Enviroeconomic Analysis Research Articles

Exergo and enviro-economic analysis of thermal energy storage assisted finned solar still

The current investigation focuses on improving the performance of a single slope solar still integrated with Phase Change Material as energy storage media. The problem of low thermal conductivity of PCM which hinders the energy storage capability has been addressed by incorporating fins with different profiles into the energy storage unit. Initially, an experimental investigation was conducted and analyzed to assess the effective performance of a Conventional Single Slope Solar Still (CSS) using various water depth levels: 1–4 cm. The optimal basin water depth for testing solar still with energy storage material along with fins was identified as 2 cm. Subsequently, the CSS was subjected to performance enhancement investigation under three different conditions: Case 1 – Solar Still (SS) with PCM storage unit, Case 2 – SS with fins at the PCM storage unit, and Case 3 – SS with fins at the storage unit and a parallel plate attached to the other end of the fins. The experimental results demonstrated the production of fresh water and efficiency improvements are as follows 26.95%, 55.86%, 69.14% and 24.34%, 52.83%, 68.83% for cases I, II, and III, respectively. Further, it was observed that Case III exhibited a lower cost of water production and a shorter payback period compared to CSS. The enviro-economic analysis revealed that the net CO2 emissions (NCEM) and Carbon Credits Earned (CCE) for Case III were 15.60 tons and 312.07 USD respectively against 9.22 tons and 184.31 USD for CSS.

Energetic and exergetic analysis of jet impingement solar thermal collector featuring discrete multi-arc shaped ribs absorber surface

This study analytically examines the thermal, effective, and exergetic efficiency of a jet impingement solar thermal collector (JISTC) roughened with discrete multi-arc-shaped ribs (DMASRs). To accurately estimate the energy usage of the JISTC, these efficiencies are assessed using a parametric design and the temperature rise parameter. A numerical model of the thermal, effective, and exergy analyses of the STC is presented to examine its impacts on each design variable. Optimized parameters increase exergetic efficiency (ηexergetic) by 2.77 times over smooth plates. A multi-objective optimization of the JISTC roughened with DMASRs is carried out. Effective and exergetic efficiency are used as objective functions to find Pareto front optimal solutions. Additionally, an economic, enviroeconomic, exergoeconomic, and energy payback time (EPBT) examination of the JISTC is presented in this investigation. According to the economic evaluation of the JISTC system, the energy cost is found to be 0.08 $/kWh and the exergoeconomic parameter (Rg,ex) is computed to be 0.26 kW h/$. The enviroeconomic analysis findings suggest that the JISTC can reduce approximately 51.15 tons of CO2 emissions per year. The energy payback time based on energy streams ((EPBT)en) is determined to be 0.34 years, while the energy payback time based on exergy streams ((EPBT)ex) is found to be 14.9 years.

Carbon taxation on high utility transport fuels: An implementation of enviro-economic analysis for the sustainable environment”

The humongous increase in carbon emissions in the past few decades presents an environmental challenge to the scientific community. The current study proposes a method of taxation on high-carbon emission fuels. For this purpose, a comparative enviro-economic analysis is carried out on the three most commonly used fuels (gasoline, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)). The speed of the test engine varied from 1800 to 4200 Revolution per Minute (RPM) in increments of 400 RPM. Performance parameters (Brake Power (BP), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTHE), and Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)) were measured using a hydro dynamometer. Emission analysis, including Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Unburned Hydrocarbons (HC), and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), was conducted using the TESTO 350 analyzer. The application of Weibull distribution with a 95 % confidence interval, on emission data, explained the adequacy of the data. Among test fuels, CNG emerged as an environment-friendly fuel with an emission reduction of 16, 42, and 43 percent for CO2, CO, and HC in comparison to gasoline. Also, BTHE and BSFC of CNG were better than other alternatives. Moreover, the carbon penalty for CNG fuel showed a price reduction of 32 and 20.8 percent in comparison to gasoline and LPG respectively. The study provides a novel approach to assess the environmental impact of fuels by economic analysis based on emitted carbon quantity. In addition, this very idea is novel in promoting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the United Nations (UN) through carbon taxation.

Pyrolytic urban mining of waste printed circuit boards: an enviro-economic analysis.

