Background: Feline atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as non-flea, non-food hypersensitivity dermatitis, is a chronic pruritic skin condition associated with environmental allergens such as dust mites and pollens. Although the age of onset is variable, it generally occurs before 5 years of age. Similar to dogs, pruritus is a key feature of atopic dermatitis in cats, although the distribution of pruritus and lesions is often more variable. The initial workup should include a thorough history, complete dermatologic and physical examination, and routine tests such as flea combing, skin scrapings, and fungal cultures. A diagnosis of feline AD is established once other differential diagnoses have been excluded. The feline dermatitis extent and severity index (FEDESI) and the scoring feline allergic dermatitis (SCORFAD) are commonly used in the evaluation the severity of feline AD. Treatment of feline AD typically involves a combination of anti-inflammatory medications and supportive care to control pruritus and inflammation. Long-term management should be supported by identifying trigger factors and implementing environmental control measures. This study investigated the potential benefits of vitamin C as an adjunctive treatment for feline AD, utilizing the pruritus visual analog scale (pVAS) and the FEDESI as assessment tools. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty cats with dermatological symptoms, free from infectious, parasitic, or fungal diseases, were included. After hematological and diagnostic evaluations, they were divided into 2 groups: Group 1 received methylprednisolone alone, while Group 2 received methylprednisolone combined with vitamin C (25-75 mg/kg) for 14 days. Clinical assessments, pVAS, FEDESI scores, and eosinophil counts were recorded on days 0, 7, and 14. Both groups showed clinical improvement, with reductions in pruritus and skin lesions. However, Group 2 exhibited a more rapid decrease in pVAS and FEDESI scores by day 7. Eosinophil counts also dropped more significantly in the Group 2. By day 14, clinical outcomes were similar between groups, and statistical differences were no longer significant. Discussion: Feline AD is a pruritic disease in which affected cats exhibit a hypersensitivity reaction to inhaled or contacted environmental allergens. Skin lesions may be seasonal or non-seasonal. In recurrent cases, otitis externa, miliary dermatitis, pruritis in the head and neck region, and eosinophilic granuloma complex lesions may be associated with atopy. The primary symptom is pruritus, and depending on the severity of pruritus, erosion, excoriations and alopecia may be observed in the lesions. In this study, it was observed that the clinical findings were compatible with the literature data. The primary goal of treatment is to reduce pruritus and inflammation to levels below the threshold for clinical manifestation. To achieve this, a classical multimodal approach is typically employed, incorporating both anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents. Although classical treatment yields highly effective results, vitamin C may be considered as an adjunct therapy in the management of feline AD due to its roles in skin barrier support and antioxidant activity. The findings suggest that vitamin C may contribute to faster short-term relief of clinical signs in feline AD, possibly through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. While the long-term efficacy remains uncertain, early results indicate that vitamin C can support initial treatment response when used alongside corticosteroids. In conclusion, parenteral vitamin C may serve as a supportive therapy in feline AD, helping to accelerate early clinical improvement. Further large-scale and long-term studies are necessary to confirm its role in routine treatment protocols. Keywords: atopic dermatitis, feline, vitamin C.

Oral diseases are frequent issues in cats. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence, clinical signs, and risk factors associated with these conditions. Out of the 470 cats presented to a private veterinary clinic in the Blida region of northern Algeria, 76 (16.17%) were diagnosed with oral pathologies and included in the study. For each animal, potential risk data were obtained from medical record and cat owner interviews. The most frequent oral condition was gingivitis (60.52%), followed by feline chronic gingivostomatitis (44.73%), periodontitis (31.57%), eosinophilic granuloma complex (6.57%), jaw fracture (3.94%), mouth obstruction by chicken bone with, hypodentia (2.63%), prognatism and tooth caries with 1.31% for each clinical finding. The most common clinical signs of oral conditions were halitosis (85.52%), followed by pain (73.68%), anorexia (72.36%), tartar buildup (68.42%), dehydration (53.49%), ulceration (47.36%), palatoglossitis (40.78%), fever (34.21%), bleeding and dental mobility with 32.89% observed in each group. The breed, vaccination status, diet, home dental care, living environment and owner’s awareness of oral diseases were found to be significantly associated with periodontal disease and feline chronic gingivostomatitis. Indeed, European breeds, unvaccinated cats, those fed a mixed diet, cats that did not receive home dental care, cats with outdoor access, and those whose owners lacked knowledge about oral diseases were the most susceptible to these two conditions. The present study revealed a non-negligible prevalence of oral conditions, particularly periodontal disease and stomatitis. Appropriate recommendations need to be introduced to control these diseases.

