Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil Research Articles

Bio‐Based Piezo‐ and Thermoresistive Photocurable Sensing Materials from Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil

AbstractBio‐based photocurable polymers are increasingly in demand as environmentally friendly materials for advanced applications. Together with functional fillers, these represent a next step for the generation of functional and active smart materials, compatible with additive manufacturing technologies. Herein, acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) mixed with different amounts of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) up to 6 wt% in order to obtain UV‐curable piezoresistive and thermoresistive materials, is reported. It is shown that the addition of rGO to AESO hinders the curing process, but always maintains double bond conversions higher than 50%. Composites are characterized by a good dispersion of micrometric filler clusters. Further, the thermal stabilities are close to 300 °C and crosslinking degrees are above 1.75 mmol cm–3. The Young modulus of the composites decreases with the addition of the rGO fillers, in particular for the higher filler contents, and electrical conductivities up to 0.13 S m–1 are obtained for the composites with the highest rGO content. UV‐curable composites with piezoresistive and thermoresistive responses suitable for applications are thus obtained, characterized by gauge factors around 26 for deformations up to 2% and maximum thermoresistive sensitivity of S = 0.43, values similar to the values obtained for petroleum‐based materials.

Highly transparent acrylate epoxidized soybean oil based UV–curable silicone–modified coatings with good thermal stability and flame retardancy

Thermal stability, flame retardancy and transparency are essential for UV–curable materials serving as package materials for some optical or electronics devices. In this paper, acrylate epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) based UV–curable silicone modified coatings with good thermal stability, good flame retardancy, transmittance above 97% were fabricated by UV initiated thiol–ene reaction of AESO and thiol silicone resin. The thermal stability of AESO–based UV–curable silicone–modified coatings is better than that of neat AESO–based UV–curable coatings reported previously, because the thermal initial decomposition temperature (Td5) of the former is in the range of 313–322 °C while that of the latter is only in the range of 214–283 °C. Cone calorimetry test denotes AESO–based UV–curable silicone–modified coatings possess good flame retardancy because the maximum value of the heat release rate (HRR) and CO release (CO Yield) for AESO–based UV–curable silicone–modified coatings are 450–550 kW/m2 and 0.02%–0.33%, respectively. The mechanism for the improvement of flame retardancy was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the surface morphology of the chars after being burned.

Enhanced Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Nanocomposites Composed of Functionalized Plant-Derived Biopolymers and Calcium-Deficient Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles

The combination of plant-derived polymer resins and mineral-based nanoparticles into three dimensional (3D) printable, high-performance nanocomposites suggests a means to improve the sustainability profile of rapid prototyping and additive manufacturing. In this work, our previously published nanocomposite biomaterial system of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) and polyethylene glycol (PEGDA) diluent composited with calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (nHA) nanorods was improved by the substitution of AESO with methacrylated AESO (mAESO) and the partial substitution of PEGDA with isosorbide methacrylate (IM). mAESO was used to increase the degree of crosslinking and reduce the ink viscosity. IM was synthesized by reacting the hydroxyl groups on isosorbide with methacrylic anhydride. The effects of partially replacing PEGDA with IM on the rheology and printability of the nanocomposite inks and the mechanical properties of the resulting nanocomposite materials were quantified. These masked stereolithography (mSLA) printed nanocomposites have greatly improved mechanical properties (tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and Mode-I fracture toughness) due to the shift to mAESO and IM. IM greatly improved the tensile fracture strength and Young’s modulus of the nanocomposites by acting as a reactive diluent and as a stiff segment in the polymer system. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that the glass transition temperature of the nanocomposite increased due to the addition of IM. However, IM decreased the strain-at–fracture, making the nanocomposites more brittle. This study demonstrates the development of high-performance mAESO-IM-nHA-based novel nanocomposites that can be easily 3D printed using desktop mSLA, suggesting a facile path forward to improved sustainability in rapid prototyping and additive manufacturing using nanocomposites for a broad range of applications.

