Entry Patterns Research Articles

The stability of the foreign manufacturing sector: Evidence and analysis for Wales 1966–2003

The paper reports on a study of the comparative stability of foreign owned manufacturing firms in Wales, using as a framework the Welsh Register of Manufacturing Employment which records details of regional manufacturing entry and exits since 1966. The paper is set in the context of competing claims on the more transformative effects of inward investment with some stressing that notions of a ‘new regionalism’ in Wales have been unjustly founded on assumptions about the transforming effects of foreign investment. There is also a problem of a paucity of research showing how foreign investment had been involved in evolutionary processes of regional economic change. The paper shows that a more complete appreciation of the role of inward investment needs to consider not only its role in job creation but also the relative stability of the investment and jobs attracted. The paper reveals how analysis of plant birth and deaths also links through to perspectives offered by evolutionary economic geography, and how patterns of entry and exit might work to influence the economic trajectories of a disadvantaged region such as Wales.

Central nervous system disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the commonest childhood malignancy. Despite therapeutic advancements, relapse of the pathological state in the form of central nervous system (CNS) disease remains a challenge. CNS disease appears to be present at diagnosis in at least 40% of patients. This relapse in the form of CNS disease is one of the major hurdles in achieving complete cure. The present review article aims to discuss the important mechanisms of leukemic entry and infiltration patterns of leukemic cells into the CNS. Also, latest updates in the management strategies of ALL will also be focused in the present article.

Entry and Exit Patterns of “Toxic” Firms

AbstractWe pair an establishment‐level dataset from Texas with public information available in the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) to evaluate the standing of dirty industries in Texas census tracts with a focus on environmental justice concerns. The share of nonwhite residents in a tract is positively correlated with the number of TRI‐reporting firms, and an inverse‐U‐shaped relationship characterizes the number of TRI‐reporting firms and a tract's median income. Even after controlling for factor prices and other covariates that might drive firm location decisions, entrants that report to the TRI are more likely to locate in areas with a higher share of nonwhite residents. Firms that report to the TRI are also more likely to enter areas with a low share of college graduates. In contrast, the number of entrants from industries that do not have TRI reporters is negatively related to the percentage of nonwhite residents in a tract. Firms in these non‐reporting industries are also more likely to enter areas with a high share of college graduates. Polluters appear to agglomerate, raising concerns about both chemical releases being concentrated in certain tracts, and also affecting nonwhite‐dense areas disproportionately. The strength of these effects often depend on an urban/rural classification, with rural areas experiencing the most pronounced concerns. Moreover, TRI‐reporting firms are less likely to exit the market relative to their peers that operate in the same industry but do not need to file TRI reports, suggesting that releases may affect a region in the long run.

Anatomy of Entry in a Nascent Phase of Industry: the Ascendant Curve by Technological Traits

This research aims to theoretically identify fine-grained entry patterns in a nascent stage of a technology-intensive industry in evolutionary and problem-solving perspectives on technology. This s...

Navigating the Transition from Higher Education to the Labour Market: A Wake-Up Call for University Students

Abstract Many studies describing the transition from school to work focus on national patterns of labour market entry and in so doing, they often simplify the complex transition processes and job finding requirements involved. Our paper sets out to look at some transition obstacles and paths from higher education to the labour market from the graduates’ point of view as expressed during a recent event held at LBUS. We hold that in Romania the first job upon education is hampered by graduates across all disciplines having no or little work-based experience, thus marking national transition patterns/pathways as less compatible with those in other European countries.

Cyclical Patterns of Business Entry and Exit Dynamics in the US Economy

Cyclical Patterns of Business Entry and Exit Dynamics in the US Economy

Overeducation in the Early Career of Secondary Education Graduates

Based on monthly observations of their employment and overeducation status in the first seven years after leaving education, we use optimal matching sequence analysis to construct a typology of entry patterns of Flemish secondary education graduates. We find that for a significant number of young people, overeducation constitutes a persistent problem, affecting about half of the sample for nearly the full observation period. Investigating the risk factors shows factors, such as, having lower human capital endowments or facing job search constraints enhancing the risk of following disadvantageous trajectories. A lower reservation wage seems to make being persistently overeducated more likely. Yet, starting as ‘overeducated’ does not necessarily lead to being stuck as overeducated in the rest of the career. About 7 per cent of our sample succeeds in entering an adequate position even after being overeducated for a relatively long period.

Road Infrastructure and Enterprise Dynamics in Ethiopia

We analyse the relationship between road infrastructure quality and the location choice and entry size of manufacturing firms in Ethiopia. We use GIS-based panel data on town-level measures of road infrastructure and census-based panel data on firms. Our dataset covers a period of considerable improvements in road infrastructure as a result of major public investments. We find that local infrastructure is important for entry, while more extensive market connectivity is important for the entry of large firms. We conclude that improved infrastructure has been associated with favourable outcomes with respect to entry patterns and firm size in Ethiopia’s manufacturing sector.

