Equal Volume Impregnation Research Articles

In-situ electric swing adsorption enabling superior water vapor capture of salt-based carbon fibers

All-weather sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting by in-suit electric swing adsorption (ESA) is a promising strategy to address global water scarcity due to its not being limited by sunlight availability and ease of pairing with renewable electricity energy. Herein, we describe the salt-based carbon fiber composite (ACFC) via an equal volume impregnation that enhances the prevention property of salt leakage. The ACFC exhibits Joule heating upon application of a potential, completing rapid water vapor release within 2–6 min. The innovative combination of fast water capture and the electrothermal effect of the ACFC can provide controlled water vapor capture and release cyclically by manipulating electric swing adsorption conditions. The ACFC shows rapid water desorption with in-situ ESA, releasing the adsorbed water three times faster than externally driven thermal desorption. The in-situ ESA approach provides an energy-saving strategy for water vapor capture under various weather conditions, which makes it a viable solution to alleviate the scarcity of clean water.

Highly dispersed active sites and strong metal-support interaction for boosting CO2 hydrogenation to methanol

As global energy demand continues to increase and global climate change issues caused by greenhouse gas emissions gradually heat up, the effective conversion of carbon dioxide into high value-added methanol has become a key challenge in the energy and environmental fields. However, due to the chemical inertness of CO2 molecules, it is difficult to activate CO2 at low temperatures, resulting in extremely low conversion rates. Although increasing the reaction temperature is beneficial for the conversion of CO2, there is also competition in the reverse water gas reaction, resulting in lower methanol selectivity. Therefore, developing efficient catalysts is the key to improving CO2 conversion rate and methanol selectivity. In this work, we used zirconium-based UIO-66 metal-organic framework as a precursor, replaced the original terephthalic acid ligand with thermally unstable aminoterephthalic acid, and supported Cu on the MOF precursor by equal volume impregnation method. After heat treatment, the Cu/ZrO2-DM catalyst was prepared. The catalyst was compared with Cu/ZrO2 catalyst prepared by co-precipitation method, hydrothermal method and unmodified Cu/ZrO2-D catalyst. The Cu/ZrO2-DM catalyst exhibited the highest CO2 conversion and methanol selectivity in the hydrogenation reaction, reaching 13.95% and 90.78%, respectively. The main reason is attributed to the large specific surface area of the copper-based catalyst derived from MOF materials, the good dispersion of the active center and the strong interaction between Cu and the precursor. This work may provide a new perspective for the design and synthesis of related catalytic materials for efficient CO2 hydrogenation to methanol.

Selective hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol over copper-cobalt bimetallic catalyst

Cu-based catalysts have been widely studied as selectively hydrogenated furfural. However, due to the weak hydrogenation activity of the mono-metal copper-based catalyst, the interaction with furfural is usually weak, and the accessibility of the active site is severely limited. A micro-doping strategy was proposed in this study to solve these problems. Trace amounts of cobalt metal are doped into copper using equal volume impregnation. Compared with the Cu/MgO catalyst, the bimetallic CuCo/MgO-0.04 catalyst changes metal particles' size and valence and regulates the catalyst surface's electronic environment. Electron transfer occurs between Co and Cu, and many active sites are generated for adsorption and activation of CO double bonds, and hydrogenation reactions occur with adjacent H protons to improve the selectivity of furfuryl alcohol. CuCo/MgO-0.04 catalyst has excellent catalytic performance of 100 % furfural conversion and 99.4 % furfural alcohol selectivity. Combined with experimental data, kinetic studies, and theoretical calculations, it was confirmed that the d-band center shifted up in the catalyst doped with trace metal cobalt, which optimized the adsorption energy and configuration of furfural and reduced the reaction barrier more effectively. This study provides a strategy to support the partial doping of highly dispersed Cu nanoparticles with a small amount of Co metal. It achieves excellent catalytic properties and chemical selectivity in selective hydrogenation reactions.

