Erosion-corrosion Rate Research Articles

Influence of sand particle size on the erosion-corrosion resistance of Ni2FeCrMo0.2 HEA in seawater: Particle-surface-electrochemistry interaction

The erosion-corrosion mechanism in rotary flowing seawater is hugely complicated due to the multiscale coupling processes of particle-surface impact, ion mass transfer, and interface electrochemistry. Therefore, developing erosion-corrosion resistant material and exploring the synergistic mechanism between sand erosion and electrochemical corrosion is vital. This study conducted the erosion-corrosion test on Ni2FeCrMo0.2 high-entropy alloy under the particle-seawater flow. Based on a coupled analysis of multi-component weight loss, electrochemical behavior, and microscopic damage morphology, the multiscale coupling processes of sand transportation, particle-surface impact, ion mass transfer, and interface electrochemistry were revealed. The present study found that with the increase of sand size, the energy carried by the particles promoted impact erosion. Additionally, particle movement enhanced ion mass transfer through turbulent effects, and the impact behavior disrupted the passivation film to promote electrochemical processes by reducing the thickness of the passivation film, leading to an increase in the erosion-corrosion rate. However, when the particle size continued to increase to a certain extent, the impact frequency decreased, reducing the erosion-corrosion rate. As the sand size grew, the dominant damage mechanism transitioned from pure corrosion (100 μm) to synergistic effects (200 μm, 400 μm) and then to pure erosion (800 μm). This study provides an in-depth understanding of the erosion-corrosion mechanism in seawater from the perspective of particle-ion-fluid-surface interaction by multi-element characterization.

Designing Cu chemical distribution in Ti(AlCu)N coatings for enhanced erosion-corrosion and antibacterial performance

In order to enhance the erosion-corrosion resistance and antibacterial property simultaneously, we prepared PVD TiAlCuN coatings with periodically modulated TiAlCuN/TiAlN sublayers near the topmost surface. Firstly, Ti(AlCu)N phase and Cu nano-precipitates formed in TiAlCuN sublayers can improve coating mechanical performance. Secondly, apart from reducing galvanic corrosion potential, the Cu ions could preferentially diffuse upward to the topmost surface, along the grain boundaries in the columnar TiAlN sublayers, leading to Cu ions at the topmost surface and good antibacterial property. The interfaces between TiAlN and TiAlCuN sublayers can act as multiple barriers to crack propagation and prevent severe coating spallation. The optimized coating exhibits i) the lowest cumulative mass loss and erosion-corrosion rate after 24 h erosion-corrosion testing, which associates with the improved mechanical property and good corrosion resistance, and ii) excellent antibacterial property against Escherichia coli (E. coli) with an antibacterial rate of 99.68 % and a live/dead bacteria proportion of 7.40 %/92.60 %, due to the advanced homeostasis work of the primordial surface Cu ions. The design of modulating the surface Cu chemical distribution achieved by subsurface column-layer architecture provides a new design concept for incorporation of Cu in coatings for the applications of metal parts in critical marine environment.

Influence of nano chromium addition on the corrosion and erosion–corrosion behavior of cupronickel 70/30 alloy in seawater

Abstract Cupronickel alloys have found widespread use in various applications such as heat exchangers, refrigeration systems, equipment, pumps, and pipes. However, the inherent structure of cupronickel alone may not be able to withstand certain aggressive environments effectively. To address this issue, the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of cupronickel alloys can be enhanced by carefully selecting the appropriate alloying compositions. The addition of nano chromium (20 nm) has been proposed as a means of designing cupronickel alloys with improved performance. In the present study, corrosion and erosion–corrosion behaviors of cupronickel 70/30 alloys produced by the casting method without and with three different additions of nano Cr (1, 1.2, and 1.5 wt%) were investigated. The prepared specimens were subjected to electrochemical tests in 3.5 wt% sodium chloride solutions to evaluate their corrosion behavior. Additionally, an erosion–corrosion test was conducted at an impact angle of 90°, using a slurry solution containing 1 wt% SiO2 sand in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution as the erodent. The specimens were comprehensively characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The surfaces of the alloy specimens exhibited superficial attacks, but no pits were observed. Moreover, the surfaces developed a greenish coloration. The electrochemical tests conducted using saline solution revealed that the corrosivity of the cupronickel alloy with nano chromium addition varied from moderate to low, depending on the selected concentration. Despite undergoing corrosion in the saline environment, the modified cupronickel alloys demonstrated good resistance to this corrosive process. Therefore, they can be considered suitable for use in highly aggressive environments, such as in seawater capture systems. The erosion–corrosion test results indicated that the addition of nano chromium significantly enhanced the resistance of the specimens to erosion–corrosion. At 1.5 wt% Cr, the erosion–corrosion rate was reduced by 99.27%.