Soybean Oil-Based Biopolymers Induced by Nonthermal Plasma to Enhance the Dyeing of Para-Aramids with a Cationic Dye.

To overcome the recalcitrance of para-aramid textiles against dyeing, this study demonstrated that increasing the functionalities of soybean oil applied to the surface of para-aramids followed by a nonthermal plasma (NTP) treatment improved the dyeing color strength compared with the use of soybean oil alone, and that dyeing occurred through covalent bonding. Particularly, compared with the pretreatment using soybean oil that obtained the highest color strength of 3.89 (as K/S value determined from spectral analysis of the sample reflectance in the visible range), the present pretreatments with either acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) or a mixture of acrylic acid and soybean oil (AA/Soy) achieved K/S values higher than nine (>9.00). The NTP treatment, after the AESO or AA/Soy pretreatment, was essential in inducing the formation of a polymerized network on the surface of para-aramids that bonded the dye molecules and generating covalent bonds that anchored the polymerized network to the para-aramids, which is difficult to achieve given the high crystallinity and chemical inertness of para-aramids. As an important economic consideration, the sequential experimentation method demonstrated that a simple mixture of AA/Soy could replace the expensive AESO reagent and render a comparable performance in dyeing para-aramids. Among the auxiliary additives tested with the AESO and AA/Soy pretreatments followed by NPT treatment in this study, Polysorbate 80 as a surfactant negatively affected the dyeing, benzyl alcohol as a swelling agent had minimal effect, and NaCl as an electrolyte showed a positive effect. The dyeing method developed in this study did not compromise the strength of para-aramids.

Photocurable Coatings Based on Bio-Renewable Oligomers and Monomers.

Due to long-term problems related to environmental protection, economic aspects, and waste management in the chemical industry, it is justified to develop renewable polymers as an alternative to synthetic polymers. Two kinds of acrylic bio-renewable components were used for the modification of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO). The bio-based compositions used as photocurable binders to obtain the photocurable coatings with satisfactory properties and high bio content were then prepared. The kinetic of curing reaction of the oligomers and monomers towards radical photopolymerization and the properties of the cured coatings were fully investigated; the results are discussed in relation with the compounds’ structures. Important information about how to design and obtain renewable photocurable coatings with satisfactory properties was provided in this study. In this study, AESO resin was modified with renewable oligomer or (math)acrylate monomer to increase the reactivity and reduce the viscosity of the photoreactive system in order to obtain renewable and viable alternatives to petroleum-based polymeric materials with perfect film-forming properties. It turned out that both photopolymerization rate and hardness of cured coatings were increased significantly with the addition of modifiers; the use of a thiol modifier and change of the photoinitiator concentration allowed to improve the adhesion, hardness, and control of the photo-curing process.

Enhancing water resistance of interface between starch films and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil coating

Starch-based materials are a promising biobased polymer for packaging applications. To improve the water resistance of starch films, composite systems consisting of hydrophobic acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) coating and oxidized starch were prepared. To enhance the interfacial bonding between the starch film and AESO coating (AC), surface modification of oxidized starch with polyethyleneimine (PEI) was carried out. PEI modified AC coated oxidized starch films demonstrated significantly reduced water adsorption at the exposed cross-section, while only marginal improvement was observed when unoxidized starch AC coated with PEI treatment was used. Lap shear experiments demonstrated that the surface treatment of PEI on oxidized starch resulted in more than 650% improvement of bonding strength with AESO coating compared to untreated oxidized starch. This improvement of interface adhesion and water resistance is due to the new interface created through the formation of ionic bonds between PEI and oxidized starch, as well as the chemical bonds between the hydrophobic AESO and PEI molecules.

