Components Of Equity Research Articles

The impact of customer engagement on retailer's brand equity components

Strong brand equity is important for any business. Although the concept of brand equity has been studied in various fields, its analysis has not been as extensive in the retail sector. On the other hand, the analysis of engagement is gaining more importance in recent times. Customer engagement is an increasingly relevant and researched topic. However, studies that relate this concept to retail trade are not common. The present work aims to analyze the effect of engagement on the different components of retail brand equity. The a priori model considers the previous research and the proposed hypotheses. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis is performed, based on the data obtained through a structured questionnaire with closed questions and a 5-point Likert-type response scale. The study sample consists of 623 respondents. This study involved a conceptual model that includes the brand equity dimensions (awareness, perceived quality, image, perceived value, and loyalty) to gain the research goal. The hypothesized causal model relates the variables that make up brand equity and the engagement influence on them. The empirical analysis results showed that customer engagement positively affects all the components of the brand equity retailer (except its image), mainly concerning retailer awareness, loyalty, and perceived quality. The authors concluded that retailer awareness, loyalty towards the retailer, and retailer perceived quality are influenced by engagement. Consequently, it would be necessary for the retailer manager to pay special attention to creating actions that contribute to customers' engagement in the different areas of interaction with them, both online and at the physical point of sale. For future studies, the geographic space should be expanded, considering different regions or even countries and observing possible differences in the behavior of the interviewees.

Formation of Equity Components in the Automated Accounting System of Small Enterprises

Formation of Equity Components in the Automated Accounting System of Small Enterprises

Exploring the consumer-based brand equity relations on Croatian youth fashion market

Brand equity is considered a precious marketing concept for practitioners and scholars. This study is focused on the perceptual consumer-based brand equity approach and widely adopted Aaker’s (1991) conceptualization with four primary dimensions: brand awareness, brand associations, perceived quality, and brand loyalty. These components represent the salient dimensions of a multidimensional brand equity index. The research followed the original 14-item Yoo and Donthu (2001) consumer-based brand equity measurement scale. The research hypotheses were successfully corroborated within the Croatian fashion youth market on a sample of college students (167). The results pointed out the associative relationships among all brand equity components, with the exemption of causal relation between brand associations and brand loyalty. The same exemption (brand associations) emanated from the investigation of causal relationships between brand awareness, brand associations, perceived quality, brand loyalty and the overall brand equity index. This study contributes to the previously assumed hierarchy order between consumer-based brand equity components and points out the marketing activities which precedes particular component enhancement.

Research to Explore the Components of University Brand Equity from the Student Perspectives: A Study in Hanoi City, Vietnam

This paper researches, synthesizes and gives the university brand equity components and factors from students'perspectives in Hanoi city. University brand value from a student perspective in Hanoi city includes fourelements: Brand Awareness (BA), Brand Impression (BI), Perceived Quality (PQ), and Brand Loyalty (BL). Polling 350 students collected analytical data through questionnaires designed to match students' unique characteristics at universities in Hanoi. The research results contribute to the scientific basis for university leaders in building and developing brands todraw more students in the future.

Enhancing brand equity of branded mobile apps via motivations: A service-dominant logic perspective

Mobile devices have become a dominant feature of modern life, and increasingly organizations are employing dedicated mobile phone applications to maintain communication with consumers. Despite the increasing adoption of these branded apps among firms, however, a comprehensive framework explaining how these branded apps create value for both consumers and firms has yet to emerge in the marketing literature. Drawing from motivational and service-dominant logic theories, this paper develops a model of the effects of motivational sources on value in use, which translates into higher brand equity. Analysis results from 323 branded app users show that five hypotheses capturing the main effects are supported. However, four hypotheses pertaining to moderation effects are not supported. Specifically, utilitarian motivation and hedonic motivation have an impact on value in use, which in turn leads to enhanced perceived quality, brand loyalty, and brand awareness and associations–the three components of brand equity.

