Equitable Distribution Of Income Research Articles

Taiwan in International Economic Relations

As President Tsai Ing-wen assumes power, she faces a citizenry hoping that she can revitalize Taiwan's economy, including: promoting high growth, low unemployment, equitable distribution of income, affordable housing for working people, food safety and quality of life in a democratic country. They also expect that she will not be deterred from engaging in the international arena. However, President Tsai faces several challenges amid slowing growth in much of the world, and Taiwan's partial exclusion from the international economic order will affect prospects for her success in meeting expectations for further economic progress.

To feed the world in 2050 will require a global revolution

Achieving universal food security is a staggering challenge, especially in a world with an expanding population, accelerating consumption, and many signals of a deteriorating global environment (1). Some claim that population size and growth are irrelevant, and that the solution is a more equitable distribution of income, wealth, and available food. In this view, future food security is attainable, even if the global population grows to 10 billion or more over the course of this century. To others, biophysical constraints on how much food can be produced, combined with the size and growth of the human population, imply there soon may not be enough to go around, even with equitable distribution.

Konsep Rate of Profit dan Stabilitas Ekonomi Perbankan Syariah

The Rate of Profit Concept and Economic Stability in Islamic BanksThis study aims to find the concept of rate of profit on Islamic banking that can create economic justice. Rate of profit that creates economic justice can be achieved through its role in maintaining the stability of the financial system in which there is an equitable distribution of income and wealth. To determine the role of the rate of profit as the basis of the sharing system implemented in the Islamic financial system, we can see the connection of rate of profit in creating financial stability, especially in the asset-liability management of financial institutions that generate a stable net income or the rate of profit that is not affected by the ups and downs of the market risk factors including indirect effect on interest rates. Futhermore, Islamic financial stability can be seen from the role of the rate of profit on the stability of the Islamic financial assets that are measured from the Islamic financial asset price volatilityDOI: 10.15408/etk.v14i2.2270

Can community forestry contribute to household income and sustainable forestry practices in rural area? A case study from Tshapey and Zariphensum in Bhutan

Community forestry is an emerging success model of state–community partnership for forest management and poverty reduction. Bhutan's initial experience of forest management by user group is promising, but merits further study on how community forests have experienced with harvesting and income generation consistent with national forest policy. This study quantifies whether community forestry contribute to household income with equitable products and income distribution and gender inclusive participation; and community forests are managed applying the principles of sustainable harvest without compromising regeneration and productivity. We applied a combination of social and ecological methods using household interview and forest sampling plots. Our findings revealed that community forestry contributes to household income through harvesting and marketing of large trees, and non-wood forest products where markets are accessible. Household income, however, vary widely between rich and poor households with former capitalizing on commercial and latter on subsistence products. Timber harvesting is consistent with the principles of sustainable harvest without altering species composition, regeneration and productivity. To narrow income inequality, pro-poor approach to community forestry needs to target poor households with income diversification activities and market accessibility. The promising results are context-driven and warrant consolidation from other community forests experiencing harvest in Bhutan.

The distributional impact of agricultural policy tools on Italian farm household incomes

This paper analyses the impact of a set of direct payment tools of the Common Agricultural Policy on the distribution of household income among Italian farm families. It considers a large sample of Italian farm families and applies the Gini decomposition approach. The analysis accounts for direct payments of the Pillar 1 (decoupled, coupled and modulation payments) and of the Pillar 2 of the CAP (agro-environmental and compensatory payments). While the overall amount of direct payments reduces income concentration, the situation is very different among the tools under consideration. Furthermore, the situation differs among the three altimetry zones in which the full sample has been disaggregated.Direct payments as a whole have been effective in pursuing a more equitable distribution of income, particularly in mountain zones. Thus any reduction of the budget for such policy will likely result in an increase of income concentration. The shift of financial resources between Pillar 1 and Pillar 2 will not necessarily result in a more equitable income distribution. However, instruments such as modulation, decoupled payments and compensatory allowances have been found to be promising tools for reaching this goal.