Gastrointestinal involvement as the initial presentation of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a rare case report

BackgroundIatrogenic cerebral amyloid angiopathy (iCAA) has recently been reported in relatively young adults who received cadaveric dural grafts or neurosurgery during childhood. More than 80 cases of iCAA have been reported; however, insufficient detail regarding Aß40 amyloid transmission was provided in these reports.MethodWe present a case of Aß iCAA, which showed a unique clinical course 33 years after a cadaveric dural graft and fulfilled all of the proposed criteria.ResultA 42‐year‐old man developed a subcortical intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in the right temporoparietal lobe. He had undergone the surgical removal of an eosinophilic granuloma in the right frontal bone and grafting with LYODURA cadaveric dura at the age of 9 years. Susceptibility‐weighted images of MRI taken at 38 years old showed multiple incidental microbleeds (MBs) in the right frontal lobe around the LYODURA. At 18 and 19 months after the first ICH, he suffered a 2nd (in the right parietal lobe) and 3rd (in the right frontal lobe) ICH, respectively. The brain tissue in the removed hematoma predominantly showed Aβ40 deposition in the leptomeningeal vessels. No neurofibrillary tangles or neuropil threads were noted. Genetic testing revealed no APP or PSEN‐1/‐2 mutations, and the APOE genotype was ε3/ε3. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of Aβ42 and Aβ40 were decreased, but those of total tau and phosphorylated tau181 were within the normal range. Corticosteroid therapy was administered to prevent further ICHs. Five months later, follow‐up CT showed a 4th incidental ICH in the right medial frontal cortex though It was small and asymptomatic. During 2 years’ follow‐up no further ICHs or symptoms appeared.ConclusionOur case is suggested to be a precisely described probable case of vascular Aß40 amyloid transmission and propagation from LYODURA. Corticosteroid therapy may be effective at preventing further Aß iCAA‐induced ICHs though there is no evidence of a beneficial effect in non‐inflammatory iCAA.

Eosinophilic granuloma (EG) is the most benign and localized form of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), a rare disorder. Spinal involvement is uncommon, particularly in very young children; Methods: In this report, we present a rare case of a 23-month-old boy with progressive neck deviation and difficulty walking following an unwitnessed fall. Imaging revealed a lytic lesion causing complete collapse of the T1 vertebral body (vertebra plana) with soft tissue extension and spinal cord compression. The patient underwent urgent posterior spinal instrumentation from C7 to T2, tumor debulking, spinal cord decompression, and biopsy; Results: Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of EG (LCH). Postoperatively, the patient showed marked neurological improvement without complications; Conclusion: This case emphasizes the importance of considering EG in the differential diagnosis of spinal lesions in very young children and highlights the challenges in its diagnosis and management. The case is complemented by a focused review of pediatric spinal EG, outlining clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and management strategies..

