Order Of Entry Research Articles

A new perspective on risk factors for progressive liver fibrosis in patients with HIV, HBV, HCV superinfection

Topicality. One of the risk factors for the progression of the fibrotic process in the liver in triple superinfection with HIV/HBV/HCV may be the order of entry of viral pathogens into the human body, as well as the time interval between the entry of different pathogens. The aim of the study was to assess the effect on the course of liver fibrosis in HIV/HBV/HCV superinfection of the sequence of pathogens entering the human body and the time between superinfection.Materials and methods. 97 people with a verified diagnosis of HIV/HBV/HCV superinfection were subjected to a retrospective analysis depending on the timing of pathogen intake, the severity of liver fibrosis and antiviral therapy. Among the examined, 80% were men. The age category of 18-44 years included 84% and the remaining patients were in the category of 45–49 years. All patients received antiviral therapy. Liver fibrosis was assessed using dynamic liver elastography.Outcomes. The most favorable from the point of view of the progression of liver fibrosis was the primary HIV infection with an interval of 1–5 years between infection with hepatitis B and C viruses. The predominance of the progressive course of the fibrotic process in the liver occurred in cases where the first pathogen was HBV, and the interval between superinfection with another virus (HIV, HCV) exceeded 10 years. In cases not included in this category of patients, a HCV viral load above 1,700,000 copies/ml may be a risk factor for triple superinfection.Findings. 1. In HIV/HBV/HCV superinfection, a high risk of progressive liver fibrosis is associated with situations when: the first superinfecting pathogen is HIV at an interval of 1–5 years before superinfection with hepatitis B and/or C viruses; the first superinfecting pathogen is HBV with an interval of more than 10 years prior to HIV and/or HCV superinfection. 2. In HIV/HBV/HCV superinfection, in the absence of a priority for superinfection, a HCV viral load of more than 1700000 copies/ml may be a risk factor for advanced liver fibrosis. A rational regimen for antiretroviral therapy in triple superinfection with HIV/HBV/HCV is a combination of nucleotide inhibitors of HIV and HBV reverse transcriptase and HIV protease inhibitors.

Patient’s willingness to pay for improved community health insurance in Tanzania

Globally, achieving universal health coverage remains significant challenge. Health insurance coverage in low- and middle-income countries is still low with only a few African countries managed to reach 50% coverage. This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing patients’ willingness to pay (WTP) for medication and various versions of the improved Community Health Insurance Fund (iCHF) in Tanzania. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in all hospitals, health centres, and eight randomly sampled dispensaries, sampling participant from the queue, one out of every three patient based on their order of entry into consultation room, and interviewed 1,748 patients in Kilombero and Same districts in Tanzania. We used multi-stage Contingent Valuation Methods exploring data collected during client exit interviews. We employed a random utility model and estimated WTP through an ordered logit model. The independent variables were; patient’s gender, age, marital status, education, employment status, Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) status, health insurance status, and the type of healthcare facility level. Our findings revealed that most patients exhibited a WTP of an amount equivalent to the current iCHF premiums and would also be willing to pay for an augmented iCHF premium inclusive of additional medication coverage. Upon adjusting for demographic characteristics, we observed that patients enrolled in an insurance program or benefiting from user fee waivers demonstrated a lower WTP for medication, while those with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and seeking care in private facilities exhibited a higher WTP. Furthermore, patients with a secondary education level or above generally displayed higher WTP for premiums. Conversely, patients enrolled in private insurance and availing user fee waivers, along with those accessing care in public facilities, demonstrated a lowered WTP for iCHF premiums. These results highlight the need for targeted interventions to address systemic deficiencies and improve access to medicines. Our conclusions is that policies considering NCD status, education levels and income status are important when designing health insurance schemes for the informal sector in Tanzania, with the goal of increasing uptake of CHF.

A Prospective Randomized Control Trial of Lingual Frenuloplasty with Myofunctional Therapy in Patients with Maxillofacial Deformity in a Polish Cohort.