A high-stable soybean-oil-based epoxy acrylate emulsion stabilized by silanized nanocrystalline cellulose as a sustainable paper coating for enhanced water vapor barrier

Soybean-oil-based polymer is a promising bio-based water barrier coating on paper packaging but the application is challenged due to its poor water dispersibility. In this present study, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) modified nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was used to implement a stable dispersion of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) in water and thus synergistically improved the water vapor barrier properties after coating on paper. APTES-NCC was successfully prepared, and displayed a better interface compatibility with AESO through the Michael addition reaction. Compared with NCC, APTES-NCC displayed an improved hydrophobicity and wettability with AESO, with an increase of contact angle from 38.0° to 76.4°, and a decrease of interfacial tension from 91.5 ± 3.5 mN/m to 82.9 ± 1.8 mN/m. As an emulsifier, APTES-NCC can be more effectively adsorbed on the oil–water interface to form a more stable emulsion than NCC, with a decrease of AESO droplets size from 4.8 µm to 3.1 µm, and a remarkable improvement in static and centrifugal stability. In rheological measurement, the APTES-NCC/AESO emulsion showed a wider linear viscoelastic region (3.4%), better viscoelasticity and thermal curing properties than that of NCC/AESO emulsion, which further explained that the stability of APTES-NCC/AESO emulsion were improved. Therefore, APTES-NCC/AESO emulsion as a coating on paper cured into a continuous barrier film can effectively improve the water vapor barrier properties of paper, and the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of paper can be reduced from 1392.8 g/m2•24 h (NCC/AESO emulsion-coated) to 1286.3 g/m2 24 h (APTES-NCC/AESO emulsion-coated), both are significantly lower than that of base paper (1926.7 g/m2•24 h). CLSM testing showed that APTES-NCC could interact effectively with AESO to forming a tight barrier on paper surface and at the same time, sealing the pores inside the paper to resist water vapor penetration. The high-stable AESO emulsion prepared by APTES-NCC is expected to facilitate the utilization of NCC and AESO as a value-added material in making sustainable barrier packaging.

Alkali Concentration and Diluent Effects on Properties of Grape Cane Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the properties of polymer composites reinforced with grape cane fibers. The fibers were subjected to a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment at two treatment concentrations to extract the fibers as well as fiber surface treatment. Panels were fabricated by hand lay-up and compression molding according to different fiber types, namely outer bark (OB) and whole (W) fibers. The whole fiber was a mixture of OB and inner bark (IB) fibers. Grape cane fibers were used as the reinforcement material for unsaturated polyester (UPE) resin panels. Acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) was used as a reactive diluent material with the UPE resin, and the results were compared with panels prepared with commercial styrene–UPE. There were inconsistent alkali treatment concentration effects on the mechanical properties and water absorption. However, panels fabricated with the whole bark fibers that have been treated with 1 wt % NaOH and had AESO–UPE resin resulted in the best tensile and flexural strength.

Design of an Impact Absorbing Composite Panel from Denim Wastes and Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil based Epoxy Resins

The focus of this work is to make a significant contribution to solid waste management by designing impact-absorbing bio-composite panels using bio-resin and denim wastes. In this context, composite panels are produced by vacuum infusion technique using both epoxy and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) based hybrid resins while denim wastes are utilized as reinforcement materials in fiber and fabric forms. Both physical (fiber density and fiber weight ratio) and mechanical analyses (drop-weight impact resistance and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)) of the composites are performed. The outcomes of the study prove that the increase in the AESO ratio of the resin system improves the ductility of the composite and consequently the impact resistance. On the other hand, dynamic mechanical analysis results indicate that the AESO plug-in reduces the storage module and increases the damping factor.