Accounting and analytical aspects of the efficiency of using equity

Equity plays an important role in the activities of the enterprise because it constitutes an important element of its financial security. Accounting is an integral tool for the development of equity of the enterprise, because its organisation depends on the degree of efficiency of capital management. The study investigates the definitions of “equity” by Ukrainian scientists and their proposals and opinions regarding this category. The study considered the equity components, names sources of its development, as well as specifies the features of development of owner’s equity at state forestry enterprises. One of the areas of research was to study ways to analyse the effectiveness of the use of equity, which allowed to choose indicators of financial stability for the calculation. The efficiency of equity was analysed according to the financial statements of state forestry enterprises. Analysis of equity allowed to calculate indicators of financial stability for certain periods and compare them with data from different forestry enterprises. Calculation of coefficients of concentration of equity, financial dependence, financial stability, equity ratio, and borrowed funds are only part of the number of analytical indicators that can be used in the analysis of equity. Analysis of financial stability indicators showed that for management of enterprises it is necessary to monitor timely management decisions and the state of financial stability and creditworthiness, as well as pay attention to the structure of own and borrowed funds. The prospect of further research is to analyse the business activity and return on equity, as well as the construction of projected indicators of equity development and distribution of profits for various forestry enterprises

Medical Education's Wicked Problem: Achieving Equity in Assessment for Medical Learners.

Despite a lack of intent to discriminate, physicians educated in U.S. medical schools and residency programs often take actions that systematically disadvantage minority patients. The approach to assessment of learner performance in medical education can similarly disadvantage minority learners. The adoption of holistic admissions strategies to increase the diversity of medical training programs has not been accompanied by increases in diversity in honor societies, selective residency programs, medical specialties, and medical school faculty. These observations prompt justified concerns about structural and interpersonal bias in assessment. This manuscript characterizes equity in assessment as a "wicked problem" with inherent conflicts, uncertainty, dynamic tensions, and susceptibility to contextual influences. The authors review the underlying individual and structural causes of inequity in assessment. Using an organizational model, they propose strategies to achieve equity in assessment and drive institutional and systemic improvement based on clearly articulated principles. This model addresses the culture, systems, and assessment tools necessary to achieve equitable results that reflect stated principles. Three components of equity in assessment that can be measured and evaluated to confirm success include intrinsic equity (selection and design of assessment tools), contextual equity (the learning environment in which assessment occurs), and instrumental equity (uses of assessment data for learner advancement and selection and program evaluation). A research agenda to address these challenges and controversies and demonstrate reduction in bias and discrimination in medical education is presented.

Validating a consumer-based service brand equity (CBSBE) model in the airline industry

Over time, scholars have argued that consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) models are less suitable for service-dominant brands, mainly because the role of customer experience with services is often disregarded. Also, the absence of two essential components, brand consistency and perceived value, signals a lack of depth in creating service brand equity. To address these gaps, we examine service-branding theory by conceptualizing and validating a consumer-based service brand equity (CBSBE) model in Sarker et al. (2019) in the context of airlines. Airline service direct experience and brand consistency are highly important aspects for strengthening brand equity components of services. Subsequently, maximizing perceived value, followed by creating favorable brand meaning are the nucleus of branding services. Using the most advanced PLS-SEM techniques, our CBSBE model is highly robust in explaining the theoretical notion of creating service brand equity. Thus, achieving a pleasant and desirable experience and maintaining consistency across direct service touchpoints would be an effective strategy for service organizations.

How Nostalgia Affects Brand Equity? Consumers’ Attitudes Towards Nostalgic Generational and Transgenerational Brands

Purpose: The article aims to expand the nostalgic brand management area by empirically examining the impact of nostalgia on all components of brand equity and, consequently, on the consumers’ attitudes and purchase intention. Design/methodology/approach: The research was conducted in the form of direct and indirect communication with 1000 Polish respondents using the personal and online survey techniques. Two main stages of research were carried out in the fourth quarter of 2018. Findings: The results confirm that consumers are nostalgic towards both generational and transgenerational brands, what positively affects the perceived quality of brands, associations connected with them, as well as consumers’ loyalty. The rating of nostalgic brands equity is higher than in case of brands perceived as non-nostalgic, with the exception of brands from the automotive industry. The nostalgic brands equity depends on age of the respondents but is not dependent on the consumers’ gender. It was also confirmed that brand equity is rated higher in case of nostalgic transgenerational brands than the generational ones. Practical Implications: The results can serve as a guide for managers in implementing the nostalgic brand strategy. Originality/value: The consumers’ attitudes were evaluated considering the type of the nostalgic brand.

