Entry Stations Research Articles

Expressway Exit Station Short-Term Traffic Flow Prediction With Split Traffic Flows According Originating Entry Stations

As an essential component of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), short-term traffic flow prediction is a key step to anticipate traffic congestion. Due to the availability of massive traffic data, data-driven methods with a variety of features have been applied widely to improve the traffic flow prediction. China has the longest total length of expressways in the world and there is significant information recorded when vehicles enter and exit the expressway. In this paper, we collect data at an expressway exit station in Shanghai, split the data according to its originating entry stations and predict the corresponding exit station traffic flow using the multi split traffic flows. First, the original records are collected, preprocessed, split, aggregated and normalized. Second, the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model is applied to learn from the features of the overall flow and split traffic flows to predict the overall exit flow. The baselines are models which only overall flow information is considered. Compared with the baselines, in other models, the split flows according entry stations are also considered for prediction. Finally, the LSTM model is made comparison with the Convolutional LSTM(ConvLSTM), the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) model and the Support Vector Regression (SVR) model. When the information of overall flow and 6 split traffic flows is used and step is set to 11 (with 5 minute aggregation), the model prediction performs best. Compared with the best result of LSTM baseline model, the improvement of prediction accuracy is up to 5.48 percent by Mean Absolute Error (MAE).

Expressway Exit Traffic Flow Prediction for ETC and MTC Charging System Based on Entry Traffic Flows and LSTM Model

The Expressway (controlled-access highways) of China is the longest in the world and plays an important role in people’s daily life. Accurate short-term traffic prediction is essential for travel schedule and active traffic management. There are two coexisting charging systems for expressway in China, Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) and Manual Toll Collection (MTC), which have different passing capacity and variation pattern. In this work, we demonstrate that the exit traffic flow prediction at Shanghai Xinqiao toll station using entry traffic flows from multiple close-related stations with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model. Based on the origin-destination (OD) traffic data of a month, we present a new method to predict the exit station’s traffic flow in the future 5 minutes. After deleting abnormal data, we select 12 of the 109 entry toll stations for the experiment. The traffic flow of these 12 entry stations account for 86% of the total exit traffic flow. This method uses the spatial-temporal matrix to deal with different three scenes that are ETC and MTC charging systems individually, the mix of ETC and MTC. We use the LSTM model with various lengths of flow sequence and amounts of hidden layer neurons for three different scenes. Lastly, we validate our model and carefully select the hyperparameters for better prediction accuracy by three evaluation metrics. The experimental results demonstrate that predicting the ETC is the best in the three scenes.

The impacts of shared autonomous vehicles on car parking space

It is anticipated that Shared Autonomous Vehicles (SAV) may revolutionise the way people travel as it may lead to less ownership of vehicles and a gradual increase in demand responsive mobility. These vehicles are likely to able to park far away from popular destinations after they drop off their clients. It is, therefore, capable of releasing parking spaces around central business districts while cutting down parking search time and cost. But the magnitude at which these spaces will be released in relation to SAV fleet size is not currently known. This work therefore seeks to understand this relationship using the University of the West of England, Frenchay campus characterised by 23 carparks of varying size – as a case study – to quantitatively understand these impacts. This was done by simulating 2181 parking slot within the campus; motor traffic (SAVs and non-SAVs); and the route networks from the 3 entry stations – East, North and Longmead entrances – to each parking slot. Carpark preference data was obtained and analysed. It formed the context on which drivers choose a parking space within the system. These data alongside with the graphical features of the Frenchay campus were imported into ARENA simulation toolkit: a discrete event-based simulation software. Results indicated the obvious that as SAV fleet size increases, spaces released also increases but in addition, individual carpark reacted dynamically in response to the demand on neighbouring carparks. It also showed that there is currently an excess of parking supply compared to the number of vehicles entering the campus daily. It further discusses the potential of multiple occupancy SAVs to further release all parking spaces on the Frenchay campus. The work concludes with the potentials for this research to be extended to a citywide approach with a special interest in the ability for SAV to release kerb parking spaces.

GRP-147 Pre-Post Study of Interruptions in a Pharmacy Department

BackgroundInterruptions are a major concern in hospital pharmacy settings, given the nature and the requirements of the work such as sustained focused attention, validating prescriptions and performing complex processes. Interruptions...