MSLA-based 3D printing of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil - nano-hydroxyapatite composites for bone repair

Structural bone allografts are used to treat critically sized segmental bone defects (CSBDs) as such defects are too large to heal naturally. Development of biomaterials with competent mechanical properties that can also facilitate new bone formation is a major challenge for CSBD repair. 3D printed synthetic bone grafts are a possible alternative to structural allografts if engineered to provide appropriate structure with sufficient mechanical properties. In this work, we fabricated a set of novel nanocomposite biomaterials consisting of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) by using masked stereolithography (mSLA)-based 3D printing.The nanocomposite inks possess suitable rheological properties and good printability to print complex, anatomically-precise, ‘by design’ grafts. The addition of nHA to the AESO/PEGDA resin improved the tensile strength and fracture toughness of the mSLA printed nanocomposites, presumably due to small-scale reinforcement. By adding 10 vol% nHA, tensile strength, modulus and fracture toughness (KIc) were increased to 30.8 ± 1.2 MPa (58% increase), 1984.4 ± 126.7 MPa (144% increase) and 0.6 ± 0.1 MPa·m1/2 (42% increase), respectively (relative to the pure resin). The nanocomposites did not demonstrate significant hydrolytic, enzymatic or oxidative degradation when incubated for 28 days, assuring chemical and mechanical stability at early stages of implantation. Apatite nucleated and covered the nanocomposite surfaces within 7 days of incubation in simulated body fluid. Good viability and proliferation of differentiated MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts were also observed on the nanocomposites. Taken all together, our nanocomposites demonstrate excellent bone-bioactivity and potential for bone defect repair.

Design of different self-stratifying patterns in a VOC-free light-curable coating containing bio-renewable materials: Study on formulation and processing conditions

The self-stratification is an ecologic approach providing the solvent emission reduction and formation of a laminated multi-functional structure by one-coat application. Although light-curing systems as a point of interest have been developed extensively, the self-stratifying phenomena and its governing parameters have not been investigated in such a fast-curable coating. This study aimed to design solvent-free and light-curable coatings with various self-stratifying behavior using methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO). The influences of several essential factors including flash-off time, irradiation time, light intensity, photoinitiator concentration (PI%), coating thickness, and raw materials weight ratio on the stratification level were evaluated by SEM-EDX, AFM, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, water contact angle (WCA), and conventional coating analyses. It was learned that about 10 min of flash-off time was required to start the phase separation and create gradient integrated layered structures. Also, the results demonstrated that the self-stratification was not impressed by prolonging the irradiation time after the formation of the lattice structure. Furthermore, increasing the coating thickness to 300 μm or decreasing it to 30 μm led to uncured or slightly gradient stratified coatings, respectively. Besides, the lower GelMA content resulted in the lower mixture viscosity and sharper gradient self-stratified structures. Moreover, the increasing of crosslinking rate by PI% or light intensity increment changed the bilayer stratified structure into the gradient ones; therefore, self-stratifying in this fast-curing system was both thermodynamically and kinetically controlled. Subsequently, the know-how for preparing different self-stratified coatings with various features, namely swelling degree (11–29%), gel fraction (74–92%), glass transition temperature (43–72 °C), WCA (67.1–81.6°), MEK double rub resistance (25–55), pendulum hardness (45–83), cross-cut adhesion (0B4B), gloss (53–87 at 60°), and surface roughness (72.8–235.7 nm) was achieved. Additionally, the relation of the surface GelMA content and the surface roughness, gloss, hardness, and WCA were derived. Accordingly, this attempt gave a helpful insight into the self-stratification phenomena to establish the optimum formulation and processing conditions as a promising prospect to prepare green coatings for advanced bio and food applications.

Honeycomb Organization of Chitin Nanocrystals (ChNCs) in Nanocomposite Films of UV-Cured Waterborne Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil Emulsified with ChNCs.

Stable biobased waterborne Pickering dispersions of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) were developed using chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) as sole emulsifier without any additives. Thin AESO-ChNC nanocomposite films were produced by UV-curing thin-coated layers of the AESO emulsion after water evaporation. The kinetics of photopolymerization were assessed by monitoring the consumption of the AESO acrylate groups by infrared spectroscopy (Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)). The curing was faster in the presence of ChNCs, with a disappearance of the induction period observed for neat AESO. The coating of AESO droplets with a thin layer of ChNCs was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. SEM and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed the honeycomb organization of ChNCs inside the cured AESO-ChNC films. The mechanical, thermal, and optical properties of the nanocomposite films were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), tensile testing, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmittance measurement, as a function of ChNC content. The inclusion of ChNCs is strongly beneficial to increase the stiffness and strength of the cured films, without compromising its optical transparency. The ability of ChNCs to act as an emulsifier for AESO in replacement of synthetic surfactants and their strong reinforcing effect in UV-cured films offer new opportunities to produce waterborne stable dispersions from AESO for application in biobased coatings and adhesives.