An analysis of Poverty Situation in Different Regions of Iran and its Reduction Strategies

Poverty is a bitter reality, that there is no way to escape from it in all over the history and among all nations it has been observed in intensity or weakness. Although in past centuries due to less production and revenue of communities and classified system governance, poverty has become to a naturally and obvious phenomenon, but nowadays with stunning improvements in the field of science and technology and usage of new tools and increasing production and creating new employment opportunities in most of communities, it is expected to poverty situation improves year by year and poverty percentage will decrease. In this paper, absolute and relative poverty situation have been evaluated in Iran in different years and for this purpose official government statistics were taken. In terms of the impact on type of income distribution on relative and absolute poverty, by using analytical coefficient from income distribution have been provided, and to evaluating poverty situation in different regions of country, developed degree of provinces have calculated in two time periods and level of provinces development was determined. To provide relatively complete image of provinces status human development indicators and health indicators were used. The study was indicated that during past years, absolute poverty level has reduced obviously but reduction in relative poverty hasn't been much significant, that it can representing the failure of government policies in equitable distribution of incomes and reduce in degree of inequality. (Despite spending enormous costs, support from poor people in various supporting organizations).On the other hand, rank and position of humans have been changed in terms of developing in different years, so that the rank of some provinces has been better prominently, and others have faced with descend of rank and status. It seems that developing and construction policies of government and injection of public resources are effectively in this among.

Growth & Performance of MSMEs in India: Prospects and Problem

The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMES) have always been considered as growth engine of the Indian economy. MSMES are well known for its lower investment and technology requirement. After agriculture, this sector holds second position in generating employment opportunities in Indian economy. MSMES also enhance industrialization in rural and backward area thereby reduce regional imbalances and assure equitable distribution of national income and wealth. Despite its contribution and significance in the Indian Economy, the MSME sector has been facing various hurdles since long. After the liberalization and globalization in India since 1991, this sector is facing keen competition from domestic organizations as well as from the MNCS because of the improved technology in the market. This present paper deals with growth and development of MSMES in India and also highlight the problem and prospects of MSMES in India.

Study of electricity subsidy in Punjab agriculture

Subsidies are among the most powerful instruments for balancing the growth rate of production and for an equitable distribution of income for the protection of weaker sections of the society. Electricity subsidy is the part and parcel of the growth story of agriculture in Punjab. From all of the subsidies, electricity subsidy in Punjab served in the initial stages of green revolution, as incentives to the farmers for adopting many electric pumps and motors to support the successful drive for the green revolution. All the major farming inputs including electric energy saw a big jump along with cropping intensity and irrigated area. Use of electricity for irrigation and shifting production to irrigated crops results into more than two-folds growth in total food grain production in Punjab in less than forty years between 1960 and 2000. No doubt, electricity subsidies that encourage production and productivity which help in attaining a new height of economy growth in agriculture has been widely criticized because of the cost of subsidies that causes unsustainable fiscal deficits and causing most harmful effect in terms of reduced public investment in agriculture. Moreover, this subsidy encourages wasteful use of scarce resources like water and leads to agriculture unsustainability.

The Vermont Common Assets Trust: An institution for sustainable, just and efficient resource allocation

Both private and public sectors have failed to adequately provide critical ecosystem goods and services or an equitable distribution of wealth and income. To address this problem, the Vermont legislature is considering the creation of a Vermont Common Assets Trust (VCAT) that would make the state's atmosphere, aquifers and other resources created by nature or by society as a whole the common property of all Vermonters, present and future. Under the Trust, a board of trustees would have the legal obligation to manage these assets for the benefit of all Vermonters, including future generations. This paper first explains why certain resources are likely to be managed more sustainably, fairly and efficiently as common property than as private property. It then discusses mechanisms for integrating assets into the trust. Estimates of potential revenue from a VCAT suggest that it could eliminate the state budget deficit, contribute to a better distribution of wealth and resources, and help address critical ecological problems. Survey results suggest that a VCAT is politically feasible. The VCAT promises to be an important pilot project that could later be scaled up to a national or global level.

The Role of Fiscal Policy in the Achievement of Social Cohesion. Tax Mix and Public Social Spending

Nowadays, social cohesion arouses an increasing interest among both academics and policymakers, since the promotion of cohesive has been proven an indispensable framework for the achievement of sustainable development. Fiscal policy can play a fundamental role to enhance social cohesion, when aiming at ensuring an equitable distribution of income and wealth. This paper examines the connection existing between a progressive fiscal policy (as far as both the income and the expenses sides are concerned) and the level of social cohesion across European and Latin American countries, and explores the odds of enhancing social cohesion by acting on these parameters. The results confirm the convenience of a progressive and redistributive tax system, relying on direct rather than indirect taxation, as well as a public spending policy based on the adequate provision of social goods and services, in order to promote equality and equity that enable progress towards social cohesion.