Security at What Cost? A Comparative Evaluation of Increased Court Security

This article presents results from a pilot case study comparing the effects of court security in two modern and highly respected metropolitan county court systems. Although federal and state courts have paid increasing attention to security in their buildings and operations, little formal evaluation has been conducted of the effects of heightened security on court operations or court users, including judges, litigants, lawyers, jurors, and the general public. The present research identified four common areas of concern, including inadequate signage and covered waiting areas at courthouse entry stations; disparities between the public's expectations of security measures and the limits of implementation; inconsistent monitoring of security measures; and gaps between heightened public expectations of security and the realities of limited resources to accomplish these tasks. If even these courts presented issues of concern, there are likely additional courts that warrant greater attention to the effects of security.

The effect of PIT tags on growth and physiology of age-0 cultured Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis of variable size

For many biological reasons, it is often necessary to tag and monitor fish from a very early age. However, tagging can adversely affect fish, especially for high tag to body weight ratios. To determine the minimum size for passive integrated transponders (PIT) tagging in juvenile perch Perca fluviatilis, surgical implantation was evaluated in fish ranging from 1.67 to 10.62 g (55–96 mm FL). The survival, gonadal development, and capacity of tagged perch to store abdominal fat was affected neither by the tagging procedure, tag presence, nor tag to body weight ratio. Four months after tagging, no tag had caused internal damage or had been expelled, despite about 95% of them becoming encapsulated by host tissues. Negative effects from tagging were restricted to slower healing rates, and depressed growth of fish with high tag to body weight ratios during the first post-tagging days, which was compensated for by catch-up growth within less than 2 weeks. Surgical PIT tagging can be confidently applied to perch weighing less than 2 g, but the collection of biological data should be delayed by about 2 weeks after tagging. X-ray photographs revealed variable orientations of tags (95% CI: 26°) and slight (ca. 4°) changes of orientation over time. These discrepancies may affect the probability that the tag is detected by automatic data entry stations, and should be compensated for by using smaller antennas (≤87% of maximal antenna size).

A Distributed System for Data collection on a Blast Furnace

This paper describes a data collection system installed at the Number 5 Blast Furnace at Iscor’s Newcastle Works. The paper reviews the operational and investigational requirements leading up to the decision to install the data collection system on an existing plant which already has a computer system installed. The system architecture is described. A powerful mini-computer is the nucleus of the Central System. Three microprocessor-based scanner systems capture real-time process data from existing transducer equipment, and transmit this data to the central system. Two microprocessor-based data entry stations are located in laboratory facilities near the blast furnace. A “workstation” computer provides the resource required for in-depth studies of plant behaviour. The workstation, data entry stations and scanners are all connected to the central system via a single multi-drop serial highway. Software for the system is based on the manufacturer’s standard operating system and network control package. A standard commercial database management system, with its associated enquiry package, is used to provide the historical database facility and many of the standard management reports.

Modeling a new technique for accessing shared buses

Consider a queueing system in which customers (or jobs) arrive to one of Q separate queues to await service from one of S identical servers (Figure 1). Once a job enters a queue it does not leave that queue until it has been selected for service. Any server can serve any job from any queue. A job selected for service cannot be preempted. In this paper we consider jobs to be in a single class; for the multiple class result see [AFSH81a]. We assume once a queue has been selected, job scheduling from that queue is fair. In particular, our results hold for first come first serve as well as random selection [SPIR79] and, for that matter, any fair nonpreemptive scheduling policy within a queue. We assume that arrivals to each queue follow a Poisson process with the mean arrival rate to queue q being λ q . The S identical exponential servers are each processing work at a mean rate of μ. This system is general enough to be adaptable for modeling many different applications. By choosing the policy employed for queue selection by the servers, we can model multiplexers, channels, remote job entry stations, certain types of communication processors embedded in communication networks, and sets of shared buses. In this paper we will use the latter application to discuss a realistic situation. The elements (“jobs”) in the queues are messages to be sent from modules connected to the shared bus of the system. The servers are the buses; their service times are equal to the message transmission times. The queues are in the interface modules connected to and sharing the buses.

A multipurpose nationwide data collection network

A multipurpose nationwide data communication network is proposed, to be based on public-access remote entry stations located at Post Offices and feeding one or more central computers. The network could supply Government agencies with a variety of data, including election returns and referendums; it could also collect data (orders, enquires, etc.) from the public for commercial organizations, accept and transmit telegrams at all hours, and provide a variety of banking services for Postal Bank customers.

Evolution of a computer science program

At Howard University there is an assortment of analog and digital computers, some of which are coupled to form hybrid computing devices. The University's IBM 360/50 is an operating system time sharing or multi-program facility. In addition to time sharing terminals around the campus, there are also remote job entry stations and satelite computers to the IBM 360.