Equal Interval Method Research Articles

Failure rate analysis and maintenance plan optimization method for civil aircraft parts based on data fusion

In the face of data scarcity in the optimization of maintenance strategies for civil aircraft, traditional failure data-driven methods are encountering challenges owing to the increasing reliability of aircraft design. This study addresses this issue by presenting a novel combined data fusion algorithm, which serves to enhance the accuracy and reliability of failure rate analysis for a specific aircraft model by integrating historical failure data from similar models as supplementary information. Through a comprehensive analysis of two different maintenance projects, this study illustrates the application process of the algorithm. Building upon the analysis results, this paper introduces the innovative equal integral value method as a replacement for the conventional equal interval method in the context of maintenance schedule optimization. The Monte Carlo simulation example validates that the equivalent essential value method surpasses the traditional method by over 20% in terms of inspection efficiency ratio. This discovery indicates that the equal critical value method not only upholds maintenance efficiency but also substantially decreases workload and maintenance costs. The findings of this study open up novel perspectives for airlines grappling with data scarcity, offer fresh strategies for the optimization of aviation maintenance practices, and chart a new course toward achieving more efficient and cost-effective maintenance schedule optimization through refined data analysis.

Trajectory tracking control of unmanned surface vehicle based on optimized barrier Lyapunov function under real ocean wave modeling

The state-constrained trajectory tracking control problem of unmanned surface vehicle (USV) under real wave interference is studied in this paper. This method is closer to the actual situation. Firstly, the interference of real ocean waves measured by ocean wave experiments on USV is considered. The wave spectrum and the equal interval method are used to simulate ocean waves in combination with the classical long-crested wave model. Secondly, the simulated wave is innovatively transformed into wave interference force, and the interference of the real wave is applied to the state constraint control of USV. The disturbance observer is used to observe and compensate for the external real wave interference, and the input saturation problem in real situations is fully considered. Furthermore, this paper proposes an improved logarithmic constraint function, which pre-set the performance function to constrain the trajectory tracking position error of the USV within a reasonable range. Finally, the rationality and effectiveness of the control strategy are verified by simulation.

Quantifying habitat and biodiversity services and hotspots of Indian forests: A GIS-Based assessment

The present study attempted to quantify and value of supporting services of India's forest ecosystem. The supporting services comprises by habitat and biodiversity services across India's sixteen forest types was estimated using data for various factors through Remote Sensing and secondary sources as per the proposed model. Indicators were combined using an Analytical Hierarchical Process, and various class of each service was also estimated using the equal interval method in QGIS. Hotspot analysis was used to identify key areas for forest conservation. The results suggest that littoral and swamp forest had maximum habitat services and tropical semi-evergreen forest had maximum biodiversity service and tropical wet evergreen forest had maximum supporting services. Out of total forest of country, 11.52%, 17.48% and 10.34% forest area was having high value for habitat, biodiversity and supporting service, respectively. Hotspot analysis revealed that 22.93%, 23.61% and 26.44% Indian forest had high habitat, biodiversity and supporting service, respectively. The annual per hectare economic value using Benefit Transfer method for habitat, biodiversity and supporting services of forests was US$ 4330.71, US$ 5987.38 and US$ 10,624.23, respectively. The annual economic value of habitat, biodiversity and supporting services from Indian forests was US$ 303,506.09 million, US$ 419,609.45 million and US$ 744,570.85 million, respectively. In totality, tropical dry deciduous forest, tropical moist deciduous and tropical semi-deciduous forest had high economic value for supporting service. Monetary valuation of forest ecosystem services assists to determine the net present value and costs for conservation interventions. Biodiversity hotspots as the Western Ghats, Indo-Burma region, and Eastern Himalayas offer high ecosystem service and thus attach prime importance for conservation, while the Western Himalayas, with lower ecosystem service, requires customized ecosystem management strategies.

LabVIEW-based rotary balance data synchronization acquisition system design

Abstract To solve the problem that many high-precision rotating balance bridge output signals and angular phase signals need to be measured synchronously in wind tunnel force measurement experiments, a rotating balance data synchronization acquisition system is designed based on LabVIEW and NI PXIe acquisition board. LabVIEW graphical programming is applied, combined with STM32F407VET6 processor embedded development of the timing divider, using the equal interval method to obtain the required synchronization trigger signals and use them as the digital trigger signals of the NI PXIe acquisition card. In addition, multi-threaded programming technology is used to develop the upper computer software to realize the storage, display, and analysis of the collected data. The test proved that the system has high testing accuracy, a short development cycle, embedded visualization development is easy to debug, stable operation, and real-time and reliable data synchronization acquisition.