E-waste, a global environmental concern resulting from supply chain inefficiency, also offers the opportunity to recover valuable materials, including general and rare earth metals. Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) are integral components of e-waste that contains substantial amounts of precious metals, making them a valuable waste category. Pyrolysis has emerged as a promising method for material recovery from WPCBs. Hence, pyrolytic urban mining of WPCBs offers an excellent avenue for resource recovery, redirecting valuable materials back into the supply chain. Under the current study, experimental investigation has been conducted to explore the recovery of materials from WPCBs through pyrolysis followed by process simulation, economic analysis, and life cycle assessment (LCA). An Aspen Plus simulation was conducted to model the pyrolysis of WPCBs and subsequent product recovery using a non-equilibrium kinetic model, which represents a unique approach in this study. Another distinct aspect is the comprehensive assessment of environmental and economic sustainability. The economic analysis has been carried out using Aspen economic analyzer whereas the LCA of WPCB pyrolysis has been conducted using the SimaPro software. The experimental investigation reveals yield of solid residues are about 75-84 wt.%, liquid yields of 6-13 wt.%, and gas yields of 4-21 wt.%, which is in well agreement with the Aspen Plus simulation results. The economic analysis for an e-waste pyrolysis plant with an annual feed rate of 2000 t reveals that the total capital cost of a pyrolysis plant is nearly $51.3 million, whereas the total equipment cost is nearly $2.7 million and the total operating cost is nearly $25.6 million. The desired rate of return is 20% per year and the payback period is 6years with a profitability index of 1.25. From the LCA, the major impact categories are global warming, fossil resource scarcity, ozone formation in human health, ozone formation in terrestrial ecosystems, fine particulate matter formation, and water consumption. The findings of this study can serve as a guideline for e-waste recyclers, researchers, and decision-makers in establishing circular economy.

Fourth-generation fluid effect in geothermal-based hydrogen production combined system

In this study, hydrogen production using a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyser (PEME) integrated with a geothermal based dual Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) designed using different organic fluids is investigated. Five dry fluids (R245fa, R600, R600a, butene and isobutene) were used in the medium-temperature ORC-1 unit. In the low temperature ORC-2 unit, fourth-generation ultra-low global warming potential (GWP) fluids (R1243zf, R1225ye(Z) and R1234ze(E)), whose role in hydrogen production has not been determined before, were used as organic fluids. In addition to these fluids, the conventional wet fluid R134a and zeotropic R450A (42% R134a-58% R1234ze(E)), which is a mixture of wet and fourth-generation, were added for performance comparison. In the study, it was aimed to increase hydrogen production by using low temperature geothermal heat from the medium temperature ORC-1 unit in the ORC-2 unit with organic fluid open heater (OFOH), determine the organic fluid effect on hydrogen production by using fourth-generation fluids with low critical temperature and determine the ideal fluid pair among the fluid groups used in two ORC units. It is also planned to analyze the effect of OFOH utilization on hydrogen production in ORC-PEME integration. The contribution of 25 different fluid pairs formed as a result of the 5*5 matrix to hydrogen production through PEME was determined. The best fluid pair was R245fa-R1234ze(E) while the lowest performance was obtained in R600a-R134a duo. In the best fluid pair, it was determined that the amount of natural gas preserved (NGP) was 3018 tons per year and the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) was 1.901 $/kg with 104.4 kg hydrogen production per hour. The minimum specific investment cost (3270 $/kW) was reached in this fluid pair. Compared to the worst fluid pair; it was determined that LCOH was reduced by 8.15% with the best fluid pair. For the best and worst fluid pairs, a difference of 412 tons per year was found between the NGP considering the CH4 consumed versus the hydrogen produced based on the steam methane reforming (SMR). Carbon credit gain (CCG) was determined by enviro-economic analysis, while R245fa-R1234ze(E) has 365.8 k$ carbon recovery, this value decreases to 315.8 k$ in R600a-R134a duo.