Introduction: There are few publications concerning ankyloglossia in mixed-aged groups utilizing myofunctional therapy and frenuloplasty in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment and maxillofacial surgery. While it is well known that ankyloglossia is mainly diagnosed in babies, research on functional and structural disorders in different age groups is less common. Thus, there is a high need for specific information about the influence and effectiveness of frenuloplasty with myofunctional therapy on the stomatognathic function and final treatment outcome for a wider variety of patients, especially those with maxillofacial deformities. Aim: This paper aims to evaluate the impact of lingual frenuloplasty as an adjunct to myofunctional therapy for the treatment of ankyloglossia in children and adults with maxillofacial deformity. Methods: Prospective randomized control trial with 155 subjects. Methods were based on visual observation and examination of the oral cavity. There were two groups: myofunctional therapy vs. myofunctional therapy and lingual frenuloplasty. Patients were randomized based on order of entry into the study. χ2 test, Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA, Student's t-test and others were used for statistical analyses. Results: The presented protocol with myofunctional therapy and surgical procedures proved to be significantly more effective in improving tongue mobility and stomatognathic functions such as swallowing, breathing, and oral resting postures as compared to the reference group who underwent myofunctional therapy only. Conclusions: Lingual frenuloplasty with myofunctional therapy is highly effective in restoring the equilibrium of the orofacial muscles and the skeleton, which is often disturbed and may lead to unstable functional effects among patients considering orthodontic and orthognathic treatments for maxillofacial deformities.

The timing and location of entry in growing markets: subgame perfection at work

AbstractWe develop and analyze a dynamic model in which firms decide when and where to enter a growing market. We do not pre‐specify the order of entry, allowing instead for the leader and follower to be determined endogenously. We characterize the subgame perfect equilibria of the dynamic game and show the times and locations of entry are governed by the threat of preemption, which leads to premature entry, less extreme locations, and the dissipation of rents. Using data on gas stations, restaurants, and hotels in isolated markets, we find results consistent with subgame perfection for gas stations and three‐star hotels.

Neurological Diagnosis: Artificial Intelligence Compared With Diagnostic Generator.

Artificial intelligence has recently become available for widespread use in medicine, including the interpretation of digitized information, big data for tracking disease trends and patterns, and clinical diagnosis. Comparative studies and expert opinion support the validity of imaging and data analysis, yet similar validation is lacking in clinical diagnosis. Artificial intelligence programs are here compared with a diagnostic generator program in clinical neurology. Using 4 nonrandomly selected case records from New England Journal of Medicine clinicopathologic conferences from 2017 to 2022, 2 artificial intelligence programs (ChatGPT-4 and GLASS AI) were compared with a neurological diagnostic generator program (NeurologicDx.com) for diagnostic capability and accuracy and source authentication. Compared with NeurologicDx.com, the 2 AI programs showed results varying with order of key term entry and with repeat querying. The diagnostic generator yielded more differential diagnostic entities, with correct diagnoses in 4 of 4 test cases versus 0 of 4 for ChatGPT-4 and 1 of 4 for GLASS AI, respectively, and with authentication of diagnostic entities compared with the AI programs. The diagnostic generator NeurologicDx yielded a more robust and reproducible differential diagnostic list with higher diagnostic accuracy and associated authentication compared with artificial intelligence programs.

The Influence of Market Entry Strategies on the Success of Digital Service Innovations in the Mobility Sector

The phenomenon of servitization paired with digitalization has resulted in an emerging research stream referred to as digital service innovation (DSI). DSI has attracted much interest in academia and industry, given its increasing economic importance. However, extant innovation research still exhibits a strong product innovation focus and limited attention to the end of the innovation process, especially the determinants of innovation success. We investigate the role of market entry strategies for DSI success in digital service and platform settings. Drawing on a novel sample of 325 DSIs in the mobility sector, we examine the role of three types of market entry strategies, that is, market entry order, brand extensions, and home country advantage on the success of the DSI. The results indicate that early market entry and individual brands rather than extensions of existing brands are relevant determinants of DSI success, and that this impact depends on the level of business model innovativeness and competitive intensity. By examining the uniqueness of market entry strategies for DSI success, this paper adds novel insights for DSI and their success factors to the digital and service innovation literature. In doing so, we also suggest essential strategies that help practitioners advance DSI performance.