Spatial and temporal changes of social vulnerability of cities to natural hazards in Zhejiang province, China

Understanding how social dynamics interact with natural hazards is one of the main challenges at global and local scales in the world for studying social vulnerability to natural hazards. In this study, we explore the spatial and temporal changes of social vulnerability of cities in Zhejiang province to natural hazards in China for the last decade. Based on the Zhejiang province's census data and the demographics and socioeconomic data during the period from 2009 to 2018, we have characterized social vulnerability through the Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) for 11 cities throughout the province during 2009–2018 and examined spatial changes in social vulnerability using equal interval method. The results indicated that although the comprehensive vulnerability of Zhejiang province shows a declining trend at a county level, the social vulnerability of different city at the provincial level has obvious differences.

Study of Fish Markets and their Pattern of Raipur City

The state of Chhattisgarh is endowed with rich and varied inland fisheries resources, which include ponds, reservoirs and rivers. Chhattisgarh, the 26th State of India, was carved out of Chhattisgarh on November 1, 2000. Located in central India it covers an area of 135,133 sq km. Raipur is the capital of Chhattisgarh. Chhattisgarh is bordered by Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh in the north, Andhra Pradesh in the south, Orissa in the east and Chhattisgarh in the west. Fishermen of this area are mostly involved various technologies in fisheries over a period of time by trial and error, continuous observations, experiences and evaluation to use the traditional practices in this field. The fishermen from rural area may an important role in establishing smoked fish and demand of dried prawn in market and also holding strong traditional marketing system for wet and dried prawn and do sell it round the year. The specific objectives of this study were to the availability, consumption and landing pattern of fishes, to find the available setting place and using their fish dressing equipments, carrier bags reasons for adopting traditional practices by fish traders, fishermen & fisherwomen in local fish market of Raipur town. The list of fish whole seller/traders, fish seller, fishermen & fisherwomen were prepared as respondents with the help of equal interval method of random sampling. The finding reveal that there is a good market, demand and price for almost all the Indian major carps, verities of indigenous local & catfishes. But, the supply is less as per demand and also poor due to environment of this local fish market. The major constraint of fish market under ownership of Municipal Corporation and also established at one place and no cement floor, storage facilities (Ice plant/ unit) nearly, high transportation charges, non-availability of skilled labor, and with non-availability of electric current regularly for freezing of fish were the important difficulties encountered by fish seller in market of Raipur town. The development of this local fish market are expected to significantly contribute in reducing post harvest losses, enhance revenue and also improve the hygienic environmental effect and sanitary conditions in fish markets.

Priorities identification of habitat restoration for migratory birds under the increased water level during the middle of dry season: A case study of Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake wetlands, China

The distribution of wetland ecosystem restoration sites is uneven and resources are limited, so priority identification is essential for rational resource allocation and reduction of biodiversity loss. Under the influence of human activities and climate variability, the water level during the middle of dry season (MDS) had a significant tendency to increase in Poyang Lake (PYL) and Dongting Lake (DTL), which directly affected the habitat suitability (HS) of migratory birds and threatened their existence. Based on the data of HS and weight of migratory birds, four evaluation indexes, namely, the accuracy of priority identification (API), geographical area equalization (GAE), the spatial autocorrelation consistency (SAC) and comprehensive evaluation index (CEI), were used to evaluate and compare the priorities identification effects of four classification methods, namely, natural breaks method, quantile method, equal interval method, and geometric interval method. The results showed that the geometric interval method and the quantile method are the best methods to identify the priority of habitat restoration of migratory birds in PYL and DTL wetlands, respectively, under the condition of increased water level (IWL) during the MDS. The method of priority identification proposed in this study and its results can provide a scientific basis for the regulation of wetland resources and the conservation of biodiversity (especially migratory birds).