Energetic, exergetic, exergoeconomic, and enviroeconomic analysis of solar dish-integrated water desalination system with various nanofluids

Global demand for freshwater is increasing due to population growth and water scarcity. Traditional desalination systems are characterized by their high energy consumption, resulting in low efficiency and elevated costs. It is crucial to explore sustainable and eco-friendly desalination system to address these problems. Present study explores the impact of Al2O3 and ZnO nanofluids on a solar dish integrated water desalination system (SWDS). Performance evaluation includes energy, exergy, economic, exergoeconomic, and enviroeconomic perspectives. Compared to SWDS with water, annual freshwater productivity increased by 20.13% (Al2O3) and 12.56% (ZnO). SWDS with Al2O3 nanofluid exhibited the highest energy and exergy efficiency of 20.76% and 4.32%, respectively. Energetic parameters revealed a minimum energy payback time of 0.91 years and a maximum energy production factor of 27.18 for SWDS with Al2O3 nanofluid. The lowest cost per liter (CPL) was US$0.050 for Al2O3 nanofluids, while the highest CPL was US$0.0547 for ZnO nanofluid. The maximum exergoeconomic parameter was 2.50 kWh/US$ for SWDS with Al2O3 nanofluid. SWDS with Al2O3 nanofluid demonstrated the highest net CO2 mitigation of 72.54 tonne, with corresponding carbon credits of US$2124.08 (energy) and US$423.92 (exergy). The Al2O3 nanofluid-based SWDS demonstrated superior performance in energy and exergy perspective. Furthermore, Al2O3 nanofluid-based SWDS showed enhanced cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability when compared to water-based SWDS.

Technical and Enviro-economic Analysis of a 0.78 kWp PV System

Aim: To determine the technical, economic and environmental performance analysis of an installed PV backup system. Study Design: To attain this goal, analysis were performed using a freely available PVSyst 6.7.0 software tool. Economic evaluation was performed using respective present worth of individual component prices. Environmental performance comparison is made between the PV system and diesel generator when each is used as an independent backup system. Input in-situ measured data were determined, measured and keyed into the tool. Place and Duration of Study: The system is installed in an institutional building in a tropical climatic zone with coordinates 0.42 N and 35.03 E. The system was studied for a period of one year where data was collected and recorded for techno-enviroeconomic analysis. Methodology: The system consists of four PV modules rated at 0.78 KWp, charge controller and an inverter unit and battery bank, and is utilized as a power backup system to supply electricity whenever power failure occurs, which is frequent and real in Kenya. The techno-enviroeconomic performances analysis of the system were evaluated using the PVSyst software, a freely available design and analytical tool, where input data were measured and recorded at the site. Results: The performance analysis of the system showed that PV array efficiency of 13.24%, FF of 0.68, CF of 21.23%, and PR of 73.63% and generated electrical energy of 1092 kWh/year. The LCOE of PV electricity was 0.059 $/kWh, while total saving of CO2 emission in tons of CO2 was 9.0 tCO2 with LCE value of 331 gCO2/ kWh. Conclusion: Techno- enviroeconomic performance results of the studied PV system show that the system can contribute significantly to the mitigation of CO2 emission. This work also could be helpful for consumers and policy makers in the choice of renewable based or fossil based backup generation systems.

Experimental investigation on the performance of MXene/C-dot hybrid nanofluid-based photovoltaic/thermal system: An Energy, Exergy, and Enviro-Economic analysis

Nanofluids (NFs) with exceptional heat transfer properties are increasingly being adopted in solar collectors as heat transfer fluid (HTF). Hybrid photovoltaic thermal systems are becoming more popular because they increase overall efficiency by producing both high- and low-grade electricity. This research focuses on the application of thermally efficient NFs for enhancing the thermal and electrical output of a photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system. Indoor experimental investigation was conducted on the PV/T system to find the thermally efficient HTF. Carbon quantum dot (C-dot), MXene and MXene/C-dot hybrid NFs were selected for experimentation. Thermo-economic factors (thermal conductivity, volumetric heat capacity, thermal property degradation rate, and cost) were used to optimise the NFs' concentration. Optimized C-dot, MXene, and hybrid NFs were used for experimentation in the PV/T system. Energy, exergy, and enviro-economic analysis was conducted on the PV/T system with each HTFs. The results show that the thermal efficiency of PV/T was enhanced by 5.39, 3.87, and 9.45 % with C-dot, MXene and hybrid NFs, respectively. Hottel-Whillier-Bliss (HWB) analysis was performed on the collector from the generated experimental data. The analysis states that at zero heat loss conditions, the thermal efficiency of the PV/T was enhanced by 5.4 % with the hybrid NF. The maximum CO2 emission from PV/T with C-dot, MXene, and hybrid NFs, were calculated to be around 2.024, 1.979, and 1.931 kgCO2/day, respectively. Emission cost reduction analysis states that the hybrid NF achieved the highest reduction of 0.02 $/day which was a considerable decrement of 13.5 % over the water-based PV/T system.