The use of branding strategies to increase the uptake of modern contraception among Kenyan youth

Building brand equity is a strategic process that can boost normative and behavior change campaigns. However, the use of brand equity within the social and health sciences remains an under-researched field in lower income countries. This work examines Shujaaz, a multi-channel communication platform that uses branding strategies to create positive associations with safe sexual and reproductive health (SRH) practices among Kenyan youth. This study has the following three goals: (1) define and measure Shujaaz brand equity and its components (i.e., loyalty, awareness, perceived quality, popularity and brand personality), (2) analyze if Shujaaz brand equity components are associated with changes in SRH practices among youth, and (3) explore if Shujaaz brand loyalty could be better defined as an outcome, not a component of brand equity. The study uses data from a survey among 450 Kenyan youth interviewed three times; in 2016, 2017, and 2018. The analytical sample includes only those participants who self-reported exposure to Shujaaz. Fixed-effect logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between measures of brand equity and SRH outcomes, and to measure the association between brand equity measures and brand loyalty. Regression estimates indicate that loyalty to the Shujaaz brand was significantly associated with ever using condoms ( OR = 1.79), ever using modern contraception ( OR = 1.95), and with the likelihood of recommending condoms ( OR = 1.88). Shujaaz brand personality was significantly associated with ever using a condom ( OR = 1.87). When analyzing brand loyalty as the outcome of interest, we observe that brand personality, brand awareness, and popularity are positively associated with loyalty. However, no significant association was observed for perceived brand quality. This study underscored the role of brand loyalty as a determinant of health behavior change. However, loyalty to the brand is strongly associated with popularity, awareness, and brand personality, highlighting the need for mediation models to further study the dynamics of brand equity.

Not all experiential consumers are created equals: the interplay of customer equity drivers on brand loyalty

PurposeThis study aims to use social exchange theory and the principle of reciprocity in proposing a theoretical model to examine the essential but unexplored unique roles of individual customer equity drivers (CEDs) and their contribution to brand loyalty. This study identifies a reciprocity pathway in that brand equity, which mediates the linkage between relationship equity and brand loyalty. This study further posits that the linkage between relationship equity and brand equity is contingent on value equity. The authors then incorporate value equity as a moderator upon which the interrelationships among CEDs and brand loyalty may vary.Design/methodology/approachA sample consisted of 2,268 shoppers in a metropolitan city in Vietnam.FindingsRelationship equity significantly determines brand loyalty through the moderating effect of value equity and the mediating effect of brand equity. Interestingly, these relationships are diverse across different experiential types of consumers.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to a better understanding of why and when value equity, brand equity and relationship equity trigger brand loyalty. Brand equity and value equity are the two underlying mechanisms that establish a moderated mediation model between CEDs and brand loyalty. The findings of this study show that experiential consumers are not created equals. The strength of the relationships between CEDs and brand loyalty differ among the five clusters of experiential consumers.Practical implicationsThis study reveals the critical relationships between the three components of customer equity in the supermarket industry. The findings provide concrete direction for managers and marketers to be more effective in allocating resources, tailoring their marketing strategies and, accordingly, promoting brand loyalty of different types of consumers.Originality/valueThis study reveals the underlying modus operandi that explains the reciprocity effects of CEDs and the contingency role of brand experience on the CEDs–loyalty link. This study shows that brand equity fosters and sustains the reciprocity generated when consumers perceive a high level of relationship equity, serving as a mediator between relationship equity and brand loyalty. Importantly, value equity is an important moderator for strengthening this reciprocity effect. Furthermore, this study identifies a typology of experience-focussed consumers and shows that the CEDs–loyalty link significantly varies by these types of experiential appeal that characterise the consumers.

The Hidden Chain of Branded Telecommunication Services Delivery: Value, Trust, Brand, Price Tolerance and Word of Mouth Communication Chain

Due to high customer switching behavior from one mobile service provider to another and high competition within the market, scholars, and marketers are trying to find and formulate the most appropriate consumer-driven business strategy to stay competitive. Grounded in means-end, value, and brand equity theories, this study proposes an integrative model in the telecom context to establish value → trust→ brand → price tolerance→ word of mouth communication (WOMC) chain. As a primary approach, the survey method is used through which 437 online responses were collected. Applying Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the findings of this study show that the empirical outcomes tally with the proposed relationships (the chain) and the importance-performance map analysis indicates that both perceived value and brand trust have the highest influence on price tolerance. Brand image and perceived value also demonstrate to be of highest importance in building positive WOMC in the context of the telecoms industry. In addition, this study found that brand equity components have strong mediating effects, while the moderating roles of gender and age across groups varies. Overall, this study contributes to the service marketing, branding, and consumer behavior literature, particularly in the context of telecommunications.

Brand equity analysis to increase health care utilization.