Development of KNN-EIM based hybrid model for brain MRI density range determination

Data mining techniques are used in the medical data analysis to predict the hidden knowledge from the existing data. This work attempted to apply the data mining techniques to analysis the medical image focus to brain tumor evaluation. The affected tumor region range values. The work focused to evaluate the performance of clustering algorithms for medical image analysis via predicting the tumor affected area. It is achieved through analysing Brain MRI to identify the high-density neuron using the integrated approach of K-Means and Equal Interval clustering. The tumour affected area and its range values are identified using a clustering algorithm such as Equal Interval Method and K-Means approach. To enhance the accuracy of the affected region, the common affected high-density pixels are identified using a hybrid model through the Integration of K-Means and Equal Interval Method. It is evaluated according to time complexity and accuracy.

World-wide prevalence of Anisakis larvae in fish and its relationship to human allergic anisakiasis: a systematic review.

The infective stage of Anisakidae nematodes responsible for allergic reactions in humans is found in a variety of edible fish and cephalopods. The identification of geographical regions that are high risk for infected seafood may help prevent allergic reactions in humans. Despite an abundance of published literature which has identified anisakid larvae in an array of edible seafood as well as scattered reports of human allergic anisakiasis, the relationship between the two has not been fully explored. Therefore, a systematic spatio-temporal study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Anisakis spp. in fish from January 2000 to August 2020 firstly to explore the relationship between fish infection and cases of allergic anisakiasis and secondly to use fish infection data to map potential allergic anisakiasis 'hot spots'. A systematic literature search for original English text articles was conducted through search engines, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. Out of 3228 articles which describe anisakid infection in fish, 264 were used for data extraction. Of 904 articles describing allergic anisakiasis, 37 were used for data extraction. A qualitative summary of the extracted data was performed using equal interval method (ArcMap software) in order to compare the global distribution of Anisakis-infected fish. Of the 152-identified fish hosts, five families were most commonly infected with Anisakis spp. These included Lophiidae (86.9%), Trichiuridae (77.05%), Zeidae (70.9%), Merlucciidae (67.8%) and Gadidae (56.8%). The hot spot areas for allergic anisakiasis were North and northeast of Atlantic Ocean, southwest of USA, west of Mexico, south of Chile, east of Argentina, Norway, UK and west of Iceland (confidence 99%). The highest rate of allergic anisakiasis was in Portugal and Norway with the prevalence rate of 18.45-22.50%. Allergologists should consider allergic anisakiasis as a public health issue particularly in high-risk countries where high prevalences in fish have been demonstrated.

Study on Potential Influence of Runoff on Observatory-Based Watershed in Japan

Land use shows the interaction between human and nature, and its impacts especially on runoff have received global attention and required more research studies. However, watershed database is generally available only for very large scales and not yet adapted to small scales. This paper presents a methodology for watershed delineation and potential influence assessment of runoff on the small watersheds in Japan based on the locations of the official observatory point data. Flow direction, flow accumulation, snap pour point and watershed recognition were analyzed by using the D8 algorithm and 10 m × 10 m DEM data of Japan. Totally 3831 watersheds were delineated by defining snapping pour point distance of 50 m as the input value, and the nation-wide watershed database was established. According to the suggestion of Notification No. 521 from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of Japan and land use/land cover data from JAXA satellite Alos-2, comprehensive runoff coefficient (CRC) was calculated by the weighted average method and divided into 10 levels by the equal interval method using ArcGIS. The obtained watershed boundary lines were almost identical to the ridge lines in the mountain area which accounts for more than half of Japan. The CRC values in the biggest cities such as Tokyo and Osaka were the highest, indicating these cities would receive the highest impacts of runoff. These results can provide the technical support for the decision-making on watershed management. The creation of small-scale watershed database would provide basic materials for the subsequent research such as flood prevention, water shortage and biogeochemical cycle of the sustainable regional development.

A resample strategy and artificial bee colony optimization-based 3d range imaging registration

For two point clouds with low overlapping rate, the registration process is more difficult and the registration speed is slow. In this paper, we reduce the number of sampling points to simplify the calculation, and then propose a new idea based on equal interval method called resample strategy, it can effectively avoid ambiguity during the registration process by improving the ergodicity and utilization of the sampling point set. In addition, we also introduce a new solution search equation that has more exploitation performance to alternatively search with an enhanced artificial bee colony algorithm. The computation time has been effectively reduced by using these two proposed strategies. The registration experimental results aiming to a variety of point cloud models show that our 3d image registration algorithm is better than many other algorithms based on classical or improved bionic intelligence optimization methods.