The Role of Small and Medium Enterprises in Alleviating the Development Challenges Facing South Africa

The study highlighted some of the development challenges facing South Africa. These include high levels of unemployment, poverty and income inequality. The objective of the study is to examine the critical role that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play in alleviating some of the development challenges facing South Africa. SMEs are expected to be an important vehicle to address the challenges of job creation, sustainable economic growth, equitable distribution of income and the overall stimulation of economic development in South Africa. The study finds that the perception of entrepreneurial opportunities and capabilities has increased since 2001 but still relatively low by international standard. In addition, the rate of business establishment is much lower than the rate of discontinuance. There is a net loss of small businesses. These factors may negatively impact on the ability of SMEs to help in alleviating some of the development challenges facing South Africa. Policy measures to improve the low rate of business establishment and reduce the high rate of discontinuance are of critical and urgent importance in South Africa. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n23p270

Panel estimation for income inequality and CO2 emissions: A regional analysis in China

With rapid economic growth, China is facing tremendous pressures of emission–reduction and serious income inequality issues. The existing research is concerned with the relationships between income inequality and CO2 emissions in recent years, but little attention has been paid to the regional differences in China. This paper investigated the impact of income and its inequality on CO2 emissions at the national and regional levels using the panel data from 1995 to 2010 in China. The empirical results show that income growth increases China’s CO2 emissions. The effects of income growth on CO2 emissions vary across regions. Further, the impact of income inequality on CO2 emissions in the Eastern region is greater than that in the Western region. This research reveals that a more equitable income distribution may help control CO2 emissions in developing China, and there is a win–win situation of income redistribution and emission–reduction. Our findings merit particular attention from policy makers in China.

An Empirical Analysis of Market Orientation and Business Performance Relationship in the Context of Developing Economy

The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between market orientation and business performance of small and medium enterprise (SMEs) in Nigeria. A quantitative method was used, employing a cross - sectional research design. The data were collected through the self - administration method from 320 respondentsusing a structured questionnaire, a total of 212 valid questionnaires was completed and returned representing 66 percent response rate. SMEs are very important to the economic growth of Nigeria, they serve as a major source of employment, contributes toward local resource utilization, a source of entrepreneurship development, an avenue for the conservation of foreign exchange, ensures equitable distribution of income and wealth and help in the preservation of cultural heritage. A model was developed based on theoretical reflection to examine the relationship. Smart PLS is used in the data analysis, which reported a significant and positive relationship between the market orientation and business performance of SMEs. The findings of this study will benefit owner/managers of SMEs, regulatory agencies, government at all levels and will also serve as a frame of reference for future studies, and future research directions were discussed.

Производственные советы в России: проблемы и перспективы

Provisions of the labor legislation were updated by the right of the employer for creation of works councils. The research of structures of non-trade union workers’ representation has special importance for Russian labour law scholarship. This is mostly so because of low efficiency of trade union representation in Russia that is still structurally influenced by centrally-planned economy’ traditions. System of works councils is a fairly complicated institution of labor law, as their activities are closely linked not only to the organization of labor, but also to the economy as well as the sociological aspects of human resource management. The multidimensional inwardness of works councils attached to this institution of labor law special significance, as consequence of their functioning must become strengthening of social dialogue at the level of the organizations and the separated structural divisions, while setting a consensus not only between the parties opposing interests in relation to a particular issue, but also creating a foundation for continuing cooperation in a spirit of cooperation. Creation of works councils is seeking to reinforce social solidarity, more equitable distribution of income between different social classes and sections of the population, increase employees’ interest in the affairs of the company. As part of the dynamic development of social and labor relations non-trade union workers’ representation becomes a key element in the development processes of industrial democracy, having a basis of workers’ participation in administrative decisions in the enterprise, directly affecting their interests, which allows the use of flexible forms of management of the organization, by providing workers the right to information and consultation.

EXISTE UMA RELAÇÃO ENTRE NÍVEL DE RENDA, DESIGUALDADE E POBREZA? UM ESTUDO A PARTIR DE ELASTICIDADES

The purpose of this research is to analyze how economic growth, income inequality and poverty relate to each other, in view of the pointed raised in the literature for the preparation and conduct of social policies that seek to combat poverty and improving the distribution income population. Will use data on federal units of Brazil for the period 1995 to 2009 to estimate the elasticities income-poverty, redistribution-poverty, income-inequality and poverty-inequality through methodology of panel data (fixed effects, random effects and first differences). The results indicate that public policies aimed at more equitable income distribution are more effective in reducing poverty, compared to only seeking increased income. On the other hand, policies aimed at reducing poverty are more effective in combating inequality than those toward increasing income.