Leakage Analysis of Steam Condensate Pipe Elbow

The cause of leakage of a steam condensate pipe elbow has been carried out by means of chemical composition analysis, fracture surface analysis and numerical simulation. The results show that the inner wall of the pipe at the socket welding of the downstream pipe elbow of the steam trap is not enough smooth, and the inner diameter suddenly changes, resulting in a sudden increase in the flow velocity, which increases the erosion-corrosion rate of the pipe wall, and finally leads to the elbow leakage.

Inhibition of the erosion-corrosion of elbow by synergistic action of swirling flow and inhibitor

The experiments of using inhibitors to inhibit the erosion-corrosion of elbows under the conditions of liquid-solid non-swirling flow and swirling flow were designed to evaluate the inhibition of erosion-corrosion of elbows under the combined action of swirling flow and inhibitors. The experiments were carried out by a circulating loop system in combination with a variety of test methods and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. It is demonstrated that the addition of inhibitors under non-swirling flow and swirling flow conditions can inhibit effectively the erosion-corrosion rate and its four components (pure corrosion, pure erosion, corrosion-enhanced erosion, and erosion-enhanced corrosion). The comprehensive inhibition efficiencies of the synergistic action of swirling flow and inhibitor on the four components of erosion-corrosion are higher than the inhibition efficiencies of inhibitor acting on the four components alone. The hydrodynamic characteristics of swirling flow produce the sand suspension effect and mass transfer enhancement effect which facilitate the adsorption of inhibitor on the working electrode surface and acting in conjunction with the oxide film to form a lamellar protective corrosion product layer with stronger integrity and compactness.

A Study of Erosion-Corrosion Behaviour of Friction Stir-Processed Chromium-Reinforced NiAl Bronze Composite.

Corrosion is frequently viewed as a catastrophic and unavoidable disaster in marine applications. Every year, a huge cost is incurred on the maintenance and repair of corrosion-affected equipment and machinery. In the marine environment, as-cast nickel–aluminium bronze (NAB) is susceptible to selective phase corrosion. To solve this problem, chromium-reinforced nickel–aluminium bronze was fabricated using the friction stir process (FSP) with improved microstructures and surface properties. A slurry erosion–corrosion test on as-cast and FSPed composites demonstrated that the developed surfaced composite has lower erosion and corrosion rates than the as-cast NAB alloy. The erosion–corrosion rate increased with a decrease in the impact angle from 90° to 30° for both as-cast NAB and prepared composites, exhibiting a shear mode of erosion. The specimens at impact angle 30° experienced more pitting action and higher mass loss compared with those at impact angle 90°. Due to increases in the mechanical properties, the FS-processed composite showed higher erosion resistance than the as-cast NAB alloy. Furthermore, corrosion behaviour was also studied via the static immersion corrosion test and electrochemical measurements under 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. In a static immersion corrosion test, the FSPed composite outperformed the as-cast NAB composite by a wide margin. The FSPed composite also demonstrated a reduced electrochemical corrosion rate, as revealed by the polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) data. This reduced rate is attributed to the formation of a Cr oxide film over its surface in the corrosive environment.

Erosion-corrosion behavior of Ni-20Cr-4Fe and Ni-20Cr-4Fe-7Mo under fluidized-bed biomass boiler conditions

The erosion-corrosion rate of the Mo-free alloy decreased over time because of a reduction in the erosion rate of the oxide scale associated with the transition of the scale from Ni-rich to Cr-rich. In contrast, the Mo-containing alloys displayed accelerated erosion-corrosion because of the repeated erosion of Ni-rich oxide layer and spallation of the oxide scale. The volatilization of Mo oxychloride resulted in the formation of an inner porous oxide layer which results in enhanced spallation of the oxide scale by the impact of sand particles. These volatilization and spallation processes were found to enhance the erosion-corrosion of Mo-containing alloys.