Mechanism of CO + NH3-coupled removal of NO from Fe/AC catalysts at medium and low temperatures

Catalysts with different mass ratios (Fe: AC = 7.5, 10.0, and 12.5) were prepared using the equal-volume impregnation method. The 12.5Fe/AC catalyst exhibited the highest NO removal activity and best N2 selectivity at any given temperature. Furthermore, NO removal was mediated by redox reactions between Fe2+ and Fe3+ and dominantly occurred at the Fe2+ active sites. As the loading amount of active metal (Fe) increased, the diffraction ring gradually diffused, and the number of Fe oxide crystals, number of oxygen-containing functional groups, and content of chemically adsorbed oxygen increased. Chemically adsorbed oxygen plays a major role in NO removal. The NO removal mechanism of the Fe/AC catalyst is dominated by physical adsorption and the Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism at low temperatures and by the Eley–Rideal mechanism at medium and low temperatures.

Preparation and Application of Slag‐Based Catalyst for Steelmaking

This study focuses on utilizing ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) from a steel plant as the main raw material, with water and calcium‐based montmorillonite as binders, with manganese and alkali metal nitrates (Na, K, Mg, Ca). A series of supported denitration catalysts are prepared using the equal volume impregnation method. These catalysts are then employed in the selective catalytic reduction process to investigate their impact on denitration effectiveness. Furthermore, the mechanism of low‐temperature denitration in selective catalytic reduction is analyzed by combining catalyst activity tests and characterization techniques. The activity of catalysts is assessed through Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT‐IR), X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), and search engine marketing (SEM) characterization tests, along with examining its denitration and sulfur resistance capabilities to determine the denitration mechanism. Experimental results indicate that Mn–Mg/GGBS exhibit the most efficient low‐temperature denitrification effect, and it demonstrates certain sulfur resistance with a 5% Mn loading and a 3% second active component. Introducing Ce as the third active component further enhances the sulfur resistance of Mn–Mg–Ce/GGBS when loaded at 1%.

Study on lightening of coal tar with metal oxide supported γ-Al2O3 catalyst

In this experiment, a fixed bed of pyrolysis was used to conduct pyrolysis with coal and a mixture of coal and catalyst, and the distribution and composition of tar products were studied. The pyrolysis of raw coal was carried out at different temperatures and at different constant temperature times, and the effects of pyrolysis temperature and constant temperature pyrolysis time on tar product formation from raw coal pyrolysis were studied. γ-Al2O3 was used as the carrier, and 4 kinds of alkaline earth metal oxides (MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO), 3 kinds of subgroup metal oxides (Fe2O3, Co2O3, NiO) and 5 kinds of VIII metal oxides (Cr2O3, MnO2, CuO, ZnO, MnO2) were selected as active components. The supported γ-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by the method of equal volume impregnation and roasting in a muffle furnace. The γ-Al2O3 catalyst was characterized by means of XPS, BET and SEM, and the mechanism of the mixed pyrolysis of coal with different metal oxide supported catalysts to generate tar was studied. The results showed that: (1) under the conditions of 450 °C, 500 °C, 550 °C and 600 °C, the maximum tar yield was 0.32 g at 600 °C, and the tar yield was higher at constant temperature for 15 min than at final temperature of 600 °C, with an increase of 15.63%. (2) Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3 catalyst resulted in the highest tar yield of 0.75 g, which was 134.38% higher than that of coal pyrolysis. (3) From the increase of light oil and phenol oil and the decrease of anthracene oil and asphalt, Co2O3/γ-Al2O3, Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3 and Cr2O3/γ-Al2O3 can improve the tar quality better.

Ni/ZnO@ZSM-5 Reaction Adsorption Desulfurization Catalyst for Octane Number Improvement

Reaction adsorption desulfurization technology is one of the main means of gasoline desulfurization. In this work, ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by pyrolytic oxidation using ZIF-8 as precursor. ZnO spheres with particle size of 5 nm can be formed after the pyrolysis of Zif-8. Ni/ZnO5nm prepared by equal volume impregnation method can achieve 99.2% desulfurization rate at 390°C, which has more excellent desulfurization performance compared to Ni/ZnO100nm. Ni/ZnO@ZSM-5 was synthesized by in-situ growth-pyrolysis oxidation-equal volume impregnation method. In the reaction adsorption desulfurization process of FCC gasoline, the desulfurization rate reached 99.5%, and the aromatic content in the product increased by 10.7 percentage points, showing excellent octane number improvement. This work provides new ideas for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles as well as novel reactive adsorbent desulfurizers, and promotes the development of S-Zorb process.