Spatial Modeling for Determining Managerial Options for Structuring Productivity in KPH Bogor

KPH Bogor Ricca Rohani Hutauruk1, 2*, Nining Puspaningsih3, Muhammad Buce Saleh3 1Graduate School of Bogor Agricultural University, Dramaga Main Road, Campus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia 16680 2Trainer, Environment and Forestry Education and Training Bogor Agency, The Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Jl. Prada Samlawi Rumpin, Bogor, Indonesia 3Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Academic Ring Road, Campus IPB Dramaga, PO Box 168, Bogor, Indonesia 16680 Received Agustus 23, 2016/Accepted October 20, 2016 Abstract In the past few years, forest management unit (KPH) Bogor has experienced many problems, technical, environmental and social, affecting the company's finances. This condition requires new breakthroughs in the form of managerial options in managing the forests of KPH Bogor. At present, KPH Bogor has formulated 12 managerial options. The purpose of this study is to build a spatial model in selecting managerial options at site level. The spatial models were built based on the score of each land unit which was obtained from expert judgment using an intensity scale, while weight was obtained using a pairwise comparison, resulting in the following equation: total score = 0.14 (0.06x1 + 0.11x2 + 0.09x3 + 0.08x4 + 0.10yx5 + 0.31x6 + 0.25x7) + 0.72 (0.08y1 + 0.22y2 + 0.46y3 + 0.13y4 + 0.12y5) +0.14 (0.45z1 + 0.05z2 + 0.44z3 + 0.06z4). The resulting total score was then divided into 5 classes using the equal interval method. The results for each of the managerial options were then aggregated using GIS to create KPH Bogor's management pattern. In areas where there was an overlap due to the similarity in options, a decision support system using neighboring similarity spatial analysis was used. This step allowed the spatial model to be built with many biophysical, social, and economic variables. This spatial model could map 12 types of managerial options at site level in the production structuring in KPH Bogor.

Research on position calibration method in infrared scanning temperature measurement system of rotary kiln

Aiming at the large error in the equal-interval locating method, a precise position calibration method is proposed. The proposed method improves the location measurement accuracy by introducing some feature temperature points to divide the rotary kiln into several segments, then the equal-interval locating method was applied to each segment, ultimately, aposition calibration data more closing to the actual situation was got. The feature temperature points can be selected from the temperature points of kilntyres or the highest temperature point and so on. Taking the practicalapplication into consideration, thebestresultisobtained, when four feature temperature points was introduced to divide the rotary kiln into five segments. The experiment result shows that compared with the equal-interval method, the accuracy of the proposed method has raised about 5.6 times when four feature temperaturepoints is used.

GIS-based analysis of fault patterns in urban areas: A case study of Irkutsk city, Russia

The capabilities of GIS in modeling fault patterns are explored for Irkutsk city in East Siberia with implications for ground stability. The neotectonic structure of the area is visualized in three dimension (3D) taking into account fault dips, using the ArcGIS, GlobalMapper and Paradigm Geophysical packages. The study area is divided into blocks of different size classes according to the length-based ranks of the bounding faults, which are of five classes distinguished with the equal interval method. The blocks show different deformation patterns, with different densities and strikes of crossing and bounding faults. The data are statistically processed using GIS to estimate the deformation degrees of blocks in arbitrary units per square kilometer using the attributes of rank and crossing/bounding position of faults and the size of blocks. The deformation degrees are then compared with available estimates of ground stability measured as a score of points corresponding to destabilizing factors. Although the comparison generally confirms some linkage between the deformation degree of blocks and their ground stability, the correlation is intricate and ambiguous. In order to enhance the advantages of GIS in building and analyzing 3D models of fault patterns for estimating ground stability and mitigating geological hazards, it is expected in the future to proceed from the reported initial step of visualization to more advanced analysis.