Experimental study on erosion-corrosion behavior of liquid–solid swirling flow in pipeline

A multifactorial experimental research on erosion-corrosion behavior of liquid–solid swirling flow in pipeline was carried out by a circulating loop system in combination with a variety of test methods. The analysis of statistical significance reveals that the variation of erosion-corrosion rate is explained by three main effects (velocity, sand size, and sand concentration) and two interactions (velocity/sand size and sand size/sand concentration). An empirical linear regression equation with a R2 value of 0.9043 was established to describe the correlation of erosion-corrosion rate with the test parameters and their interactions. It is concluded by microstructural examination of the working electrode surface that under the condition of liquid–solid swirling flow, cutting and corrosion pits are the primary forms of surface damage. The comparative analysis of erosion-corrosion between swirling flow and non-swirling flow shows that the net effect of swirling flow on erosion-corrosion varies with sand size. The corrosion product analysis by EDS and XPS show the presence of Fe2O3 and CaCO3 under swirling flow and non-swirling flow conditions. Furthermore, the element content analysis of EDS and XPS showed that compared with the non-swirling flow, the oxygen content on the electrode surface under the swirling flow condition increased by 42.42% and 35.06%, respectively.

Modeling and Durability Behavior of Erosion-Corrosion of Sand Control Screens in Deepwater Gas Wells.

Deepwater gas wells usually have high production rates, which result in high-speed sand movement along with the gas flow and acid components such as CO2 in the gas flow. The erosion and corrosion effect intensifies the damage to sand screens and can further lead to sand control failures, which endanger the safety of production operations. In this paper, using a differential rotation device to simulate erosion, corrosion, and erosion–corrosion, experiments observing the impacts of several factors on sand screens were carried out. The factors include CO2 partial pressure, temperature, flow velocity, sand content, and sand particle size. Their impacts on erosion, corrosion, and erosion–corrosion rate are inspected independently, and the sensitivity of factors to the erosion–corrosion rate of a sand screen was determined using the range method. Traditional erosion models involving flow rate, sand content, and sand grain size and traditional corrosion models involving CO2 partial pressure and temperature are taken as references, and an erosion–corrosion coupled model of sand screens is established based on the experimental results using the multivariate regression analysis. With critical damage thickness taken as the failure criterion of a sand screen, a prediction method for sand screen failure is formed and is applied to the case study of the S deepwater gas field. The results show that under the experimental conditions, the screen loss rate due to erosion–corrosion is significantly higher than that of erosion only or corrosion only and is even higher than the sum of both. The erosion–corrosion rate increases with the increase of CO2 partial pressure, temperature, flow velocity, sand content, and sand particle size. It has an exponential relationship with the negative reciprocal of temperature, a linear relationship with the partial pressure of CO2, and power fitting relationships with flow velocity, sand content, and sand particle size. The ranking of sensitivities to the erosion–corrosion rate of high-quality screens is as follows: sand content > flow velocity > temperature > sand particle size > CO2 partial pressure. The error between the predicted results by the proposed model and the experimental results is in the range of 0.44–9.47%. The erosion–corrosion rate of sand screens in each production well of the S gas field is in the range of 0.0111–0.0521 mm/a, while the durability of the screens is 14–68 years. The erosion–corrosion rate model of a sand screen and the prediction method for sand screen failure proposed in this paper provide theoretical support to the durability evaluation of sand screen in deepwater gas wells, which is of great significance for ensuring the safe and efficient development of offshore oil and gas resources.

Synergistic Erosion-Corrosion Behavior of AISI 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Elbows in Potash Brine-Sand Slurry and the Associated Microstructural Changes

Slurry erosion-corrosion damage to materials used in mineral processing industries occurs due to the combined effects of electrochemical and mechanical processes. In this study, AISI 2205 duplex stainless steel elbows were tested in a flow loop using slurries consisting 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt.% sand particles and saturated potash brine. Erosion-corrosion tests were conducted at flow velocities of 2.5 and 4.0 m/s. The results of the gravimetric analysis revealed that erosion-corrosion rates increased with increasing particle concentration at both velocities. The elbows exhibited negative synergy for all operating conditions, which is attributed to the presence of passive oxide film on the surface. Microstructural examination of the eroded surfaces showed that materials removal occurred by cutting and plastic deformation. Electron backscattered diffraction analysis suggests that plastic deformation, which occurred approximately 4 µm below the eroded surface, led to the transformation of metastable austenite phase to martensite.