Hydrodeoxygenation of phenol as a model compound by Ni2P/HBeta-SBA-15,

The stable silica sieve-based HBeta-SBA-15 catalyst-carrier was successfully prepared by a hydrothermal synthesis method, and then Ni2P/HBeta-SBA-15 new hydrodeoxygenation catalyst was successfully loaded by the equal volume impregnation method. It was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and pyrolysis-infrared (Py-IR) methods. The results showed that SBA-15 was successfully immobilized on HBeta to form a microporous and mesoporous composite carrier. The introduction of SBA-15 not only increased the specific surface area of HBeta-SBA-15, but also reduced its acidity. After loading the active metal component Ni2P, the structure of the catalyst has not changed much. Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of phenol model compounds over Ni2P/HBeta-SBA-15 catalyst was studied in water. The response surface analysis showed that the conversion of phenol was 84.4% and the selectivity of cyclohexane was 94.2% at a lower temperature of 240 °C. The effect of reaction conditions on the yield of cyclohexane was as follows: the reaction temperature > the amount of hydrogen > the amount of catalyst > the reaction time. This study provides theoretical guidance for upgrading biomass pyrolysis oil to green fuel through hydrodeoxygenation.

Study on the effect of Ce-Cu doping on Mn/γ-Al2O3 catalyst for selective catalytic reduction in NO with NH3.

A series of Mn/γ-Al2O3, Mn-Cu/γ-Al2O3,Mn-Ce/γ-Al2O3 and Mn-Ce-Cu/γ-Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by equal volume impregnation. The denitrification effects of the different catalysts were studied by activity measurement, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller surface area tests, Scanning electron microscopy, H2-temperature programmed reduction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The experimental results show that Ce and Cu are added to a Mn/γ-Al2O3 catalyst as bimetallic additives, which weakens the interaction between Mn and the carrier, improves the dispersion of MnOx on the surface of the carrier, improves the specific surface area of the catalyst, and improves the reducibility. Mn-Ce-Cu/γ-Al2O3 catalyst reaches a maximum conversion of 92% at 202°C. Also, the addition of the auxiliary metals promotes the reaction mechanism to a certain extent, and the addition of Ce especially promotes the conversion of NO-NO2, which is conducive to the production of intermediate products that promote the NH3-SCR reaction.

Effect of Ce Addition to Ag/ZrO2 Catalyst on the Hydrogenation of DMO to MG

AbstractMG has a special molecular structure, and MG is an important chemical intermediate with promising applications. Ag−Ce/ZrO2 catalysts with different contents were prepared for hydrogenation of DMO to MG by equal volume impregnation. The content of Ag and the type of additives were screened. According to the effects of different additives on the conversion rate of DMO and the selectivity of MG, Ce was finally selected as the optimal additive metal. These were characterized by XRD, XPS, BET, H2‐TPR. The addition of Ce helps the catalyst to form more oxygen vacancies and Ag2O is more easily reduced to Ag monomers. The performance test results of the catalyst showed that the addition of appropriate amount of Ce has a certain promotion effect on the hydrogenation performance of the catalyst, The yield of MG using the 8Ag−Ce1/ZrO2 catalyst was significantly better than that of the Ag/ZrO2 catalyst.

In situ adsorption of CO2 to enhance biomass gasification for hydrogen production using Ca/Ni based composites

The concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere continues to rise, leading to serious climate problems, such as global warming and the increase in the frequency of extreme weather. CO2 is the main contributor of greenhouse gases, accounting for 70% of greenhouse gas composition. The combustion of fossil fuels is the main source of CO2 emission in the atmosphere. Biomass energy has always been an important renewable clean energy for human survival. It is the fourth largest energy consumption in the world after coal, oil and natural gas, and plays an important role in the whole energy system. This study aims to develop a novel composite catalyst (Ni–Ce–Ca-ceramic membrane), and to evaluate its catalytic activity and CO2 adsorption capability during biomass gasification. Pine sawdust was used as feedstock for biomass gasification, and a two-stage fixed-bed reactor was used as gasification equipment. MCM-41-ceramic membrane support (MC support) was prepared by coating method, and the composite catalyst (Ni–Ce–Ca-ceramic membrane) was prepared by equal volume impregnation method. The catalyst has the functions of adsorption and catalysis at the same time. While adsorbing CO2, the catalyst can promote biomass gasification to produce hydrogen, and improve the syngas composition of biomass gasification. Not only can it reduce CO2 emission in the atmosphere, but it can also promote the use of biomass energy and reduce the use of fossil fuels. Furthermore, optimal operating conditions (i.e. Ca loading amount, reaction temperature and the ratio of Ni to Ce) of the Ni–Ce–Ca-ceramic membrane catalysts were also investigated. The results show that when the Ca loading amount is 20 wt%, the reaction temperature is 800 °C and the ratio of Ni to Ce is 2:1, the CO2 content in the syngas composition of biomass gasification is the lowest, which is 8.18 vol%. The minimum CO2 yield is 2.1 mmol/g, the maximum hydrogen yield is 14.19 mmol/g, and the lower heating value is greater than 10 MJ/Nm3. Through BET, XRD and SEM analyses, it was found that the prepared catalysts had good structure performance and good adsorption performance. The X-ray diffraction of the used catalyst shows that CaO in the catalysts adsorbs CO2 and produces CaCO3. The supported metals can be well dispersed on the surface of the catalysts. The research results show that the composite catalyst (Ni–Ce–Ca-ceramic membrane) prepared by using ceramic membrane as support can effectively capture CO2 produced from biomass gasification and promote hydrogen production in gasification.

Process intensification of hydrogen production by steam reforming of methane over structured channel packing catalysts

The industrial methane steam reforming reaction usually employs particulate catalyst that are easy to prepare and cost-effective, but suffer from problems such as high reactor pressure drop and low overall catalyst utilization. In this study, the Ni-Al2CaO4 powder prepared by the equal volume impregnation method was subjected to particle size control using a pressing method, and was made into catalyst particles of different sizes. Some of the catalysts were filled into honeycomb structures with cordierite and metal substrates, respectively, to prepare regular channel packing catalysts. The differences in methane steam reforming conversion rate, H2/CO selectivity, and overall pressure drop among the three catalysts were compared, and the influence of particle size and regular channel on reaction performance was systematically explored. The results showed that under the same conditions, as the catalyst particle size increased, the methane conversion rate and pressure drop increased. The regular channel packing catalysts with the two substrates showed similar pressure drop levels, but the metal substrate exhibited a higher methane conversion rate due to its excellent thermal conductivity. Compared with single-particle catalysts of the same size, the pressure drop of the metal substrate regular channel packing catalysts was reduced by more than 25%. Under the conditions of a gas hourly space velocity of 2000 h-1, a reaction temperature of 700 °C, and a water-to-carbon ratio of 3, the 40-60 mesh metal substrate regular packing catalysts showed a 7% increase in methane conversion rate, reaching 95.2%.

Catalytic behavior of a ZnO/TiO2 composite in the synthesis of polycarbonate diol.

ZnO/TiO2 catalysts with different ZnO contents have been prepared through equal volume impregnation method, characterized by XRD, SEM, Py-IR, ICP, XPS, NH3-TPD and N2 adsorption/desorption, and evaluated in the synthesis of polycarbonate diol (PCDL) through transesterification. The results showed that titanium zinc oxide formed in these catalysts, and the content of acidic sites varied with the ZnO content, and ZnO/TiO2 (10%) has the highest acid amount. The ZnO/TiO2 (20%) with medium acidic sites showed the highest catalytic activity. The synthesis process of polycarbonate glycol was also optimized. Under the optimal reaction conditions, the yield of PCDL was 72.5%, and the M n reached 4829 g mol-1 with a PDI of 1.6.