Nonsymmetric normal entry patterns with the maximum number of distinct indeterminates

Nonsymmetric normal entry patterns with the maximum number of distinct indeterminates

Market Power, Transactions Costs, and the Entry of Accountable Care Organizations in Health Care

ACOs were promoted in the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) to incentivize integrated care and cost control. Because they involve vertical and horizontal collaboration, ACOs also have the potential to harm competition. In this paper, we analyze ACO entry and formation patterns with the use of a unique, proprietary database that includes public (Medicare) and private ACOs. We estimate an empirical model that explains county-level ACO entry as a function of: physician, hospital, and insurance market structure; demographics; and other economic and regulatory factors. We find that physician concentration by organization has little effect. In contrast, physician concentration by geographic site—which is a new measure of locational concentration of physicians—discourages ACO entry. Hospital concentration generally has a negative effect. HMO penetration is a strong predictor of ACO entry, while physician-hospital organizations have little effect. Small markets discourage entry, which suggests economies of scale for ACOs. Predictors of public and private ACO entry are different. State regulations of nursing and the corporate practice of medicine have little effect.

Trends in child labor and the impact on health in adulthood in Brazil from 1998 to 2008.

There is little evidence in Brazil on the impact of child labor on health status in adulthood. This study aimed to investigate trends in child labor in Brazil and estimate the long-term effects of child labor on the health of Brazilian adults, using nationally representative databases (Brazilian National Household Sample Survey) from three different years (1998, 2003, and 2008). The models were based on a two-stage linear equation and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The results suggest that child labor has declined in Brazil, although the data still show patterns of early entry into the country's labor market. Regardless of the type of work, child labor adversely affected health outcomes in adulthood, both directly (impacts on health outcomes) and indirectly (losses in educational attainment). Child labor places a long-term burden on Brazilians, jeopardizing the formation of human capital through negative impacts on health outcomes in adulthood.

Entry and exit of manufacturing plants over the business cycle

Entry and exit of manufacturing plants over the business cycle

Quantitative assessment of patellar vascularity following bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft harvest for ACL reconstruction.

Recent anatomic studies have suggested that the dominant arterial supply of the patella enters through the inferior pole. Based upon these findings, we hypothesized that bone-patellar tendon-bone graft harvest can significantly diminish patellar vascularity. Nine matched pair cadaveric knee specimens (mean age 47.4years) were dissected and cannulated. A single knee was selected to undergo routine graft harvest, and the contralateral knee was left intact to serve as a control. Gadolinium was injected, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal enhancement was quantified to determine differences in uptake. Each matched pair was subsequently injected with a urethane polymer compound and dissected to correlate vessel disruption with MRI findings. We identified two predominating patterns of vessel entry. In one pattern, the vessel entered the inferomedial aspect (five o'clock/right, seven o'clock/left) of the patella and was disrupted by graft harvest in 2/9 (22.2%) pairs. In the second pattern, the vessel entered further medial (four o'clock/right, eight o'clock/left) and was not disrupted (7/9, 78.8%). The mean decrease in gadolinium uptake following disruption of the predominant vessel measured 56.2% (range 42.6-69.5%) compared to an average decrease of 18.3% (range 7.1-29.1%) when the dominant arterial supply to the inferior pole remained intact (p<0.04). Medial entry of the predominant vessel precluded vessel disruption. Disruption of the dominant arterial supply can result in a significant decrease in patellar vascularity. Modification of graft harvest techniques and areas of surgical dissection should be explored to minimize vascular insult. Further correlation with clinical studies/outcomes is necessary to determine a potential association between vascular insult and anterior knee pain.

Knocking on the door to the teaching profession? Modeling the entry of prospective teachers into the workforce

Knocking on the door to the teaching profession? Modeling the entry of prospective teachers into the workforce

What makes a successful undergraduate? The relationship between student characteristics, degree subject and academic success at university

This paper contributes to the empirical evidence on participation and attainment in higher education by reviewing the patterns of entry and success of undergraduate students. It examines the characteristics of entrants to different subjects and considers the role that subject studied plays in determining the likelihood of graduating with a ‘good’ degree. The data used were drawn from the administrative records of over 38,000 UK‐domiciled undergraduate students from one ‘elite’ British university. Despite considerable between‐subject variation in degree outcomes, multivariate analysis of the relationship between students’ social and academic characteristics and achievement at university revealed that once social background and prior attainment had been controlled for, the subject students studied added little explanatory power to models predicting final degree classifications. Differences in degree outcome were most strongly related to attainment on entry to higher education, sex and ethnicity. In contrast with attainment during the earlier phases of education, the relationship with occupational class was relatively weak. Disparities between the proportion of higher level classifications awarded in different subjects can be largely explained by the background characteristics of the students who choose (and are accepted) to study on these degrees. This finding has particular implications for policies aimed at increasing both the number and quality of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) graduates in what is often argued to be a ‘shortage’ or ‘priority’ area.

Broadband prices in the European Union: Competition and commercial strategies

Broadband prices in the European Union: Competition and commercial strategies

Discrete games with flexible information structures: an application to local grocery markets

Game‐theoretic models are frequently employed to study strategic interaction between agents. Empirical research has focused on estimating payoff functions while maintaining strong assumptions regarding the information structure of the game. I show how to relax informational assumptions to enhance the credibility of empirical analysis in discrete games. I apply the method to data on the entry and exit patterns of grocery stores. The model provides useful bounds on equilibrium outcomes. In addition, the empirical analysis indicates that more restrictive informational assumptions can generate qualitatively misleading counterfactual outcomes.