Effect of Sand Fines Concentration on the Erosion-Corrosion Mechanism of Carbon Steel 90° Elbow Pipe in Slug Flow.

Erosion-corrosion of elbow configurations has recently been a momentous concern in hydrocarbon processing and transportation industries. The carbon steel 90° elbows are susceptible to the erosion-corrosion during the multiphase flow, peculiarly for erosive slug flows. This paper studies the erosion-corrosion performance of 90° elbows at slug flow conditions for impact with 2, 5, and 10 wt.% sand fines concentrations on AISI 1018 carbon steel exploiting quantitative and qualitative analyses. The worn surface analyses were effectuated by using laser confocal and scanning electron microscopy. The experiment was conducted under air and water slug flow containing sand fines of 50 µm average size circulated in the closed flow loop. The results manifest that with the increase of concentration level, the erosion-corrosion magnitude increases remarkably. Sand fines instigate the development of perforation sites in the form of circular, elongated, and coalescence pits at the elbow downstream and the corrosion attack is much more obvious with the increase of sand fines concentration. Another congruent finding is that cutting and pitting corrosion as the primitive causes of material degradation, the 10 wt.% sand fines concentration in carrier phase increases the erosion-corrosion rate of carbon steel up to 93% relative to the 2 wt.% sand fines concentration in slug flow.

Experimental Study on the Effect of Impingement Angles and Velocities on Erosion-Corrosion Behavior of API 5L-X42 Carbon Steel in Eroded Flow Medium

Experiments on erosion-corrosion performance characteristics of API 5L X 42 carbon steel material have been conducted in aqueous medium at three impingement different angles of 25°, 45° and 90° and at the different high speeds of erosive liquid of 98, 153, and 182 m/s. Experiments have been carried out in tape water with constant sand concentration 5% of rig basin volume. Two sizes of irregular shape Silica coarse and soft sand have been used, whose coarse sand size has been 1160 µm, and soft sand size has been 185 µm in separated experiment and specimens. The durations of the experiments have been 300, 600, 900, 1200, 1500 and 1800 seconds. The surface roughness and the metal loss have been measured, and the morphology of the surface has been investigated and applied by scanning electronic microscope at various scales. The results of the study have concluded that the erosive liquid jet with soft sand has less effect on the erosion-corrosion rate in comparison with the effects of coarse sand. The highest erosion-corrosion rate has been recorded for coarse sand and at the sharper angles of 25° with the higher speed (182 m/s). Mathematical models for erosion corrosion rate have been developed for these experimental parameters.

Application of Software Tools for Predicting the Corrosion-Erosion Rate to Ensure Integrity of Equipment and Piping of Power Units at Nuclear Power Stations

Basic principles are examined of the application of software tools (ST) for predicting the erosion-corrosion (EC) rate to ensure the integrity of equipment and piping of nuclear power station (NPS) power units. Methods for solving the erosion-corrosion problems encountered in NPS power units have been determined. Software tools that are used most widely throughout the world to solve erosion-corrosion problems in the nuclear power industry are reviewed. The specifics in the application abroad and in Russia are highlighted. Attention is given to the successful foreign experience in improving the corrosion-erosion resistance of piping and equipment based on the solution implemented in designing NPS power units. Information is presented on the development of Russian software tools and the results of their application to render the integrity of piping and equipment of NPS power units with a VVER reactor or fast breeder reactor due to numerical prediction and early detection of the maximum allowable erosion-corrosion metal thinning. The feasibility is substantiated of using the software tools in designing new NPS power units with a VVER-1200 reactor, assessing the residual service life, and prolonging the operation of existing NPSs. Examples are given of the ways for reduction in the erosion-corrosion rate of equipment components and piping of nuclear power units, for example, by controlling the intensity of the hydrodynamic component of erosion-corrosion and proper selection of the metal. It is demonstrated that the cost of power units with a VVER-1200 reactor (including export deliveries) can be reduced by a change-over to less erosion-corrosion resistant but relatively inexpensive steels. The prospects are noted on application in practice of STs to assess the carry over of iron-rich corrosion-erosion products into the working fluid of an NPS with a VVER-reactor. It is pointed out that, when changing over to operation of NPS power units at a super-rated power, this factor should be estimated using STs, and its effect on the wear rate and location of the zones wherein is the highest rate of thinning of the pipeline walls and equipment must be considered.