Coupling effect of reaction conditions on the catalytic activity of Cu-Mn composite oxide catalysts for toluene.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are one of the major components of air pollution. Catalytic combustion is a promising technology for the treatment of VOCs and at its center is the preparation of efficient and cheap catalysts. In this study, by loading copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) on Santa Barbara Amorphous-15 (SBA-15) molecular sieve, the Cux-Mny/SBA-15 (x = 1, 2; y = 1, 2) composite metal oxide catalyst was prepared using the equal volume impregnation method. Their performance in the toluene catalytic combustion reaction was investigated by adjusting the molar ratio (x : y), and the loading of Cu and Mn. The results of the Brunner-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses show that the CuMnO spinel phase can be detected in the Cu-Mn composite metal oxide catalyst doped with a low concentration of Cu. The overall rod-like structure of the fibrous network structure provides a large specific surface area, and the particle crystallinity is low and the dispersion is good. Due to the synergistic effect of Cu and Mn, the greater the amount of Mn3+ and adsorbed oxygen species (Oads) that are available, and the higher the turnover frequency (TOF) value, the better and more superior catalytic performance and excellent stability is obtained, when compared with the single-component oxides used in toluene catalytic combustion. After a continuous catalytic reaction for 12 h, the toluene conversion rate remained above 95%. The coupling effect of the catalytic reaction temperature and concentration of oxygen on the catalytic combustion of toluene was also studied. At a low reaction temperature (<250 °C), the increase of the concentration of oxygen played a superior role in promoting the conversion of toluene. The kinetic analysis of the toluene catalytic combustion process showed that the catalytic combustion of toluene by Cu-Mn/SBA-15 followed both the Mars-Van Krevelen (MVK) and Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) reaction mechanisms. With the increase of the Oads amount caused by the decrease of the Cu ratio, the proportion of the L-H reaction mechanism increases.

Thermal Catalytic Decomposition of Dimethyl Methyl Phosphonate Using CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3

Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are highly toxic and fast-acting and are easy to cause large-scale poisoning to humans and livestock after being released. The activated carbon used for CWAs adsorption has disadvantages of limited adsorption capacity, easy aging and deactivation. Metal oxides have environmental stability, and they are characterized by long lasting and broad spectrum when used for thermal catalytic decomposition. Therefore, in this study, the supported copper–cerium catalyst CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3 was prepared using an equal volume impregnation method. The thermal catalytic decomposition performance was studied using sarin CWAs simulant dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) as the target compound. The results show that the CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3 catalyst with a CeO2 loading of 5% exhibited better thermal catalytic decomposition performance of DMMP. The catalyst provided protection against DMMP for 237 min at 350 °C; CuO was highly dispersed on CuO-5% CeO2/γ-Al2O3, and there was a strong interaction between Cu and Ce on CuO-5% CeO2/γ-Al2O3, which promoted the generation of surface-adsorbed oxygen, leading to a better thermal catalytic decomposition performance of DMMP. This study is expected to provide a reference for the study of catalysts for the thermal catalytic decomposition of CWAs.

Promotion of metal oxides on NiO/MOX-Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 catalyst (M = Mg, Co, La) for diesel steam reforming

9 %Ni/4%MOx-Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 (M = Mg, Co, La) were prepared by a microemulsion method and equal volume impregnation method. Problems of carbon deposition and metal sintering were solved by doping additives. TG showed the carbon deposition of Ni/La2O3-Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 after reforming was negligible. N2 adsorption–desorption experiments showed the doping of assistant La increased specific surface area of the carrier by 27.1 % to 180 m2/g. XRD and HRTEM showed after adding La, the average particle size of the catalyst decreased by 13.4 %, only 8.4 nm. Compared with Ni/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2, n-hexadecane conversion of Ni/La2O3-Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 reached 97.6 % and H2 yield reached 94.0 %, which were increased by 7.8 % and 8.0 % respectively.

Production of hydrogen by steam reforming of phenol over Ni/Al2O3-ash catalysts

An improved method for hydrogen production by the steam reforming of phenol over novel fly ash-based catalysts is investigated. The Ni/Al 2 O 3 -ash catalysts are prepared by an equal-volume impregnation method and characterized by XRD, FESEM, BET and H 2 -TPR techniques. The effects of various process parameters including mixing ratio of fly ash, temperature, support, gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) and steam-to-carbon molar ratio (S/C) on the catalytic activity are investigated. The results show that fly ash mixing at 50 wt% and choosing γ-Al 2 O 3 as the support own the best performance. A maximum hydrogen yield of 83.8% is achieved at 450 °C with a S/C of 10 and a GHSV of 4968 h −1 with a maximum phenol conversion of 98.6%. The stability of the Ni-ash1-γA1 catalyst is further investigated and it is shown to continuously and stably react for more than 20 h at 450 °C with excellent catalytic reaction stability. • Ni/Al 2 O 3 -ash catalysts are prepared for phenol steam reforming to produce hydrogen. • Fly ash mixing at 50 wt% on the oxide support γ-Al 2 O 3 exhibits good performance. • An optimum hydrogen yield of 83.8% is produced at 450 °C. • A phenol conversion of 98.6% is achieved with a S/C of 10 and GHSV of 4968 h −1 . • Ni-ash1-γA1 catalysts react stably for more than 20 h at 450 °C.

