved ones faces, in contrast to what happens with unfamiliar individuals.

The Effects of Social Status and Imposition on the Comprehension of Refusals in Chinese: An ERP Study.

This study aims to examine how real-time processing of information about the social status of interlocutors (high vs. low) and the imposition of making a refusal by manipulating the indirectness of invitation forms (declining direct invitations vs. declining indirect invitations) affects the interpretation of refusals in Chinese. The event-related potentials results showed that high-status invitees who decline invitations from low-status inviters elicited weaker N400 effects followed by late mitigated negative effects, while high imposition refusals elicited stronger N400 effects followed by increased late negativities. The two factors of social status and imposition functioned independently during the comprehension of refusal utterances. These findings suggest that individuals take the social status of interlocutors and the imposition of making a refusal into consideration as an utterance unfolds, while face-threatening contexts create inferential difficulties for reinterpreting the pragmatic implications of an utterance.

Personal relative deprivation impairs the ability to inhibit impulsive responses: an exploratory ERP study.

Evidence indicates that personal relative deprivation (PRD) can lead to various impulsive behaviors. Given that impulsive behaviors are usually caused by a failure to exert cognitive control, the purpose of this study was to explore whether PRD affects the ability to exert cognitive control on behavior. Forty-six healthy participants were randomly assigned to PRD or non-PRD group. Participants of the PRD group were told their income would lie below the Chinese average. While their electrophysiological responses were recorded, they underwent a Go/No-Go task simultaneously assessing the ability to detect response conflict and inhibit the predominant response. We found that the individuals with induced PRD show diminished ability to inhibit predominant response. We suggest this is because PRD-related concerns consume cognitive resources, leaving less for other tasks. However, we also found that individuals with induced PRD show enhanced ability to detect conflict. This might be because that individuals with induced PRD were sensitive to potentially threatening information (high-conflict No-Go trials) and they can detect conflict with less cognitive resources. These findings may facilitate future attempts to design interventions for relatively deprived individuals to manage their impulsive behavior.

Working memory and processing speed abilities are related to habituation and change detection in school-aged children: An ERP study.

High cognitive performance is related to efficient brain processing while accomplishing complex cognitive tasks. This efficiency is observed through a rapid engagement of the brain regions and the cognitive processes required for task accomplishment. However, it is unclear if this efficiency is also present in basic sensory processes such as habituation and change detection. We recorded EEG with 85 healthy children (51 males) aged between 4 and 13 years old, while they listened to an auditory oddball paradigm. Cognitive functioning was evaluated using the Weschler Intelligence Scales for Children Fifth Edition and the Weschler Preschool & Primary School for Intelligence Fourth Edition. Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) analyses and repeated measure analysis of covariance as well as regression models were performed. The analysis revealed that P1 and N1 repetition effects were observed across levels of cognitive functioning. Further, working memory abilities were related to repetition suppression on the auditory P2 component amplitude, while faster processing speed was related to repetition enhancement on the N2 component amplitude. Also, Late Discriminative Negativity (LDN) amplitude, a neural correlate of change detection, increased with working memory abilities. Our results confirm that efficient repetition suppression (i.e. greater reduction in amplitudes with greater levels of cognitive functioning) and more sensitive change detection (greater amplitude changes of the LDN) are related to the level of cognitive functioning in healthy children. More specifically, working memory and processing speed abilities are the cognitive domains related to efficient sensory habituation and change detection.

Lexical prediction does not rationally adapt to prediction error: ERP evidence from pre-nominal articles

People sometimes predict upcoming words during language comprehension, but debate remains on when and to what extent such predictions indeed occur. The rational adaptation hypothesis holds that predictions develop with expected utility: people predict more strongly when predictions are frequently confirmed (low prediction error) rather than disconfirmed. However, supporting evidence is mixed thus far and has only involved measuring responses to supposedly predicted nouns, not to preceding articles that may also be predicted. The current, large-sample (N = 200) ERP study on written discourse comprehension in Dutch therefore employs the well-known ‘pre-nominal prediction effect’: enhanced N400-like ERPs for articles that are unexpected given a likely upcoming noun’s gender (i.e., the neuter gender article ‘het’ when people expect the common gender noun phrase ‘de krant’, the newspaper) compared to expected articles. We investigated whether the pre-nominal prediction effect is larger when most of the presented stories contain predictable article-noun combinations (75% predictable, 25% unpredictable) compared to when most stories contain unpredictable combinations (25% predictable, 75% unpredictable). Our results show the pre-nominal prediction effect in both contexts, with little evidence to suggest that this effect depended on the percentage of predictable combinations. Moreover, the little evidence suggesting such a dependence was primarily observed for unexpected, neuter-gender articles (‘het’), which is inconsistent with the rational adaptation hypothesis. In line with recent demonstrations (Nieuwland, 2021a,b), our results suggest that linguistic prediction is less ‘rational’ or Bayes optimal than is often suggested.