Cavitation erosion-corrosion resilient surfaces through reciprocating friction processing

Here, an excellent cavitation erosion-corrosion resistance of stainless steel using a novel severe surface deformation technique, reciprocating friction processing (RFP) was demonstrated. The RFP treated stainless steel showed nano-grained, nano-twinned microstructure along with high dislocation density. The RFP treated steel significantly surpassed the performance of advanced structural materials including high entropy alloy (Al0.1CoCrFeNi) and complex concentrated alloy (SiC reinforced Al0.1CoCrFeNi), demonstrating the lowest cavitation erosion and cavitation erosion-corrosion rates for this class of materials. The RFP treated steel demonstrated outstanding corrosion behavior in 3.5% NaCl solution as well. The unusual performance of RFP treated steel is attributed to its excellent mechanical strength and strong passivating behavior.

Effect of Jet Impingement Velocity and Angle on CO2 Erosion-Corrosion with and without Sand for API 5L-X65 Carbon Steel.

Most oil and gas production wells have plenty of corrosive species present along with solid particles. In such production environments, CO2 gas can dissolve in free phase water and form carbonic acid (H2CO3). This carbonic acid, along with fluid flow and with/without solid particles (sand or other entrained particles), can result in unpredictable severe localized CO2 corrosion and/or erosion–corrosion (EC). So, in this work, the CO2 EC performance of API 5L X-65 carbon steel, a commonly used material in many oil and gas piping infrastructure, was investigated. A recirculating flow loop was used to perform these studies at three different CO2 concentrations (pH values of 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5), two impingement velocities (8 and 16 m/s), three impingement angles (15°, 45°, and 90°), and with/without 2000 ppm sand particles for a duration of 3 h in 0.2 M NaCl solution at room temperature. Corrosion products were characterized using FE-SEM, EDS, and XRD. The CO2 EC rates were found to decrease with an increase in the pH value due to the increased availability of H+ ions. The highest CO2 erosion–corrosion rates were observed at a 45° impingement angle in the presence of solid particles under all conditions. It was also observed that a change in pH value influenced the morphology and corrosion resistance of the corrosion scales.

On the Microstructure and Erosion Corrosion Behavior of Laser Processed Nickel Aluminium Bronze

Slurry jet impingement test was carried out on a laser processed nickel aluminium bronze (NAB) and the results are compared with the as-cast NAB. It is observed that the invariably, erosion corrosion rate is increasing with the jet velocity. Also, as the slurry impact angle is increased, the erosion corrosion rate of laser processed and as-cast NAB decreased. The erosion corrosion rate of laser processed sample exhibited 28 % higher erosion resistance as compared to the as-cast NAB. Enhanced surface hardness and fine grain formation due to laser processed are the main reasons for the improvement in the erosion corrosion resistance.

The effect of fluid velocity and microstructure on erosion corrosion of two-phase CK45 steel

The essential factor to reduce the overall cost in many industries which facing erosion-corrosion phenomenon is the choice of correct design and material selection. The effect of fluid flow on corrosion and erosion–corrosion of materials is a well-recognized phenomenon in chemical and process industries and oil and gas production. The most effective parameter of flow is fluid velocity and best method of determination of the effect of fluid velocity as well as the magnitude of erosion-corrosion synergistic interaction is based on the weight loss measurements. In this study, the effect of fluid velocity on erosive corrosion of two-phase steel CK45 with different microstructures was investigated. These microstructures were formed by austenitizing the samples at 740C° for 2 ​min and then by air cooling and quenching in water or by austempering at 400C° for 2 ​h. Erosion corrosion test was carried out on the water dissolved in 3 ​wt% sodium chloride and 1 ​wt% alumina particles at velocities of 5, 9 and 16 ​m/s. According to the results, the kinetics of erosion-corrosion was linear. Increasing fluid velocity from 5 ​m/s to 16 ​m/s erosion-corrosion rate increased 4 to 6 times depending on the microstructure. SEM examination revealed presence of cavitation phenomenon on the surface of the samples. The results confirm that the bainitic ferrite microstructure exhibited the least damage in the Condition which contain sand particles or cavitation in a corrosive medium.