Deep Adsorption Desulfurization of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Light Gasoline on NiO/ZnO-TiO2 Adsorbents with a High Breakthrough Sulfur Capacity.

Two kinds of NiO/ZnO-TiO2 adsorbents were prepared by equal volume impregnation (NiO/ZnO-TiO2-1) and kneading (NiO/ZnO-TiO2-2) methods. The adsorbents were characterized by X-ray diffraction, mercury intrusion porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, H2 temperature-programmed reduction, and H2 temperature-programmed desorption. It was found that NiO/ZnO-TiO2-2 had a smaller average pore diameter and a larger specific surface area as well as a more uniform distribution of the nickel element. Additionally, more Ni0 active sites together with a stronger interaction between the active component and the support were detected on the surface of NiO/ZnO-TiO2-2, which was beneficial to the inhibition of olefin saturation during desulfurization. The desulfurization performance of the adsorbents was investigated in a fixed bed reactor with fluid catalytic cracking light gasoline as a feed oil. The evaluation results confirmed NiO/ZnO-TiO2-2 with a better desulfurization performance with less olefin saturation. It could reduce the total sulfur content from 300 ppmw to less than 5 ppmw, and the breakthrough time and breakthrough sulfur capacity were 91 h and 6.71% (67.1 mg S/g adsorbent), respectively.

Preparation of Ni-Co/SiO2 catalyst by ammonia reflux impregnation and its CH4-CO2 reforming reaction performance

A series of Ni-Co/SiO2 catalysts were synthesized through a novel ammonia reflux impregnation method for application in the CH4-CO2 reforming reaction. The prepared catalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDS, NH3-TPD, H2-TPR, N2 physisorption analysis, XPS, TEM, IR and TG-DSC. The activity of the catalyst was evaluated by a fixed-bed continuous reactor. The results exhibited that refluxing with ammonia water in the catalyst preparation process can regulate the particle size and dispersion of bimetallic phase, and further enhance the interaction between active metal phase and carrier. Moreover, the Ni-Co/SiO2 bimetallic catalyst can significantly improve the activity and of CH4-CO2 reforming reaction and provide high stability and carbon deposition resistance performance. The active metal phase Ni and Co with the molar ratio of 4:1 by ammonia reflux impregnation had the better reaction performance than catalysts prepared by equal volume impregnation method, with the highest conversion of CH4 (86.22%), CO2 (87.93%) and the least carbon deposition (0.88%). The improvement of the reactivity should be due to the synergistic effect of Ni and Co of the catalyst.

Resource degradation of pharmacy sludge in sub-supercritical system with high degradation rate of 99% and formic acid yield of 32.44%

ABSTRACT In response to the social goal of ‘carbon peak and carbon neutral’ in the 14th Five-Year Plan of China, this article used Enrofloxacin (ENR), a common antibiotic, as a model compound to study the method of efficiently degrading pharmaceutical sludge and simultaneously producing Formic Acid (FA), hydrogen storage energy, in a sub-supercritical system. The Ni/SnO2 bimetallic catalyst, which was prepared by the equal volume impregnation method, was used for the liquid phase catalysis. As shown by the results, when the reaction temperature was 330°C, and the addition amount of H2O2 was 0.38 mL, the degradation rate of antibiotics could reach 99% after the reaction proceeded for 6 h. In terms of the resource utilization, the yield of FA could reach up to 32.44%. The resource utilization efficiency with Ni/SnO2 catalyst in sub-/supercritical reaction was about 2.5 times higher than that without catalyst. The kinetic reaction model was established to explore the reaction rate of the antibiotic degradation process. In addition, the Ea and the frequency factor of the reaction were 6455 J/mol and 5.78, respectively. As shown by characterization, the prepared Ni/SnO2 bimetallic catalyst had good activity and has already passed repeated stability experiments. In short, this method has broad application prospects in antibiotic catalysis and resource degradation.