Background: Health care utilization is one of the key indicators in measuring performance of health care services. Strong brand equity suggests positive correlation with great attraction for consumers to use a product.Design and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the effects of brand equity to health care utilization. 381 students were selected by simple random sampling. Multiple logistic regression tests were used to analyze the influence between variables.Results: Findings showed that there was an influence between brand equity and health care utilization (P=0.001). In the three attributes, brand equity was known to have an influence to the utilization of health care. The highest influence of the three attributes was brand association (Exp (B) = 2.501).Conclusions: It can be concluded that brand equity affects patient visits to AHCC showing that the brand equity significantly influence patient visits. Promotion to create familiarity and good impression was required to enhance brand equity and increase health care utilization.Significance for public healthIn a study reports on the utilization of University health care center it was found that more than one-third (36.5%) of students have never used the service. One of the reasons contributing to the suboptimal utilization of health care services was the brand factor. Components of brand equity include brand awareness, brand association, and brand loyalty. The highest influence of the three attributes is brand association. Promotion to create familiarity and good impression is required to enhance brand equity and increase the University health care utilization. This paper describes the influence of brand equity to University health care utilization.

Problems of accounting methods in credit unions as non-bank financial intermediary and their solutions

According to the results of the study, it was argued that the main problems of the accounting methodology in credit unions are due to the need to apply accounting and reporting standards intended for commercial enterprises, while credit unions are non-profitable financial institutions. It is determined that mostly this problem concerns about the accounting for equity of credit unions. The article substantiates the expediency of reflecting in the balance of membership dues of members of credit unions precisely as components of equity. The classification and characteristics of capital reserves and cash reserves of credit unions aimed at ensuring the appropriate level of their financial stability are given. Recommendations on improving the analytical accounting of these reserves in accordance with their purpose and the requirements of regulatory documents governing the systematization of accounting accounts are presented. Despite the fact that the activities of credit unions as non-bank financial intermediaries are subject to rather strict legislative regulation, the accounting methodology for the main business operations i.e. attracting deposits and issuing loans, is not sufficiently disclosed in peremptory documents. The article provides a classification of loans and deposits to deposit accounts of members of credit unions. Forms of analytical accounting of contributions to deposit accounts of members of credit unions and loans issued by them are proposed, which make it possible to conduct analytical accounting for each debtor and creditor, and also form an information base for monitoring timely and full repayment of debts on loans and attracted deposits.

A Study of Impact of IFRS Convergence in India on Debt–Equity Components of Financial Statements

The present article analyses the impact of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) convergence on financial statements in India. Our focus is on the most significant and challenging standard, that is, IND-AS (financial instruments). Our focus is on the most significant and challenging standard i.e IND-AS(Financial Instruments) and their impact on debt-equity classification brought about by the new standard(s). We analyse the annual reports of 30 listed entities having outstanding preference share capital for the years 2015–2016 and 2016–2017. We redefine the formulae of ratios most commonly used in loan agreements (popularly referred to as ‘debt covenants’) from lenders’ perspective and empirically examine the impact of IFRS convergence on the value of these ratios for the same financial year, that is, 2015–2016. Our results show that there is a significant difference in the value of ratios calculated using newly developed formulae and by applying the old formulae on new data. The study is the first of its kind to empirically examine the impact of IND-AS specifically standard relating to financial instruments on debt ratios in India. Our contribution to the literature is that we not only examine the impact on ratios on transition to IND-AS but also offer a solution as to how the users can mitigate this impact by making adjustments to the debt ratios taking into account the recognition, measurement and presentation changes brought about by IND-AS, so that they can apply our newly developed formulae directly on IND-AS statements and derive the same meaning and interpretation from the ratios as before retaining their practical usage. Thus, our study is of immediate practical relevance to lenders, credit managers and investors aiding their decision making.

Analyzing the liabilities and stockholders' equity of the world's leading public oil and gas corporations

Subject. The article investigates liabilities and equity of leading public oil and gas companies from 2006 to 2018. Objectives. The focus is on determining the current values of the main components of liabilities and equity of leading public oil and gas companies, identifying the key trends over the studied period and factors that led to the changes. Methods. The paper employs methods of comparative, financial, and economic analysis, generalization of official annual reports on financial and business operations of the said corporations. Results. Based on the results of the comprehensive analysis of balance sheets of 25 oil and gas companies, I established movements in the size and structure of liabilities and equity in the public sector of the industry and the main factors that contributed to the changes. Conclusions. Over the studied period, I revealed an increase in the balance sheet valuation of liabilities and equity of most of leading public oil and gas companies, notwithstanding a noticeable decrease in their value after the industry crisis. The components of liabilities and equity remained approximately equal, but the transformation in the ratio between the components occurred within the indicators themselves. The long-term component started prevailing in the structure of liabilities. It was driven by growing total debt, which almost equaled the value of accounts payable. As a result, the total debt became the dominant component of long-term liabilities, and accounts payable retained key positions only in the short-term component.