Features of liver fibrosis course in co-infections with human immunodeficiency virus 
 and hepatitis B or C viruses

Aim effect assessment of the order and timing in HIV/HCV and HIV/HBV co-infections, as well as the antiretroviral therapy regimen on the progression of fibrotic changes in the liver.
 Material and methods. The object of the retrospective-prospective clinical study were 204 HIV/HCV co-infected patients, and 30 HIV/HBV co-infected patients, divided into groups according to the type of viral pathogen that first entered the patient's body. The criterion for assessing the condition of patients was the nature of the course of the fibrous process in the liver (progressive, stable, regressing) according to the annual transient ultrasound elastography of the liver.
 Results. It was found that the order of pathogens entry significantly affects the progression of liver fibrosis, while the least favorable situation arose if the first pathogen was HIV, and the interval between the entry of viral pathogens into the patient's body was at least 5 years. The degree of progression of the fibrotic process was also influenced by the combination of different mechanisms drugs for antiretroviral therapy.
 Conclusion. The risk of progressive liver fibrosis in HIV/HCV co-infection patients is associated with a situation where the first infecting pathogen is HIV, and an interval between coinfections is more than 5 years, and the most optimal antiretroviral therapy regimen is a combination of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with integrase inhibitors. In HIV/HBV co-infection, the risk group for progressive liver fibrosis includes patients in whom the first pathogen is HIV, and an interval between coinfections is 5-10 years, as well as if the first pathogen was HBV with an interval between the ingestion of infectious agents for more than 10 years; the most optimal regimen of antiretroviral therapy is a combination of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, which also have anti-HBV activity, with protease inhibitors.

The Impact of Technological Turbulence on SMEs Business Model Innovation Performance: The Contingent Role of Entry Order

In this study, we investigate how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) engage in business model innovation in response to technology shifts, and the ensuing impact of this innovation on performance. Using structural equation modeling, we analyze data from a survey of 1328 European SMEs and find that technological turbulence affects the scope and novelty of business model innovation, and that these dimensions of innovation in turn affect firm performance. We show that these relationships are doubly contingent: both SME size (micro, small, or medium) and time since market entry are relevant. Early entrant firms are more responsive to technological turbulence through both dimensions of business model innovation, as the learning accruing in these SMEs since market entry motivates and informs business model innovation. There are meaningful differences in these relationships for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises. Our findings advance the theoretical understanding of the relationships between technology, entry order, business model innovation, and performance and also serve to inform managers’ estimations of the implications of technology turbulence and business model innovation for performance.

External labor migration in modern Russia: socio-legal and criminological contexts

In modern Russia, criminological and sociological problems of external labor migration are relevant and topical, and primarily associated with large-scale uncontrolled and illegal migration, as well as with the ongoing criminalization of the sphere of migration relations. The problems accumulated in the migration area pose a significant threat to the national security of our country. The author has made an attempt to identify social hotbeds and determinants of the criminalization of migration processes and to formulate special measures and means aimed at decriminalizing the sphere of migration relations and reducing the level of illegal migration in Russia. The aim was to consider the current processes in the field of external labor migration in the Russian Federation and specific tasks to identify the main problems in this area in the socio-legal and criminological context and to propose effective ways to solve them, which are characterized by novelty and originality both in practical and theoretical terms. The research was carried out on the basis of empirical methods of cognition (conversations, in-depth interviews, sociological survey), as well as general scientific and interdisciplinary methods of cognition (comparative legal, formal legal and structural-functional). The key idea of this publication is that the scale and level of criminological and sociological problems in the field of external labor migration require development and adoption of a codified regulatory legal act — Migration Code of the Russian Federation, which would prescribe in detail and enshrine legal status, order of entry and stay, duties and rights of external migrants in Russia. Due to the special criminological and social significance of the processes of social adaptation, acculturation and integration of external labor migrants, the author of the publication proposes to develop and adopt a Federal Law «On social and cultural adaptation and integration of external labor migrants in the Russian Federation» with detailed regulation of appropriate measures, procedures and mechanisms.