The Mathematical Modeling, Diffusivity, Energy, and Enviro-Economic Analysis (MD3E) of an Automatic Solar Dryer for Drying Date Fruits

Date fruit drying is a process that consumes a significant amount of energy due to the long duration required for drying. To better understand how moisture flows through the fruit during drying and to speed up this process, drying studies must be conducted in conjunction with mathematical modeling, energy analysis, and environmental economic analysis. In this study, twelve thin-layer mathematical models were designed utilizing experimental data for three different date fruit varieties (Sakkoti, Malkabii, and Gondaila) and two solar drying systems (automated solar dryer and open-air dryer). These models were then validated using statistical analysis. The drying period for the date fruit varieties varied between 9 and 10 days for the automated solar dryer and 14 to 15 days for open-air drying. The moisture diffusivity coefficient values, determined using Fick’s second law of diffusion model, ranged from 7.14 × 10−12 m2/s to 2.17 × 10−11 m2/s. Among the twelve thin-layer mathematical models, we chose the best thin drying model based on a higher R2 and lower χ2 and RMSE. The Two-term and Modified Page III models delivered the best moisture ratio projections for date fruit dried in an open-air dryer. For date fruit dried in an automated solar dryer, the Two-term Exponential, Newton (Lewis), Approximation diffusion or Diffusion Method, and Two-term Exponential modeling provided the best moisture ratio projections. The energy and environmental study found that the particular amount of energy used varied from 17.936 to 22.746 kWh/kg, the energy payback time was 7.54 to 7.71 years, and the net CO2 mitigation throughout the lifespan ranged from 8.55 to 8.80 tons. Furthermore, economic research showed that the automated solar dryer’s payback period would be 2.476 years.

Determining energy, exergy and enviroeconomic analysis of stand-alone photovoltaic panel under harsh environment condition: Antarctica Horseshoe-Island cases

It is considered that some of the energy needs of the Turkish Science Base, which will be established on the Antarctic Horseshoe Island, will be supplied from solar energy. In this study, the performance of the PV panel was experimentally tested on the Antarctic Horseshoe Island. Energy, exergy and enviroeconomic analysis of the PV panel were performed. In the experiments carried out for three days, the energy efficiency was determined as 5.40%, 7.39% and 11.35%, respectively. The exergy efficiencies were calculated as 4.53%, 6.58% and 10.25%, respectively. At the end of three experiments, the amount of CO2 blocked to the atmosphere was determined as 3.06 kg on average. The study used meteorological parameters (solar radiation, wind speed, humidity, and ambient air temperature) and other data (current-voltage, panel surface temperature, convection and radiation heat transfer coefficients, sky temperature, total heat transfer coefficient, total heat loss and exergy destruction) that can only be calculated using these variables to estimate the electrical efficiency of the PV module. This was achieved using the multilayer perceptron and decision tree method. The process of approximating the values estimated by statistical evaluations to the values calculated experimentally for energy efficiency was found to have error rates of 5.6% and 12.5%, respectively.

Energy, exergy, economic, exergo and enviro-economic analysis of solar powered humidification dehumidification desalination system: An experimental investigation

A solar-powered humidification dehumidification (SPHDH) desalination system presents an economically viable thermal desalination approach for satisfying the requirement of freshwater. The traditional solar air heater and saline water as the cooling fluid in the condenser, impose restrictions on the SPHDH system’s performance and lifespan. The present study involves a solar air heater, humidifier (packed bed type), and heat exchanger coupled with a direct evaporative cooler to develop a SPHDH desalination system. The collector employed in this study consists of double-end open evacuated tubes, while the cooling medium utilized is ambient air. Moreover, in the context of a humidifier, two distinct packing materials, specifically cellulose and aspen pads are employed in order to examine the impact of the packing material on the system. The performance evaluation is conducted through the energy, exergy, GOR, effectiveness, economic, exergo, and enviro-economic assessments. The findings indicate that the cellulose pad exhibits superior performance when compared to the aspen pad. This is due to lower air flow resistance and a greater contact surface area. The system’s highest mean energy and exergy efficiency is obtained with cellulose pads, i.e., 31.2 % and 5.10 %, respectively. Moreover, the cellulose pads have shown to achieve a maximum production of 3.12 kg/m2/day at a cost of 0.038 $/kg. The exergo-economic values based on energy and exergy are 14.76 kWh/$ and 2.56 kWh/$, respectively.