Developing a sport fan equity index

PurposeThe primary purpose of this study was to generate a composite sport fan equity index (SFEI) for use in estimating the asset value of an individual fan to a sport organization. The index was developed by applying a simple additive weighting (SAW) method.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional survey-based research was carried out to validate key components of sport fan equity (SFE) and formulate the SFEI on the basis of the NCAA Division I collegiate sport context. These objectives were satisfied through a twofold process involving first-order confirmatory factor analysis intended to assess the validity of SFE measurement scales and SAW designed to produce the composite SFEI.FindingsThe developed index indicated that the average SFE of focal sport fans of Division I collegiate sport was 54.8 and that the overall SFE of such contributors ranged from 20.4 (the lowest score) to 94.6 (the highest score). The SFEI serves as a single, summary score and an essential gauge for sport marketers to use when assessing profitable fans and tracking/comparing them over time.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the sport marketing literature through its application of SAW in an initial effort to produce an easily understandable index that determines the asset value of sport fans and serves as an imperative criterion for overall sport team valuation from the sport consumer side. Specifically, the SFEI can function as a standard numeric measure that enables sport marketers to identify fans from whom sport organizations can generate considerable profits, segment these devotees systematically, and tailor marketing strategies to each fan base.

The relationship between brand equity and intention to buy: the case of convenience stores

The research aims to identify the components of brand equity that affect consumer purchasing intentions and measure the effect of brand equity components on the intention of consumer purchases at the convenience stores in Ho Chi Minh City. The authors conduct the group discussions, expert discussion, and then analyze data from 200 valid questionnaires with four components of brand equity, namely perceived quality, brand loyalty, brand association, brand awareness. The results of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) show that all four elements have a positive effect on the customer' intention to purchase in the convenience store of Ho Chi Minh City. In particular, the brand association factor has the strongest influence, followed by perceived quality, brand awareness, and brand loyalty. This research contributes that the results confirm the theory of Aaker (1991), Brown and Stayman (1992), Cobb-Walgren et al. (1995), MacKenzie (1986) in the new context of convenience stores in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Besides, the study gives some recommendations to help convenience stores improve the elements of brand equity and it, to enhance attraction for consumers.

A study on green cosmetic brand equity and purchase intentions

The concept of sustainable development has recently become a significant issue among industrial, academic, and government sectors. As consumers have more green awareness of products, the markets of natural and organic products set to be flourish, the organic certification approach is then expected to be a crucial role between consumers and green brands. For the green cosmetic brands, it might bring more benefits to the brand than just being a proof of organic ingredients. The study conducted a quantitative questionnaire survey which was developed for this study and based on the four components of brand equity: brand associations, brand loyalty, perceived quality and brand awareness. Taking COSMOS-standard as an example, the study explores the influence it might have on green cosmetic brand equity and purchase intentions. Using snowball sampling for data collection, the total number of respondents was 867 and the number of valid questionnaires was 623. The statistical software SPSS 22.0 was used for the analysis. The results indicate that COSMOS-Standard organic certification has positive impacts on brand equity and purchase intention; significant differences on brand association and brand loyalty are caused by different disposable income; the effects on improving purchase intention works better on toiletries than facial care products. The cosmetic brands can see the results as suggestions on brand management and marketing strategies.

Analyzing the Case of VietJet Air to Assess the Vietnamese Customers’ Airline Brand Equity: An Empirical Research Study

From the recent marketing incidents of a typical airline company, this research study would like to analyze the sources and consequences of Airline's Consumer Brand Equity by using Vietjet Air Vietnam as an example. To this end, we developed an empirical study based on the Chen & Tseng [5] Brand Equity airline model in Taiwan, using structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate the interrelationship between the dimensions of the components of brand equity in the airline industry and how they directly affect brand equity. With 307 valid respondents, the questionnaire was designed to include 3 age groups: 18-25, 26-35, 36-50 and older than 50 years. The participants from some universities and some firms in Ho Chi Minh City involved in conducting the survey. The findings suggest that Brand Equity factors in their interrelationships have a positive effect. In addition, Brand Image is a direct factor that has the most influence on airline brand equity, following perceived dimensions of quality and brand loyalty. This research also has relevant implications for Vietjet marketing managers, who should reinforce their brand equity in the future to attract more customers.