In this study, our goal is to examine the radiological findings and clinical outcomes of nine patients with intradiploic masses, who were treated at our clinic, along with a comprehensive review of the existing literature. The study includes a total of nine adult patients, who were under follow-up and treatment for intradiploic masses from 2015 to 2022. All patients included in the study provided signed informed consent forms. Exclusions from the study criteria comprised patients in the pediatric age group, those with a documented history of cancer, prior cranial surgery, active central nervous system infection, and acute head trauma resulting in cranial damage. Our study comprised a total of 9 patients, with 6 (66.6%) females and 3 (33.3%) males, with a median age of 36 years (range: 18-76). Epidermoid cysts were identified in 2 patients, while others presented with cavernous hemangioma, arachnoid/leptomeningeal cyst, intradiploic lipoma, dermoid cyst, arachnoid cyst, fibrous dysplasia, and eosinophilic granuloma. Among the cohort, 8 patients presented with headaches. The patient with cavernous hemangioma underwent total resection and mini plate stabilization. Similarly, total resection was performed in cases of leptomeningeal cyst (n=1) and intradiploic lipoma (n=1). In a single patient, fibrous dysplasia was diagnosed through open biopsy. For the patient with eosinophilic granuloma, total mass excision and chemotherapy were undertaken. Notably, four patients (44.4%), including those with epidermoid cysts (n=2), dermoid cyst (n=1), and arachnoid cyst (n=1), were managed conservatively without surgical intervention. The use of CT and MRI imaging in intradiploic lesions seems sufficient to differentiate the mass. However, it may be difficult to reach a definitive diagnosis in some patients without surgery. Therefore, based on the experience of clinical management, it is important to evaluate in detail the various radiological and clinical findings unique to the patient, regarding excision or nonoperative follow-up.

Abstract Background and Aims Diabetes insipidus (DI) typically causes hypernatremia, but in rare cases like Paragonimiasis, which can lead to eosinophilic granulomatosis and result in syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, hyponatremia can occur even in the presence of DI. Method We present a case of a 37-year-old cachectic Filipino female with a history of possible resistant tuberculosis (TB). Despite extensive treatment, her condition did not improve, leading to admission due to severe pulmonary distress. During her hospital course, she experienced chronic polyuria, and her serum sodium levels remained low-normal, with episodes of hyponatremia. Due to inadequate clinical response to treatment, further investigation ultimately confirmed Paragonimiasis as the underlying etiology. Results Upon admission, a complete blood count revealed leukocytosis with a predominance of neutrophils and a significantly elevated eosinophil count. A high-resolution chest CT scan was subsequently performed, revealing multiple small non-calcified and calcified nodules scattered throughout both lungs. Additionally, ground-glass opacities were noted in the right lower lobe and left lung, suggesting pulmonary granulomas and fibrosis secondary to a prior inflammatory process, along with associated bilateral cicatricial atelectasis, bullous changes, air trapping, and a possible lung abscess. To address the underlying pneumonia, infected bullae, and possible lung abscess, the patient was started on a regimen of vancomycin and amikacin for 7 days, followed by ertapenem, which she completed over several months. Endobronchial aspiration was recommended for further evaluation at a specialized facility; however, due to unavailability of intensive care unit beds for potential resistant TB, transfer to another institution was not feasible. Despite aggressive antibiotic therapy, the patient continued to experience a productive cough, hemoptysis, and intermittent dyspnea. Given the CT scan findings, the possibility of pulmonary TB remained a differential diagnosis. The patient presented with significant polyuria, with urine output measured between 4.8 to 5.6 cc/kg/day. This polyuria contributed to her hypotension secondary to dehydration, necessitating continuous fluid resuscitation. Notably, despite episodes of polyuria, serum sodium levels remained low, ranging from 130 to 135 mmol/L. Urine biochemical analysis revealed a urine osmolality of only 171 mOsm/kg H2O and a urine specific gravity of 1.005, leading to a diagnosis of DI. Random serum osmolality was recorded at 287 mOsm/kg H2O. The presence of polyuria and elevated serum osmolality, despite relatively high basal level of vasopressin, suggests a diagnosis of nephrogenic DI. Given the persistence of symptoms and lack of response to treatment, further diagnostic workup was done, including testing for paragonimiasis, a parasitic infection caused by lung flukes. This parasitic infection can manifest with pulmonary symptoms that may be easily misdiagnosed as other respiratory illnesses, such as tuberculosis. Paragonimiasis is a globally prevalent but underrecognized disease, predominantly affecting regions in East Asia, particularly the Philippines, as well as endemic areas in Africa and South America. The diagnostic test confirmed the presence of the infection. Therefore, the patient was promptly treated with praziquantel at a dosage of 600 mg every 8 hours, specifically 2 tablets in the morning and 1 tablet at lunchtime and in the evening for 2 days. Following this treatment, the patient exhibited significant clinical improvement, including a marked reduction in polyuria, and was subsequently discharged. Conclusion This case highlights the importance of considering atypical infectious etiologies, such as Paragonimiasis, in patients with respiratory distress and eosinophilia, especially when standard tuberculosis treatments fail. The resolution of her symptoms following targeted therapy for Paragonimiasis emphasizes the importance of thorough diagnostic evaluations in challenging medical cases.