ANALISA PENGARUH PENERAPAN SUMBER DAYA PERUSAHAAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KINERJA MANAJEMEN RANTAI PASOK PADA PT. MAYORA INDAH TBK

This study aims to evaluate the impact of ERP implementation on PT Mayora Indah Tbk. A qualitative approach and internet search method were used in this research to collect as much data as possible related to the topic under study, including data from the internet and related journals. Data analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of ERP on the performance of PT Mayora Indah Tbk, especially in improving production levels and product quality, as well as delivery accuracy supported by the ERP system implemented in the company. The research findings show that ERP implementation has a significant influence in improving the performance of PT Mayora Indah Tbk. Suggestions that can be given to the results of this study are that researchers can include a more detailed analysis of the effect of ERP systems on supply chain management. This research contributes to the academic study of ERP and provides important insights for business practitioners. The implications of this research can be used by other companies that want to improve performance through ERP implementation.

An ERP study on novel word learning in an immersive virtual reality context

AbstractIn this behavioral and electrophysiological study, we compare novel word learning, particularly lexical form acquisition, in an immersive virtual reality (VR) context with a picture-word (PW) association context. We also test whether inhibitory control and age of second language acquisition (L2 AoA) have modulating effects. Chinese speakers of L2 English learned two sets of German words, one set in each of the contexts. Behavioral performance from a subsequent recognition task indicated that responses to VR-learned words were faster than PW-leaned words. ERPs revealed that VR-learned words elicited more negative N100 and N200 waveforms than PW-learned words. Moreover, a significant relationship between L2 AoA and N200 amplitude was observed for VR-learned words. Taken together, the results suggest that the multi-sensory, interactive experience simulated by an immersive VR context has a positive effect on early lexical form acquisition of novel words.

The cognitive control mechanism of improving emotion regulation: A high-definition tDCS and ERP study

The cognitive control mechanism of improving emotion regulation: A high-definition tDCS and ERP study

Tonal processing in major and minor chord contexts: An ERP study

Tonal processing in major and minor chord contexts: An ERP study

Electrophysiological Indices of Distractor Processing in Visual Search Are Shaped by Target Expectations.

Although in many cases salient stimuli capture attention involuntarily, it has been proposed recently that under certain conditions, the bottom-up signal generated by such stimuli can be proactively suppressed. In support of this signal suppression hypothesis, ERP studies have demonstrated that salient stimuli that do not capture attention elicit a distractor positivity (PD), a putative neural index of suppression. At the same time, it is becoming increasingly clear that regularities across preceding search episodes have a large influence on attentional selection. Yet to date, studies in support of the signal suppression hypothesis have largely ignored the role of selection history on the processing of distractors. The current study addressed this issue by examining how electrophysiological markers of attentional selection (N2pc) and suppression (PD) elicited by targets and distractors, respectively, were modulated when the search target randomly varied instead of being fixed across trials. Results showed that although target selection was unaffected by this manipulation, both in terms of manual response times, as well as in terms of the N2pc component, the PD component was reliably attenuated when the target features varied randomly across trials. This result demonstrates that the distractor PD, which is typically considered the marker of selective distractor processing, cannot unequivocally be attributed to suppression only, as it also, at least in part, reflects the upweighting of target features.

The multiple phonological activation in Chinese spoken word production: An ERP study supporting cascaded model

A central issue in spoken word production concerns how activation is transmitted from semantic to phonological levels. The current study investigated the issue of seriality and cascadedness in Chinese spoken word production, via the combined semantic blocked paradigm (with homogeneous and heterogeneous blocks) and picture-word interference paradigm (with phonologically related, mediated and unrelated distractors). Naming latencies data showed a mediated effect via comparing mediated and unrelated distractors in homogeneous blocks, a phonological facilitation effect via comparing phonologically related and unrelated distractors in homogeneous and heterogeneous blocks, and a semantic interference effect via comparing homogeneous and heterogeneous blocks. Critically, cluster-based permutation test of ERP data demonstrated a mediated effect around 266-326ms and an overlapped pattern of semantic interference effect around 264-418ms and phonological facilitation effect around 210-310ms in homogeneous or around 236-316ms in heterogeneous blocks. These findings indicated that speakers activate phonological nodes of non-targets, and present a cascadedness pattern of the transmission from semantics to phonology in Chinese spoken production. The present study sheds new insight on the neural correlates of semantic and phonological effects, and provides behavioral and electrophysiological evidences for the cascaded model within a theoretical framework of lexical competition in speech production.