Mapping illegal domestic waste disposal potential to support waste management efforts in Queensland, Australia

Illegal disposal of waste is a significant management issue for contemporary governments because of the hazards posed to both human and ecosystem health. Understanding the complex distribution pattern of illegal waste and the range of economic, environmental and social factors influencing this distribution is valuable for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of waste management efforts. This article examines the applicability of mapping illegal waste disposal in the Sunshine Coast (Queensland, Australia) through the identification and integration of predictive spatial data in a geographic information system. A statistical model of illegal waste disposal was developed using a binary logistic regression analysis to identify explanatory variables suitable for predicting the distribution of illegal waste. Five statistically significant explanatory variables were identified through this analysis: population density, primary land use, distance to the nearest road, waste facility and roadside amenity. The generated statistical model had a predictive success of 86.1% with all indicators suggesting good model fit (χ2 = 474.3, P = 0 with df = 22) across the study area. Standardised spatial data on each explanatory variable were combined using a weighted linear combination analysis and the results were classified into five categories from very low to very high illegal waste disposal potentials using the equal interval method. The resultant mapping identified 6.9% of the study area as having very high illegal waste disposal potential, and subsequent validation indicated that 32.9% of known illegal waste disposal sites were located within these areas.

유류오염 모니터링 자료의 GIS 주제도 제작 절차 수립 연구

2007년 12월 허베이 스피리트호 유류유출 사고 이후, 유류오염의 영향을 평가하기 위해 태안 해역을 중심으로 월별, 계절별로 조간대와 조하대에서 유류오염, 해양생태계, 해양환경과 같은 해양과학 모니터링이 지속적으로 수행되고 있다. 이러한 유류오염에 따른 해양 환경 및 생태계의 시공간적 변동을 탐색적으로 분석하기 위해서는 가시적이고 요약된 정보가 담긴 GIS 주제도가 매우 유용하다. 지도 제작에서 자료 속성의 특성에 따른 지도 타입의 정의와 범례 제작은 필수 요소이다. 본 연구에서는 자료 항목별로 자료의 속성과 GIS 자료 타입에 따른 지도 타입을 정의하고, 자료의 히스토그램 분석을 통한 두 가지의 자료 분포 형태를 이용하여 범례의 구간등급을 설정하였다. 자료가 균일분포인 경우에는 동 등위 분할법을, 정규분포인 경우에는 표준편차 분할법을 각각 적용하였다. 아울러, 지도 요소 정의 등을 통해 지도 타입별로 주제도 템플릿을 제작하였다. 본 연구를 통해, 체계적인 지도 제작 방법과 절차를 수립함으로써 다양한 해양과학 자료에 대한 표준화된 주제도를 효율적으로 제작 가능하였다. Marine scientific monitoring, including monitoring of oil pollution, marine ecosystems, and the marine environment in general, has been being carried out continuously in order to assess the impact of oil pollution since the Hebei Spirit oil spill in December 2007. GIS thematic maps containing visual and summarized information are very useful for conducting exploratory analyses on the spatio-temporal variability of the marine environment and marine ecosystems due to oil pollution. Defining map types and building a legend in accordance with data characteristics are essential elements for mapping. In the present study, map types were defined according to the data attributes and GIS data types for each data item and classification of data intervals for the legend was defined by using two data distribution types through a histogram analysis. The data interval method was defined as follows: If the histogram of data has a uniform distribution, an equal interval method is applied; in the case of a normal distribution, a standard deviation method is applied. In addition, thematic map templates were made for each map type through the definition of marginal elements. Through the establishment of systematic mapping methods and procedures in this study, it was possible to effectively make standardized thematic maps for various kinds of marine scientific data.

Comparison Analyses of Equal Interval Method and Mean-standard Deviation Method Used to Delimitate Urban Heat Island

Comparison Analyses of Equal Interval Method and Mean-standard Deviation Method Used to Delimitate Urban Heat Island

Accuracy and Precision of Different Kinds of Methods for Total Flux Integration

The accuracy of different kinds of computational methods is discussed for total flux of integration by means of light distribution method with an automatic apparatus, which is easily able to increase photometric directions remarkably. The influences on total flux are also estimated by Considering random errors which are found in each photometric value itself or the setting of measuringd irections.Results obtained are as follows: 1) There are no significant differences in accuracy and precision among zonal coefficient method, Russel's method, and Yamauti's method, if numbers of photometric direction are selected equal in a vertical plane. 2) Among the methods to select measuring vertical planes, the best accuracy is given by the Gauss's method, followed by Tschebyscheff's method, and the equal interval method in this order. No significant difference, however, is found in precision among them, if numbers of vertical planes are selected equal.