Effects of perceived spiritual management, work engagement, and organizational commitment on job satisfaction among clinical nurses: the mediating role of perceived spiritual management

BackgroundSpirituality in the workplace has a positive impact on organizations. It strengthens employees’ well-being and their quality of life. It also gives work a sense of purpose and meaning and creates a sense of interconnectedness.MethodsThis study is a descriptive cross-sectional survey which intends to determine how job satisfaction is impacted by spiritual management, work engagement, and organizational commitment from the perspective of clinical nurses. Responses to self-administered questionnaires were collected from 230 hospital nurses in South Korea from July to August, 2022.ResultsJob satisfaction was positively correlated with perceived spiritual management (r = .662), job commitment (r = .514), and organizational commitment (r = .587). Perceived spiritual management had the highest correlation with job satisfaction, followed by organizational commitment and job commitment. To determine the effect of these factors on clinical nurses’ job satisfaction, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis-in other words, a method that controls the entry order of a series of independent variables-was conducted. Model 4 ultimately explained 58.4% of job satisfaction (R2 = 0.584; F = 44.563; p < .001), with an additional 2.5 explained variance. Among the control variables in Model 4, only marital status (β = 0.173) was positively significant; perceived spiritual management (β = 0.388), work engagement (β = 0.208) and organizational commitment (β = 0.225) were all found to have significant positive effects on job satisfaction. The mediation analysis showed that perceived spiritual management had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between work engagement, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction.ConclusionThe results of this study confirm that job satisfaction for nurses requires not only individual predispositions, but also active changes in management strategies, such as spirituality management at the hospital’s organizational level.

Market Segment, Organizational Form, and Information Technology Fit

Several literatures in strategy propose models of the displacement of incumbent firms by newer firms that adopt newer technologies. Although that pattern likely plays out often, it is also often the case that incumbents adopt new technologies less intensively than entrants and yet, are not displaced; the new and old firms coexist. We propose one explanation built on the fundamental notion in strategy of the importance of fit between activity system components. We combine three existing models from strategy in a way that allows us to generate novel predictions. When corroborated, these predictions suggest that the patterns we observe are likely the result of issues of multidimensional fit and cannot be explained by a simpler model. One model predicts that market segment choice is a function of the order of entry. A second suggests that organizational form must fit with market segment choice, and a third suggests that information technology adoption returns depend on organizational form. Jointly, these models produce a chain of logic explaining why early entrants might be less likely to adopt information technology. The combined model also yields a novel prediction about when we expect this pattern to emerge. Specifically, in settings without a sufficiently large scope for product customization or the possibility of variation in organizational form, we predict that the relationship between entry order and technology adoption is attenuated. We find patterns consistent with our predictions using rich employer-employee linked administrative data from Portugal. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/stsc.2022.0071 .

Order of patient entry and outcomes in phase II clinical trials: A meta-analysis of individual patient data

BackgroundPrior meta-analysis of stem-cell transplantation trials for renal-cell carcinoma observed that clinical outcomes vary by subjects' order of entry, specifically their quartile of accrual. We test this hypothesis using meta-analysis of individual patient data from diverse Phase II trials conducted by an oncology consortium. MethodsEligible were all Phase II trials in hematologic or solid tumors opened and closed by California Cancer Consortium during 2005–2020. Excluded were trials closed in first quartile or currently embargoed pending publication and subjects ineligible per protocol or untreated on study. The primary risk factor was entry by quartile of planned sample size. As a cross-protocol endpoint, primary outcome was time to discontinuation of intervention. One-stage meta-analysis used a shared frailty model with trial as random effect. As covariates, stepwise selection retained tumor type, obesity, their interaction, calendar year, entry at least 3 years post-diagnosis, and performance status but rejected age, sex, randomized design, and class of drug. ResultsTwenty trials (including 8 terminated early, 2 not published) included n = 923 subjects. Most (90.6%) subjects discontinued intervention, usually for disease progression or toxicity. Independently of covariates, risk of discontinuation increased (p < 0.0001) with each quartile of entry (Hazards Ratio 1.13, 95% CI 1.06–1.22), culminating at Quartile 4 (HR 1.46, 1.36–1.57). The 95% prediction interval for the Hazards Ratio in future trials was (1.04–1.24). Progression-free survival similarly worsened by quartile of entry. ConclusionIn Phase II trials, clinical outcome worsens with quartile of entry. This finding merits independent replication, and the cause of this phenomenon merits investigation.