An approximately 7.5-month-old female Sprague Dawley rat (Rattus norvegicus) housed in a research facility presented for skin lesions including multifocal crusting and hypotrichosis. On presentation the research rat was mildly underconditioned with a distended abdomen and later developed small-bowel diarrhea. Abdominal ultrasound demonstrated diffusely thickened intestinal segments, and veterinary staff palpated a linear intra-abdominal mass. The rat was unresponsive to supportive care, and the rat was euthanized and necropsied. An elongate pink-tan mesenteric mass and severe, diffuse dilation and thickening of the small intestine were observed. Histopathology revealed mild to severe inflammation in most tissues with an abundance of eosinophils and eosinophilic granulomas in the abdominal lymph nodes. Clinical and histopathological findings are similar to hypereosinophilic syndromes (HES) described in a variety of species, including humans. Previous reports of HES in rats are limited to descriptions in rat strain Matsumoto Eosinophilia Shinshu (MES), which has been used as a model of human HES. Unlike MES rats, the rat in this report had diarrhea as well as eosinophilic infiltrates in the skin and heart, all of which are commonly described in human cases of HES.

Cystic bone Lesions: Diagnostic pitfalls and therapeutic considerations.

Cryptococcal infections are uncommon, and musculoskeletal involvement of the femur is extremely rare, often resulting in diagnostic challenges. A woman in her early 70s presented with a 20-day history of progressive left thigh pain that was aggravated by limb movement. Initial evaluation at a local hospital suspected a primary bone tumor based on radiographic findings of an osteolytic lesion in the midshaft of the left femur. Laboratory tests revealed elevated C-reactive protein level, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and ferritin levels, but no malignant tumor markers were detected. Radiological assessment, including magnetic resonance imaging and whole-body scintigraphy, raised the suspicion of a primary bone tumor, with differential diagnoses including eosinophilic granuloma or Brodie’s abscess. An ultrasound-guided biopsy revealed spindle cell proliferation with multinucleated giant cells, with no evidence of malignancy. A multidisciplinary consultation attributed the finding to either an infectious etiology or a possible false-negative result of B-mode ultrasound-guided biopsy. The patient subsequently underwent debridement and biopsy of the affected bone in the left thigh. Although microbial cultures were negative, immunohistochemical analysis showed features consistent with cryptococcal infection. Special staining demonstrated the characteristic thick capsules of Cryptococcus spp., confirming the diagnosis of a cryptococcal granuloma in the left femur. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are important to effectively manage cryptococcal bone infections.

Кожная патология с поражением лица разнообразна. Диагностика в большинстве случаев, как правило, не вызывает затруднений при клиническом осмотре. Однако существуют более редкие заболевания с вовлечением кожи лица с неспецифическими клиническими проявлениями, требующие оценки дерматоскопических структур и патоморфологического подтверждения диагноза. В данной статье представлены клинические случаи гранулемы лица (ГЛ) (синоним: эозинофильная гранулема) и гранулематозной розацеа (ГР). В обоих случаях при проведении дерматоскопии определялись желто-оранжевого цвета бесструктурные зоны в очагах поражения, но с разной патоморфологической корреляцией. ГР имеет схожие клинические и патоморфологические признаки с милиарной диссеминированной волчанкой лица (МДВЛ), некоторые пациенты имеют overlap-проявления, что затрудняет их точную дифференциальную диагностику. Некоторые авторы в настоящее время рассматривают МДВЛ как вариант гранулематозной розацеа. В статье приведены основные клинические и диагностические критерии данных заболеваний, подходы к терапии. Skin pathology with facial lesions is diverse. Diagnosis of most of them, as a rule, does not cause difficulties during clinical examination. However, there is a rarer pathology involving facial skin with non-specific clinical manifestations that require assessment of dermatoscopic structures and pathomorphological confirmation of the diagnosis. This article presents clinical cases of granuloma faciale (GF) (syn. eosinophilic granuloma) and granulomatous rosacea (GR). In both cases, dermatoscopy revealed yellow-orange structureless areas, but with different pathomorphological correlations. GR has similar clinical and pathomorphological features with lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei (LMDF), some patients have overlap manifestations, which makes it difficult to accurately diagnose them. Some authors are currently considering LMDF as a variant of granulomatous rosacea. The article presents the main clinical and diagnostic criteria of these diseases, approaches to their therapy.