Water vapor barrier coating based on nanocellulose crystals stabilized AESO oil-in-water Pickering emulsion

Nanocellulose crystals (NCC) are efficient bio-particles in preparing Pickering emulsion with sustainable merits. In this study, a thermally curable coating emulsion was developed by stabilizing sustainable acrylate epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) in water using pristine NCC alone. A stable AESO aqueous emulsion was obtained by adjusting the AESO fraction to 10% and the concentration of NCC to 1.0 wt%. Fluorescence microscopy and conductivity measurement confirmed the emulsion inversed from oil-in-water to water-in-oil as AESO fraction increasing. Pickering emulsion of NCC concentrations ranging from 0.5 wt% to 3.0 wt% exhibited different droplets microstructure and rheological behavior. Increasing the concentration of NCC enhanced the stability of the corresponding emulsion, including an increase in viscosity and deformation recovery ability. The stability of the emulsion was correlative with the concentration of NCC suspensions, and the dynamic viscoelastic study provided useful guidance for identifying the fine difference between emulsions with respect to NCC concentration. Implementing of the AESO emulsion as a reactive coating on paper enhanced the paper water barrier and tensile strength due to the curing of AESO. This novel NCC stabilized AESO emulsion is surfactant-free in preparation and has a flexible application on paper as a reactive coating for enhanced barrier performances.

Application of Bacterial Cellulose in the Textile and Shoe Industry: Development of Biocomposites

Several studies report the potential of bacterial cellulose (BC) in the fashion and leather industries. This work aimed at the development of BC-based composites containing emulsified acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) that are polymerized with the redox initiator system hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and L-ascorbic acid and ferrous sulfate as a catalyst. BC was fermented under static culture. The polymerization of the emulsified organic droplets was tested before and after their incorporation into BC by exhaustion. The composites were then finished with an antimicrobial agent (benzalkonium chloride) and dyed. The obtained composites were characterized in terms of wettability, water vapor permeability (WVP), mechanical, thermal and antimicrobial properties. When AESO emulsion was polymerized prior to the exhaustion process, the obtained composites showed higher WVP, tensile strength and thermal stability. Meanwhile, post-exhaustion polymerized AESO conferred the composite higher hydrophobicity and elongation. The composites finished with the antimicrobial agent showed activity against S. aureus. Finally, intense colors were obtained more uniformly when they were incorporated simultaneously with the emulsified AESO with all the dyes tested.

Development of an Innovative Biobased UV Coating Synthesized from Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil and Poly(octamethylene maleate (anhydride) citrate)

Development of an Innovative Biobased UV Coating Synthesized from Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil and Poly(octamethylene maleate (anhydride) citrate)

4D printed stereolithography printed plant‐based sustainable polymers: Preliminary investigation and optimization

AbstractThe increasing demand for applying shape memory polymer to tissue culture and biomedical engineering has opened up research opportunities in the field of 4D Printing. The biocompatibility of the scaffolds as a culture medium resulted in the use of plant‐based polymers to provide an ambient environment for the growth of cells. This research investigates the 4D printing of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), a plant‐based shape polymer. The objective of the present work is to establish the relationship between the 4D printing parameters (laser power frequency and print speed) and different properties of the printed material viz. tensile stress, surface roughness, wettability, recovery time, strain fixity and glass transition temperature. The maximum fixity was about 85%, while the recovery time as low as 1.6 s. The print parameters are optimized using regression modeling and multi‐objective optimization techniques. The shape memory effect of the polymer is demonstrated by printing samples at the optimized conditions. Dynamic mechanical analysis is performed to evaluate the variation in the glass transition temperature of AESO at specific print parameters. The adoption of an optimal set of laser frequency and print speed is found to improve the properties of AESO, while built by micro stereolithography (micro‐SLA).