Influence of O2 on the erosion-corrosion performance of 3Cr steels in CO2 containing environment.

With the introduction of O2 during oil and gas production, the erosion-corrosion rate of tubing steels increases; the objective of this report is to explore the reason for this. Erosion–corrosion experiments were performed in environments of CO2 and CO2–O2, respectively. Macrographs, microstructures, and the compositions of erosion-corrosion scales were investigated using a digital camera, scanning electron microscope (SEM), Kevex-SuperDry energy spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the erosion-corrosion products are composed of large FeCO3 particles and some amorphous product in the CO2 environment, while they are made up of FeCO3, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, and bits of amorphous product in the CO2–O2 environment. The interface between erosion-corrosion scales and the substrate of 3Cr steel is smooth, and Cr enrichment obviously exists in the erosion-corrosion products in the CO2 condition. However, the erosion-corrosion scale is loose and porous with little Cr enrichment in the CO2–O2 environment, which makes the protectiveness of the erosion–corrosion scale weak, and pitting corrosion occurs. The addition of O2 may destroy the protective FeCO3 scale and Cr enrichment in the erosion-corrosion scale, which may be the main reason for the decline in the level of protectiveness of the erosion-corrosion scale, making it weak in terms of preventing the corrosive medium from diffusing to the substrate.

High temperature oxidation and erosion-corrosion behaviour of wire arc sprayed Ni-Cr coating on boiler steel

In the current investigation, oxidation and erosion corrosion performance of wire arc sprayed Ni-20Cr coating on SA516 and T-22 boiler steel was studied at high temperature. The air oxidation kinetics of wire arc sprayed samples was established on the basis of weight change values for 50 cycles at 900 °C. Each cycle consists of 1 h of heating, followed by 20 min of cooling in air. The erosion corrosion performance of samples was determined by exposing them to the super heater zone of coal fired boiler for 15 cycles at 750°, where each cycle consists of 100 h of heating, followed by 1 h of air cooling. Then, the kinematics of erosion corrosion were established using thickness loss and weight change value of the exposed samples. The distinct characterization techniques (XRD, SEM and EDS) were utilized to examine the oxidized and eroded corroded products. Experimental results reveal that both the coated samples offered more oxidation and erosion corrosion resistance. However, Ni-20Cr coating on SA516 steel perform better than T-22 steel. The Ni-20Cr coated SA516 and T-22 steel reduced the weight gain by 99% and 90% respectively in laboratory environment. Moreover, the Ni-20Cr coating reduced the erosion corrosion rate of SA516 and T-22 steel by 98.04% and 88.23% respectively in terms of thickness loss. The higher resistance against erosion corrosion and oxidation is due to the development of Cr2O3 phase, higher micro hardness and less porosity of the coating.

An Experimental Study on the Erosion-Corrosion Performance of AISI 1018 Carbon Steel and AISI 304L Stainless Steel 90-Degree Elbow Pipe

Erosion-corrosion is an unavoidable material degradation process in flow pipelines transporting abrasive particles with carrier fluids. In this study, the multiphase flow loop apparatus is employed to assess the erosion-corrosion behavior and mechanism relative to AISI 1018 carbon steel (CS) and AISI 304L stainless steel (SS) 90° long radius elbows with the inner diameter of 50.8 mm. Fine silica sand of 50 µm average size was used as a dispersed phase and erosion-corrosion tests were conducted for slug flow conditions. The erosion-corrosion analysis of 90° elbows was determined from its surface morphologies before and after the experiment using confocal and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The direct mass loss was measured to quantify the erosion-corrosion rate of the elbow configurations. Additionally, multilayer paint modeling experiments were performed to relate qualitative inferences on erosion distribution and location with the erosion-corrosion mechanism. It was observed that the erosion or corrosion pitting mechanism prevailed on the 1018 CS elbow surface, and the 304L SS displayed excellent erosion-corrosion resistance properties. Moreover, the erosion-corrosion rate was found to be 4.12 times more in the 1018 CS compared to the 304L SS with the maximum particle impaction identified at the exit of the horizontal-horizontal (H-H) 90° elbow for slug flow.