Effect of methane injection strategy on combustion, exergetic performance, and enviro-economic analyses in a diesel/methane CRDI engine

To assess the applicability of methane gas in the context of a methane injection strategy in dual fuel concept, it is crucial to evaluate not only the engine performance but also the exergetic performance and the enviro-economic analyses. In this experimental study, a comprehensive investigation was performed to explore the impacts of a methane injection strategy, involving the timing and quantity of methane gas injection, on the combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel/methane dual-fuel operation. Also, an assessment of energy, exergy, environmental impact, and cost analyses on methane injection strategy using data obtained from experimental results was performed. In the literature, there is a deficiency regarding the evaluation of methane injection strategy in terms of energy, exergy, and enviro-economic analyses. This study will not only address the current research gaps but also serve as a reference for future investigations. The experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder, air-cooled, diesel engine with a common rail fuel system, operating at a fixed engine speed and load. In the experiments, methane injection timing (MIT) was advanced from 20 CAD aTDC to 60 CAD aTDC in 10 CAD increments. The methane injection duration (MID) was increased from 2 ms to 4 ms in 0.5 ms increments. The results have demonstrated that delaying the MIT increases combustion stability compared to early MIT and shortens ignition delay time. High HC and CO emissions resulting from early MIT have been reduced by up to 26 % and 19 %, respectively, with the delay of MIT. Through the delayed MIT application, the diesel/methane study yielded higher exergetic efficiency, lower exergy destruction, and entropy generation compared to the only-diesel operation. Additionally, lower environmental impact and cost values were obtained due to combustion at lower temperatures compared to diesel.

Energy based techno-economic and environmental feasibility study on PV/T and PV/T heat pump system with phase change material-a numerical comparative study.

A sustainable, affordable, and eco-friendly solution has been proposed to address water heating, electricity generation, space cooling, and photovoltaic (PV) cooling requirements in scorching climates. The photovoltaic thermal system (PV/T) and the direct expansion PV/T heat pump (PV/T DXHP) were numerically studied using MATLAB. A butterfly serpentine flow collector (BSFC) and phase change material (PCM) were assimilated in the PV system and MATLAB model was developed to evaluate the economic and enviroeconomic performance of the PV/T water system (PV/T-W), PV/T PCM water system (PV/T PCM-W), the PV/T DXHP system, and the PV/T PCM heat pump system (PV/T-PCM-DXHP). In this study, annual energy production, socioeconomic factors, enviro-economic indicators, and environmental characteristics are assessed and compared. Also, an economic, environmental, and enviro-economic analysis was conducted to assess the commercial viability of the suggested system. The PV/T PCM-DXHP demonstrated the highest electrical performance of 53.69%, which is comparatively higher than the other three configurations. The discounted levelized cost of energy (DLCOE) and payback period (DPP) of the PV/T PCM-DXHP were ₹2.87 per kW-h and 3-4years, respectively, resulting in a total savings of ₹67,7403 over its lifetime. Furthermore, installing this system mitigated 280.72 tonnes of CO2 emissions and saved the mitigation cost by ₹329,700 throughout its operational lifecycle.

Optimization of solar air heaters performance using parallel porous wire mesh: energy, exergy, and enviro-economic analyses

This research conducts an experimental analysis of a solar air heater (SAH) with and without a porous wire mesh, focusing on energy, exergy, and enviro-economic aspects. Measurements are carried out using both a conventional solar air collector and modified one by adding a porous wire mesh. Various wire mesh lengths (20, 40, and 60 cm) are used to determine the optimum one considering different mass flow rates (ṁ = 0.022, 0.033, and 0.045 kg/s). The impact of specific loss sources on exergy efficiency, including exergy destruction between the environment and system components, between the fluid and absorber, and between the absorber and the sun is pointed out. The findings reveal a remarkable enhancement in thermal efficiency, reaching 86 % by using a 60 cm wire mesh atṁ = 0.045 kg/s. The integration of the wire mesh into the SAH results in reduced exergy efficiency due to increased losses and exergy destruction rates. Using 60 cm wire mesh yields beneficial effects on thermo-hydraulic performance by enhancing convection heat transfer and increasing the overall effectiveness of the collector. Enviro-economic analysis shows significant environmental benefits. In Case4, operating at ṁ = 0.045 kg/s, the highest embodied energy value is observed and the highest annual useful energy output of 5480 kWh/year at the lowest energy cost of 0.0105 ($/kWh) is achieved. Additionally, the incorporation of a 60 cm porous wire mesh leads to an annual mitigation of approximately 1370.21 tons of CO2 and an improved environmental cost of 68.51 $/year compared to the conventional solar air collector's cost (28.15 $/year).