Fast-Curing Mussel-Inspired Adhesive Derived from Vegetable Oil.

The development of functional materials based on renewable resources is of great significance in today's resource shortage. Here, we present an effective way to synthesize a mussel-inspired adhesive from acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), a renewable and commercially available small molecular material with a molecular weight around 1200 Da, by a one-step esterification reaction with the affordable 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHA). By taking advantages of both the double bond and the catechol moiety presented in this small molecular adhesive, a short curing time was achieved with UV irradiation. An average bonding strength around 1.4 MPa at a curing time of only around 10 min on a glass substrate was observed, which reached 3.1 MPa (average 2.8 MPa) at a curing time of 2 h under ambient conditions. The curing time is much shorter, and the bonding strength is obviously stronger than the conditions where conventional oxidation agents such as IO4- or oxidation/coordination agents such as Fe3+ are used as the curing agent. Furthermore, the AESO-g-DHA can be used as an underwater adhesive, and an appreciable bonding strength up to 0.64 MPa was observed, which is superior than most of currently known commercialized glues. Given that the adhesive could be synthesized from low-cost renewable resources in one step, it might be a potential candidate for large-scale practical application.

Biobased, Biodegradable, Self-Healing Boronic Ester Vitrimers from Epoxidized Soybean Oil Acrylate

The global production of thermosets has been increasing in recent years causing rapid consumption of fossil-based feedstocks and contributing to the plastic waste accumulation in the environment, e...

High biorenewable content acrylate photocurable resins for DLP 3D printing

AbstractGreen chemistry and green engineering concepts have been combined to develop novel sustainable polymeric materials. Solvent free photocurable acrylate resins with biorenewable carbon content of 75%–82% suitable for application in DLP 3D printing technology were composed by commercially available bio‐based materials, acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), isobornyl methacrylate (IBOMA), methacrylic ester (ME), tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (THFA), and tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate (THFMA). They demonstrated high printing accuracy and good adhesion between layers. The monitoring of photocross‐linking kinetics of high biorenewable content acrylate photoresins by the real‐time photorheometry and analysis of their rheological parameters was carried out. Synthesized polymers exhibited high yield of insoluble fraction and thermal decomposition temperature at the weight loss of 10% above 300°C. Polymers AESO/IBOMA and AESO/THFMA showed the highest values of tensile modulus and tensile strength. Biodegradability of the synthesized polymers AESO/ME, AESO/THFA, and AESO/THFMA was investigated by measuring oxygen consumption in a closed respirometer. Such AESO‐based polymers can be a competitive solution to replace petroleum‐derived polymeric materials in additive manufacturing and reduce the environmental impact.

UV LED curable epoxy soybean-oil-based waterborne PUA resin for wood coatings

An environmentally friendly waterborne wood coating with a rapid curing speed and good mechanical properties was investigated. Acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) and pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) were introduced to a UV-curable waterborne polyurethane acrylate (PUA) resin, which realize the fast curing of the coating under a 395-nm UV LED light source. The emulsion and film were characterized by particle size, FTIR, 1H-NMR and the mechanical properties. The result showed that the mechanical properties of the film were optimal with AESO content 45%, which tensile strength, elongation at break and modulus of elasticity were 27.53 MPa, 26.35%, and 293.62 MPa, respectively. The particle size of the emulsion was smaller than 50 nm. It displayed a good stability and a uniform distribution. The glass transition temperature was 123.3 °C. The hardness, the adhesion force, the water absorption rate, the gloss and the abrasion loss were 6H, Level 1, 9.9%, 22.1°, and 0.002 g, respectively. After pre-drying and UV LED irradiation, the wood coating cured quickly in a short time. The epoxy soybean-oil-based waterborne PUA resin indicated highly promising in the field of wood coatings.