International product rollout strategies and performance: the moderating effects of product innovativeness, order of entry and firm size

International product rollout strategies and performance: the moderating effects of product innovativeness, order of entry and firm size

Brand approaches to diversity: a typology and research agenda

PurposeDespite increased emphasis on diversity marketing, much remains unknown about how brands should approach diversity. This paper aims to understand what constitutes a brand’s approach to diversity (BATD), establish a categorisation of such approaches, outline the effects on audience connectedness and establish a future research agenda.Design/methodology/approachThis conceptual paper draws on critical theory and practical exemplars to present a conceptualisation of BATD.FindingsUsing two determinants, depth of diversity integration and order of entry, it is possible to categorise BATD into four types: transformative, adaptive, passive and performative. Early adoption and greater depth of diversity approaches (i.e. multidimensional to an intersectional representation of identities) provide optimal opportunities for evoking connectedness.Research limitations/implicationsThe conceptual typological framework for BATD helps delineate how varying levels of diversity depth and order of entry influence audience connectedness. A detailed agenda for further research can guide ongoing diversity research.Practical implicationsCreating a typology reduces complexity and helps marketers recognise the differing components, manifestations and effects of their diversity approach. To increase connectedness and reduce audience scepticism, marketers must seek deeper-level diversity integrations and adopt approaches earlier.Originality/valueThis study offers a novel conceptualisation of BATD by defining it, distinguishing it from related research themes and moving beyond single diversity dimensions and marketing mix elements. Further, audience connectedness is positioned as a critical consequence as it can instigate desirable brand outcomes, benefit those identities represented and promote a more inclusive society.

Market Inefficiency, Entry Order and Coordination

The causes of market inefficiency are many. We suggest an additional cause — buyers’ random entry order. In a market where identical sellers compete for buyers of heterogeneous valuations, first come first served is the norm. Since all buyers choose the cheapest available good, a low-valuation buyer who enters the market late may find the remaining goods unaffordable, which causes markets not to clear. We therefore propose a coordination solution to the market inefficiency problem. We find that in a market where all the high-valuation buyers enter first and all the low-valuation buyers enter afterwards, the market clears effectively. Moreover, we find the inefficiency arising from buyers’ entry order becomes less of a problem in larger economies and vanishes in the limit.

Genesis of legal regulation of legal responsibility for illegal cross- ing of the state border under the legislation acted by Ukraine

In a scientific article, the authors conducted a scientific study of the development of legal regulation of legal liability for illegal crossing of the state border under the legislation in force in the Ukrainian lands. Based on the study, the authors concluded that the first mention of violations of the order of entry into and exit from Ukraine occurs in “Russian Truth”, which, however, did not provide legal liability for illegal crossing of the state border by persons who were not slaves or slaves (the latter were responsible not for illegal crossing, but for fleeing from the owner). There was no legal responsibility for the illegal crossing of the state border in the Polish-Lithuanian and Cossack periods of Ukrainian history. Criminal liability for unauthorized travel abroad was introduced in parts of the Ukrainian lands in connection with the adoption of the Conciliar Act of 1649. In the later period, from 1723, criminal liability in the Ukrainian lands that were part of the Russian Empire was provided for illegal crossing of the state border for treason or other malicious intent, and in other cases illegal crossing of the border was an administrative offense. After the adoption in Russia of the Code of Criminal and Correctional Punishment in 1845, illegal crossing of the state border ceased to be an administrative offense and began to provide only criminal liability. Illegal crossing of the state border remained a crime under the legislation in force in Ukraine, regardless of the purpose of crossing, until 2004. In the period from 2004 to 2018, those guilty of illegally crossing the state border were solely administratively liable, but currently crossing the state border of Ukraine in order to harm the interests of the state or a person banned from entering Ukraine, or representatives of armed units forces or other law enforcement agencies of the aggressor state in any way outside the checkpoints across the state border of Ukraine or at checkpoints across the state border of Ukraine without relevant documents, or on documents containing inaccurate information again criminalized.