Impact of hybrid nano PCM (paraffin wax with Al2O3 and ZnO nanoparticles) on photovoltaic thermal system: Energy, exergy, exergoeconomic and enviroeconomic analysis

Global renewable energy efforts place a significant preference on substantial solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Photovoltaic thermal (PVT) systems are the upgraded version of PV modules that concurrently produce both electricity and heat. Hybrid nano-particles (2.0 wt % ZnO and 2.0 wt % Al2O3) into the phase change material (PCM) known as HNPCM system has been introduced in this current study for enhancing the electrical and thermal performance of the PVT system by improving the thermophysical properties of paraffin wax as used for passive cooling. Three PV systems were compared in terms of performance: a conventional PV system, a PVT system using paraffin wax as a PCM (PVT/PCM), and a PVT system with 2.0 wt % of Al2O3 and ZnO in PCM (PVT/HNPCM). Upon investigation, the PVT/HNPCM system under outdoor environmental condition shows that the inclusion of different nanoparticles in PCM led to improvements in thermal and overall efficiency of 17.32 % and 13.82 % compared to PVT/PCM, respectively. This results in increase of electrical efficiency of 34.84 % when compared to conventional PV panel and incremental peak exergy efficiency of 36.47 %. Besides, for PVT/HNPCM, cost of electricity production ($/kWh) is almost 16.67 % less than the conventional PV configuration and the payback time is about 2.1 years on the overall exergy basis. Additionally, PVT/HNPCM system exhibits the long-term life cycle conversion efficiency compared to conventional PV panel and maximum sustainability index of 1.21 has been also found. Finally, the conclusion can be drawn positively for PVT/HNPCM as the most effective system from the exergy efficiency, exergy cost, and CO2 avoidance rates point of view.

Energy, exergy, economic, exergoeconomic, exergoenvironment, and enviroeconomic (6E) analysis of solar stills—A critical review

AbstractDrinking water is a crucial need for human survival and solar stills (SSs) have emerged as a cost‐effective solution to meet this need from an economic point of view. In this work, the working of various SSs, their productivity factors, and various devices that can be integrated to improve their efficiency have been studied. The conversion of saline water into freshwater water using SSs has the potential to address the issue of drinking water. This study highlights the importance of SSs as a viable and sustainable solution for drinking water access. On the basis of various parameters correlating to the performance of the SSs, energy, exergy, economics, exergoeconomics, exergoenvironment, and enviroeconomics analysis has been analyzed in this study. To improve the performance and sustainability of SSs, various combinations were studied. These combinations include SSs with different nanoparticle coatings, phase‐change materials, photovoltaic modules, external condensers, wick materials, and reflectors. It is concluded that a comprehensive framework that integrates thermodynamic, economic, and environmental criteria can guide the development of more efficient and sustainable SS technologies.

Economic, Enviroeconomic Analysis Of Active Solar Still Using Al2O3 Nanoparticles

The water scarcity is primary need of analysis. The current study analyses the Economic and Enviro-economic of an N-identical (N-PVTCPC) collector double slope solar desalination units (DS-DU) with a heat exchanger (HE) using water based Al2O3 nanoparticles. An analytical program fed into MATLAB, and the analysis was monitored on an annual basis New Delhi, India. The Indian Metrological Department in Pune, India provided the input data necessary for the mathematical procedure. Considering the energy production of the winter and summer, the average yearly energy production will be calculated. The system performance has been analyzed based on Economic and Enviro-economic. In an economic analysis was performed for 15 years has found for cost of water 1.25, 1.51, and 1.79₹/kg respectively, Enviro-economic analysis for life span of 15, 20, and 30 years have found CO2 mitigation/ton 40.85, 57.46, and 90.67 kg/ton respectively and carbon credit earned 204.26, 287.30, and 453.36 ($) respectively. The proposed system has foundenergy, yield, and productivity 7.31%, 8.5%, and 5.17% greater respectively. Therefore overall the proposed system found better to previous system.