A ‘Brutalizing’ War? The USA after the First World War

Were US citizens brutalized by the First World War? Mobilization unified the nation, forcing both the willing and unwilling to take a stand in regards to the war and war-induced changes within American society. The spike in the use of violence to achieve political goals during the postwar period coincided with the return of veterans from the battlefield, but veterans did not instigate this period of violence. Rather than brutalization through combat, the ‘radicalizing’ effect of the war stemmed from how the mobilization process politicized both civilians and soldiers. The effects of war-related politicization resonated into the postwar period in both violent ways (giving the appearance of brutalization) and non-violent ways. Widespread violence in 1919, however, was only one variant of the more general radicalization and politicization US society underwent during the First World War. The non-violent trajectories that developed more fully in the early 1920s were less visible but equally important legacies of wartime mobilization. Over time, politicized veterans within the civil rights movement and veterans organizations quickly opted for nonviolent over violent forms of political expression. The USA thus joined the ranks of the other victor nations where successful veteran reintegration into existing social, economic, and political structures helped to mitigate war-associated violence. The state's embrace of veterans' demands for benefits ultimately gave most returned servicemen a stake in maintaining rather than challenging the existing political system. This did not mean that the effects of wartime politicization evaporated. Instead the two key social justice movements of the twentieth century, the fight for racial equality and the equitable distribution of income, benefited from the injection of politicized veterans into these respective causes.

The Causes of the Failure of New Small and Medium Enterprises in South Africa

New small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are an important vehicle to address the challenges of job creation, sustainable economic growth, equitable distribution of income and the overall stimulation of economic development. New SMEs suffer from a high failure rate in South Africa. The high failure rate of new SME paints a bleak picture of the SME sector’s potential to contribute meaningfully to job creation, economic growth and poverty reduction. The primary objective of this study was to determine the causes of the failure of new SMEs. The review of the literature revealed that the causes of the failure of new SMEs are both internal and external. Internal factors include lack of management experience, lack of functional skills and poor staff training and development and poor attitudes towards customers. External factors include non-availability of a logistics chain and a high cost of distribution, competition, rising costs of doing business, lack of finance and crime. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p922

Drawbacks in SMEs‟ EIS Applications: Framework for Development of EIS for SMEs in Sri Lanka

The Small and Medium Scale Enterprises/Industries (SMEs) function as a lifeline in the informal sector in SriLanka due to their significant contribution to the overall economy in terms of employment, exports,innovation, tax income, equitable income distribution, social stability, domestic resources usage, andregional development. However, in Sri Lanka, a majority of Enterprise Information System (EIS)applications have not been focused by those ‘small players’ in the economy. The paper first identifies factorsthat contribute to SMEs relatively lower level of attraction towards EISs, using TOE Framework, which wastested mainly to assess the organization willingness on ICT in developing countries. Finally, the paperexplains the ways and means by which the EIS vendors, SME and IT policy makers can address the gapbetween the current level and the potential for SME EIS adoption. Therefore the research findings helpSMEs to create business opportunities with EIS applications and combat pressures from competition.Further specific SME ICT needs to be addressed strategically, in order to ensure their competitive position inthe economy, will be discussed KEYWORDS: SME, Enterprise Information Systems/EIS, Enterprise Resource Planning/ERP, TOEFramework, ICT Adoption.

Measurement of National Well-being and Korean National Well-being

GDP per capita has been used as a measure of national well-being. While national income increases, national well-being has not improved in many countries. So alternative measure of wholistic human life is needed. In result, several indicators of well-being such as Human Development Index, Happy Planet Index, and OECD Better Life Index have been suggested. Which measure is most accurate? That is very difficult to answer. But OECD Better Life Index is proper, because it includes more aspects of human development than HDI, and subjective well-being.BR How is Korean national well-being? Korea’s ranking is 12th in terms of HDI, 30th in terms of PPP GDP per capita, 27th in terms of OECD Better Life Index, 41st in terms of World Happiness Report 2013.BR To improve national well-being, at first, economic growth and equitable income distribution are necessary, and specific policies are also needed to improve health(mental and physical), job security, and environment protection.

Benefits conditional on work and the Nordic model

Welfare benefits in the Nordic countries are often tied to employment. We argue that this is one of the factors behind the success of the Nordic model, where a comprehensive welfare state is associated with high employment. In a general equilibrium setting, the underlining mechanism works through wage moderation and job creation. The benefits make it more important to hold a job, thus lower wages will be accepted, and more jobs created. Moreover, we show that the incentive to acquire higher education improves, further boosting employment in the long run. These positive effects help in counteracting the negative impact of taxation.Through numerical simulations, we show how this mechanism can contribute to explain the better labor market performance and more equitable income distribution of Nordic countries compared to Continental European ones.