Cutaneous Pseudolymphoma, also referred to as Lymphoid Infiltrate of the Skin, is defined as a benign, inflammatory, reversible, reactive, and polyclonal proliferation of lymphocytes that spontaneously regresses or resolves following the elimination of the triggering factor. Cutaneous pseudolymphomas represent a heterogeneous group of T-cell or B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, which may be localized or disseminated, and which clinically and histopathologically mimic cutaneous lymphomas. The literature describes various potential etiological factors, including endogenous (genetic, immunological) and exogenous factors (insect bites, medications, vaccinations, ultrasound exposure, trauma, tattoos, acupuncture, infections, etc.). We present the case of a 64-year-old patient with pruritic nodular lesions on the face, neck, and back, as well as chronic blepharitis, persisting for over a year despite various therapeutic approaches (topical corticosteroids, antifungals, and antibiotics). Based on clinical examination and detailed anamnesis, our differential diagnoses included follicular mucinosis, cutaneous lymphoma, sarcoidosis, and facial eosinophilic granuloma. A skin biopsy was performed (from a nodular lesion on the frontal region), revealing an increased presence of Demodex mites and histopathologically numerous mites and scattered eosinophils. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated an immunophenotype of CD4>CD8, CD20(+), CD60(+), Ki67, and CD137, consistent with a benign reactive process. The diagnosis of pseudolymphoma was established based on clinical presentation and histopathological evaluation. Three months of local and systemic antiparasitic therapy led to complete regression of symptoms.

Feline atopic skin syndrome (FASS) is a common inflammatory and highly pruritic skin condition. It typically manifests according to one or more of four different clinical lesion patterns: miliary dermatitis, self-induced alopecia, head and neck pruritus, and eosinophilic granuloma complex. FASS is a chronic and relapsing condition that often persists for life. Effective management can be a significant challenge for both clinicians and owners. Here, we investigated whether diet could act as an adjunct to conventional medicated therapies to improve the management of FASS. We conducted a six-month randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study on client-owned FASS cats to test a novel pet food formulation. The main variables followed were the veterinarian (FeDESI) and the owner (VAScat) assessing symptom severity, in addition to medication requirements. Compared to the control diet, the test diet not only ameliorated symptoms but also significantly reduced the dependency on medication. The VAScat metric was improved after 3 months (p = 1.6 × 10-4) and 6 months (p = 5.7 × 10-5) in the test group only, and the cats' medication requirement significantly declined exclusively in the test group from month 2 onwards. The interpretation of the FeDESI results was hampered by high levels of variation, particularly in the control group. Nonetheless, in the test group, clinical scores showed evidence of improvement after 3 months (p = 0.037) and 6 months (p = 0.02), and no such improvement was detected in the control group. Overall, our findings suggest that tailored nutrition can significantly aid in the management of feline atopic skin syndrome.

Background: Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) nucleic acids and proteins are frequently detected in brain tumors, especially high-grade gliomas in adults and children. Despite conflicting data, further investigation into HCMV's role in gliomas is warranted.Objective: This study aimed to determine the frequency of HCMV proteins in tissues from patients at the Specialized Surgeries Hospital in Baghdad diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and grade 2 astrocytoma. Subjects and Methods: Ninety-three (93) tissue samples were collected from patients aged 8-75 years: 46 samples from GBM surgeries and 27 from astrocytoma surgeries. An additional 20 samples collected from non-tumor neurosurgical patients such as (Eosinophilic granuloma and reactive gliosis) aged 21-71 years were included as a control group. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect immediate early and early HCMV proteins. Results: Of the 73 glioma tissues, 38 (52.1%) showed positive IHC signals for HCMV. In GBM tissues, 28 out of 46 (59.9%) were positive, while in astrocytoma tissues, 10 out of 27 (38.4%) were positive. Only 1 out of 20 control tissues (5%) showed HCMV positivity. Within the GBM group, low, moderate, and high IHC scores were observed in 57.1%, 28.6%, and 14.3% of cases, respectively. In the astrocytoma group, scores were low in 60%, moderate in 30%, and high in 10%. Significant statistical differences were noted when comparing GBM and astrocytoma to the control group and comparing GBM to astrocytoma Conclusions: The study revealed a high prevalence of HCMV in glioma samples, supporting its potential role in glioma development, particularly in GBM pathogenesis and possibly carcinogenesis.