Consolidation of grammatical processing in adolescents: An ERP study of regular and irregular gender inflection in French

Consolidation of grammatical processing in adolescents: An ERP study of regular and irregular gender inflection in French

An ERP study of the influence of bodily resonances on emotional prosody perception

An ERP study of the influence of bodily resonances on emotional prosody perception

Imagination-based loving-kindness meditation and focused attention meditation temporarily enhance responses to pain in different ways: an ERP study

Imagination-based loving-kindness meditation and focused attention meditation temporarily enhance responses to pain in different ways: an ERP study

The impact of bilingualism in within-language conflict resolution: an ERP study.

We compared Spanish (L1)-English (L2) bilinguals and Spanish monolinguals in a semantic judgment relationship task in L1 that produced within-language conflict due to the coactivation of the two meanings of a Spanish homophone (e.g., "hola" and "ola" meaning "hello" and "a wave" in English). In this task, participants indicated if pairs of words were related or not ("agua-hola," "water-hello"). Conflict arose because a word ("agua," "water") not related to the orthographic form of a homophone ("hola," "hello") was related to the alternative orthographic form ("ola," "wave"). Compared to a control condition with unrelated word pairs ("peluche-hola," "teddy-hello"), the behavioral results revealed greater behavioral interference in monolinguals compared to bilinguals. In addition, electrophysiological results revealed N400 differences between monolinguals and bilinguals. These results are discussed around the impact of bilingualism on conflict resolution.

Uncertainty deconstructed: conceptual analysis and state-of-the-art review of the ERP correlates of risk and ambiguity in decision-making.

Risk and uncertainty are central concepts of decision neuroscience. However, a comprehensive review of the literature shows that most studies define risk and uncertainty in an unclear fashion or use both terms interchangeably, which hinders the integration of the existing findings. We suggest uncertainty as an umbrella term that comprises scenarios characterized by outcome variance where relevant information about the type and likelihood of outcomes may be somewhat unavailable (ambiguity) and scenarios where the likelihood of outcomes is known (risk).These conceptual issues are problematic for studies on the temporal neurodynamics of decision-making under risk and ambiguity, because they lead to heterogeneity in task design and the interpretation of the results. To assess this problem, we conducted a state-of-the-art review of ERP studies on risk and ambiguity in decision-making. By employing the above definitions to 16 reviewed studies, our results suggest that: (a) research has focused more on risk than ambiguity processing; (b) studies assessing decision-making under risk often implemented descriptive-based paradigms, whereas studies assessing ambiguity processing equally implemented descriptive- and experience-based tasks; (c) descriptive-based studies link risk processing to increased frontal negativities (e.g., N2, N400) and both risk and ambiguity to reduced parietal positivities (e.g., P2, P3); (d) experience-based studies link risk to increased P3 amplitudes and ambiguity to increased frontal negativities and the LPC component; (e) both risk and ambiguity processing seem to be related with cognitive control, conflict monitoring, and increased cognitive demand; (f) further research and improved tasks are needed to dissociate risk and ambiguity processing.

Reappraisal is less effective than distraction in downregulation of neural responses to physical threats-An event-related potential investigation.

Evolutionary threats (ETs), such as predatory animals and heights, elicit stronger fear responses and are more often the subject of specific phobias, as compared to modern threats (MTs, such as guns and motorcycles). Since processing of ET depends on lower-order, phylogenetically conserved neural fear circuits, it may be less susceptible to higher-order (vs. simpler) cognitive emotion regulation. Given the relevance for treatment of specific phobias, we tested this hypothesis in an ERP study. Sixty-one female participants passively watched high- and low-threat pictures of evolutionary (snakes, lizards) and modern (guns, water-guns) origin, and downregulated responses to the high-threat pictures (snakes and guns) using either cognitive reappraisal or a simpler cognitive distraction strategy. ET elicited stronger early (EPN) and sustained (LPP) attention processing compared to MT. Both strategies successfully downregulated subjective and LPP (but not EPN) responses compared to passive watching. Although reappraisal was more effective subjectively, distraction downregulated the LPP earlier and stronger than reappraisal, irrespective of the threat type. These findings provide novel evidence that neural responses to physical threat might be less susceptible to cognitive emotion regulation via higher-order (reappraisal) versus simpler (distraction) strategies, irrespective of the evolutionary or modern relevance of threat. Combining both strategies could be beneficial for the emotion regulation-enhancing interventions for specific phobias. Distraction could be used during initial exposure, to reduce immediate emotion responding and help endure the contact with the feared stimulus, whereas reappraisal could be used subsequently, when emotions are less intense, to change maladaptive thoughts about the stimulus for future encounters.