Innovative design of a dome-shaped solar distiller enhanced with a multi-tray conical absorber basin and fountain feeding supply: Experimental study with energy, exergy, and enviro-economic analyses

Augmentation of the condensation cover area of the distiller by using a newly dome-shaped solar distiller could be a low-cost and effective approach for maximization of the distillate product of conventional solar stills. This work aims to evolve an innovative design of a solar distiller that can achieve the highest performance improvement. A novel dome-shaped solar distiller with a multi-tray conical absorber basin and fountain feeding supply is introduced in this study to augment the vaporization rates within the distillation basin and thus augment the freshwater product. Two dome-shaped solar distillers are designed and examined: a modified dome-shaped solar distiller (MDSSD) and a traditional dome-shaped solar distiller (TDSSD), which act as a reference. The energetic, exergetic, and economical analyses of the two stills are conducted regarding freshwater production rate, daily energic and exergic efficiencies, and distillation product cost. The daily freshwater production reached 9.27 kg/m2/d for the MDSSD and 5.57 kg/m2/d for the TDSSD, achieving a 41.0 % enhancement relative to the TDSSD. More so, the daily energic efficiency of MDSSD and TDSSD is evaluated as 69.35 % and 49.30 %, achieving an increase rate of 40.65 % over TDSSD. The daily exergic efficiency of MDSSD and TDSSD reached 6.62 % and 3.40 %, representing an improvement rate of 94.70 %, respectively. Additionally, the findings of cost analysis show that the distilled water cost is appreciated as 0.05073 $/kg and 0.05418 $/kg for MDSSD and TDSSD, respectively. Hence, the MDSSD had a lower distilled product cost than TDSSD by 6.40 %.

Energy and enviro-economic analysis of a solar air heater with wedge turbulators.

Solar air heaters (SAH) convert solar energy to thermal energy for food processing industries and commercial space heating applications, as solar energy is cost-free. In this experimental study, the thermal performance of the solar air heater has been successively improved using different roughness elements over the absorber. The triangle-shaped wedges in three structures (inline, serpentine, and clustered structure) are investigated in this work. Thermal performance comparison is made with a SAH with a plain absorber. A maximum air temperature rise of 19°C is observed for the SAH with wedges in a clustered structure. The absorber surface temperature for clustered structured roughness elements is 76.8°C with an average heat loss coefficient of 4.43 W/m2·K. The useful heat absorption using clustered structure wedges is 33%, 17.9%, and 6.6% higher than the SAH with plain, inline, and serpentine structured wedges. SAH's maximum thermal and exergy efficiency with clustered structured elements is 70.4% and 1.64%. The average thermal efficiency of inline, serpentine, and clustered arrangement is 13.3%, 25.3%, and 35.6% higher than the SAH with a plain absorber. The proposed SAH design shows a sustainability index 1.01, and lower payback periods show economic and environmental viability.

Energy, Exergy, Economic, Environmental, Exergoenvironmental, Exergoeconomic, and Enviroeconomic Analysis of Photovoltaic/Thermal System with Double‐Fan Arrangement for Effective Condensation and Evaporation: An Experimental Approach

Water is one of the basic needs for all living and nonliving things. It is important to sustain the available water resources effectively for future generations. A lot of studies are employed already to improve the performance of solar desalination systems rather than conventional methods. Subsequently, an experimental approach is proposed with energy, exergy, economic, environmental, exergoenvironmental, exergoeconomic, and enviroeconomic performance of photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) solar distillation system using two methods to enhance the fresh water yield production at feasible cost. First is the conventional solar still (CSS) with PV and second is PV with double fan solar still (DFSS) with optimized running time of the double fan, which increases the productivity of the solar distillation system. The results show that average daily energy and exergy efficiency of the system improve with DFSS (19.98%, 1.36%) than CSS (11.74%, 0.36%). The daily yield productivity of CSS is 1.618 L m−2 and is increased as 2.482 L m−2 with DFSS. Average cost of water yield production is also reduced with DFSS and estimated as 0.018$, 0.016$, and 0.015$ for the lifetime of 15, 20, and 30 years for CSS and 0.014, 0.013, and 0.012$ for DFSS. Overall, the proposed methodology shows promising results than the conventional approach.