A case of eosinophilic granuloma of the adult cervical spine

Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disorder affecting the lung parenchyma with an unclear underlying cause. The condition is marked by isolated or multiple proliferations of histiocytes, which resemble dendritic Langerhans cells in phenotype. The progression of LCH varies significantly, ranging from isolated eosinophilic granulomas in the bone to widespread involvement of multiple organs. Although rare, LCH has been observed in conjunction with other conditions, like pulmonary tuberculosis. We describe an uncommon case involving a 34-year-old male patient who presented with fever, dry cough, and progressively worsening dyspnea, accompanied by an unintentional weight loss of 15 kg over the preceding 20 days. He was diagnosed with both pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (P-LCH). The diagnosis was corroborated by radiological imaging, which displayed multiple nodules and small cysts in the upper and middle lung lobes on both sides, consistent with P-LCH. Additionally, sputum CBNAAT testing confirmed the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Lung-resident memory Th2 cells regulate pulmonary cryptococcosis by inducing type-II granuloma formation

Background: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease involving the cervical spine. This condition is present firstly in the thoracic spine, commonest, followed by the lumbar spine and cervical spine. In Langerhans cell histiocytosis there is excessive proliferation of pathologic Langerhans cells. It is commonly found in males with a ratio of 2.5:1. The etiology of LCH is unknown. There are three defined entities classified on their severities. Letterer-Siwe disease involves multiple organs, Hand-Schuller-Christian disease presents with bony lesions and endocrine abnormalities, and eosinophilic granuloma (EG) presents with isolated bony lesions. We describe a case-report a girl with Langerhans cell histiocytosis in cervical vertebrae.The objective of this study is to show the rare case of Cervical Spine Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis. Method: We were a literature review with inclusion and exclusion criteria and we described a case-report. Case-Report: A 9-month-old girl had neck pain associated with right upper limb weakness. Imaging showed infiltrative and expansive lesions in the vertebral body from C1 to C6 with spinal cord and root compression. The patient underwent a laminectomy from C2 to C5. Histopathological was suggestive of LCH. Conclusion: Despite the rarity of the disease, Langerhans cell histiocytosis can be treated with a surgical approach when neurologic deficits are present.

ABSTRACT Eosinophilic granuloma is a lesion commonly found in cats but is rare in dogs, manifesting as nodules or plaques in the oral cavity, especially on the soft palate and tongue, with possible genetic potential involved. Due to the scarcity of descriptions of this oral lesion in dogs, especially in Brazil, the present report aimed to describe it in a Siberian Husky, treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Franca, presenting an adherent and ulcerated plaque on the soft palate. Histopathological examination detected intense eosinophilic infiltrate associated with areas of collagenolysis, absence of neoplastic cells and negative PAS staining. Corticosteroid therapy with prednisolone (2mg/kg, every 24 hours, 7 days) was instituted, with gradual weaning of 0.5mg/kg, every 7 days. Given the excellent therapeutic response, this medication was maintained as monotherapy and, within 90 days of the end of treatment, there were no signs of relapse, without the need for association with complementary therapies or other therapeutic modalities, which could cause adverse effects and additional costs. It is admitted that, despite being uncommon, due to its similar clinical appearance, eosinophilic granuloma should be included in the differential diagnosis of neoplasms and infections, aiming at appropriate therapeutic institution.

Key discoveries from research in anisakiasis: From parasite biology to pathology in the human host.