‘A (Sensitive New Age Guy) with difference’

This paper explores the representations of gender identities in the discourse of 200 online personal advertisements by Malaysian men and women. Using a combination of discourse analytical tools and corpus linguistic techniques this study demonstrates the construal of identity as a complex interaction of identity categorization and attitudinal resources. I-statements and nominal groups (Halliday, 1994; Halliday and Mattheissen, 2004) form my points of entry and linguistic patterns are semantically classified according to attitude (Martin and White, 2005) and Social Actor categorization (Van Leeuwen, 1996, 2008). General patterns construing typical and atypical representations of gender identities were observed by comparing the types of structure, semantics and collocates the data revealed. Results showed that advertisers appear to orient to what is expected in the context of courtship initiation in this particular genre, and are found to produce socially specific verbal practices that correspond to what is sought by men and women in general – e.g. ‘the slim and attractive woman’ and ‘the successful man’. Additionally, findings are also found to challenge hegemonic gender practices, construing counter-stereotypes such as ‘the sensitive man’. More significant however, is the construal of a Malaysian identity type – i.e. ‘the simple person’ – that cuts across gender lines.

Relative worth of a bachelor degree

This article considers the implications of sequential segmentation in the tertiary education set-up for stratification of labour market outcomes among university drop-outs and graduates. Building on signalling, queuing, credentialist and human capital framework, we articulate theoretical expectations about labour market entry patterns for tertiary education graduates and drop-outs emerging from two distinct types of tertiary education institutional set-up: integrated (diploma) and sequential (bachelor-master) systems. In particular, we explore whether bachelor graduates from sequentially organized systems perform substantially better in the labour market compared to drop-outs from integrated systems who have completed a comparable amount of coursework. Empirically, we rely on two recent surveys pertaining to tertiary education leavers from the Ukrainian sequential system and the Croatian integrated system. Our results indicate that, with regard to the patterns of higher-status job entry, diploma and master degree holders enjoy the most substantial advantages of quicker job entry in both countries. However, bachelor graduates from the Ukrainian sequential tertiary education system clearly have an advantage over those who dropped out, whereas in the Croatian integrated tertiary education system we observe no differences in access to salariat jobs among drop-outs, regardless of amount of coursework they have completed. Selectivity is unlikely to explain observed differences in outcomes, as both countries demonstrate very similar patterns of selection into and through academic tertiary education.

The Influence of Regulation and Disruptive Potential on Incumbents' Submarket Entry Decision and Success in the Context of a Network Industry

This paper uses the theoretical perspectives of disruptive innovation, network externalities, and regulation to study the submarket strategies of incumbent firms that operate in a regulated network industry. In this setting, the impact of potentially disruptive innovations might be different because of the tighter regulation of incumbent firms. By analyzing the entry and success patterns of incumbent mobile network operators (MNOs) in the public hotspot markets in 17 Western European countries, we focus on how regulation and network effects as well as disruption factors influence the incumbent firms' strategies. In doing so, this paper departs from prior research that has primarily focused on unregulated industries and combines contradicting explanations from disruptive innovation theory, the motivation/ability framework, regulation theory, as well as network effects to provide a comprehensive analysis on how incumbents behave in a regulated network industry that is being confronted with a potentially disruptive innovation. In particular, while disruptive innovation theory predicts that the incumbents' vast experience in an industry could cause them to avoid entering new submarkets created by potentially disruptive innovations, the desire to avoid regulation could encourage such submarket entry. Furthermore, in regulated network industries, incumbent firms might have a stronger motivation to enter new submarkets as the importance of single customers and high market shares could be substantially different. These contrasting insights are used to develop an integrative research model and to derive hypotheses on incumbents' submarket entry decision and success. Drawing on cross‐sectional, multicountry data of 62 MNOs that operate in 17 Western European countries, this study uses logit and tobit regressions to test the impact of disruption factors, regulation, and network externalities on the entry decision and success of incumbent firms. The results reveal that the incumbent MNOs are caught in an area of conflict between the regulated industry context and their international technology strategy. The findings suggest that the incumbent MNOs' motivation and ability to escape regulation positively influenced their submarket entry and success in the public hotspot market. Thus, the potentially disruptive scenario was successfully turned into a potentially sustaining one as the incumbent MNOs could enhance their presence in the mobile broadband market. The testing on a multicountry basis as well as the positive influence of ethnocentric technology strategies for public hotspots, which are devised in the headquarters' location and are then brought out internationally, shed new light on an industry that has typically been characterized by country‐by‐country decisions. These findings may also reveal challenges for future research on disruptive innovations in multinational industries and expose future challenges for regulative authorities and managers. This paper thereby adds to the theory of disruptive innovation as it includes the influence of regulation on incumbents in network industries. Additionally, this study expands on previous findings on the disruptive potential of wireless local area network technology by employing a multi‐country analysis in 17 Western European countries.