Research on the Effect of International Experience and Market Distance on the Market Entry Order of Enterprises

With the continuous advancement of China's "going out" strategy and remarkable achievements in foreign direct investment, China has become one of the world's most active and influential sources of foreign direct investment. Chinese enterprises have accumulated rich and valuable experience in the past decades. In this process, there are a lot of continuous FDI behaviors, and the previous investment behaviors will have an important impact on the subsequent investment decisions. How do continuous investments prioritize market entry? Existing studies do not pay attention to the correlation between successive expansion behaviors, and there are some gaps in the research on the order of international market entry of enterprises. From a dynamic perspective, this paper adopts the data from the List of Overseas Investment Enterprises (Institutions) issued by the Ministry of Commerce of China from 1983 to 2015, and based on the ordered Probit model, takes the continuous investment behavior of Chinese enterprises as the research object, and conducts the following research: The empirical study on the impact of market distance, which is composed of geographical distance, cultural distance and institutional distance, on the entry order of Chinese enterprises in international market. The empirical results show that: Geographical distance, cultural distance and institutional distance have a significant effect on the order of market entry. Chinese firms have the priority to enter the markets with small geographical distance and cultural distance, but the markets with large institutional distance.

Body mass index and maximum available midfoot motion are associated with midfoot angle at peak heel rise in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathy

PurposeMidfoot movement dysfunction, as measured by heel rise performance, is associated with midfoot deformity in people with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy. Understanding contributors of midfoot movement dysfunction may help clinicians understand deformity progression. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with midfoot angle at peak heel rise. MethodsThe outcomes of fifty-eight participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathy were analyzed. Midfoot (forefoot on hindfoot) sagittal kinematics during unilateral heel rise task were measured using 3-dimensional motion analysis. A multivariate linear regression model was used to predict midfoot sagittal movements at peak heel rise. Independent variables that were entered in the model were (in order of entry): age, body mass index, intrinsic foot muscle volume, and maximum available midfoot plantarflexion range of motion. Intrinsic foot muscle volume was obtained from magnetic resonance imaging and maximum available midfoot motion was measured during non-weightbearing plantarflexion using 3-dimensional motion analysis. ResultsBody mass index (R2 = 30.5%, p < 0.001) and maximum available midfoot plantarflexion range of motion (R2 = 10.9%, p = 0.001) were significant factors that accounted for 41.4% of variance of midfoot angle at peak heel rise, while age and intrinsic foot muscle volume were not significant predictors. ConclusionsGreater body mass index and less available midfoot plantarflexion range of motion were associated with greater midfoot movement dysfunction. These two significant predictors are potentially modifiable, suggesting possible improvements in midfoot movements with reduction in body weight and increasing midfoot plantarflexion range of motion. Health care professionals should consider patient’s weight and joint motion when prescribing foot exercise(s) to prevent excessive midfoot collapse during weightbearing tasks.

Problems of administrative support legal regime temporarily occupied territories Ukraine in the activities of border guards (in the context of current practices in cases of administrative offenses and matters of administrative procedure)

In the scientific article the author conducted a scientific study of the problems of ensuring the administrative and legal regime of the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine in the activities of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine in the context of current practice in cases of administrative offenses and administrative proceedings. On the basis of the conducted research, the author came to the conclusion that in judicial practice there is a problem of release of the persons who have committed the administrative offense provided by Art. 204-2 of the Code of Ukraine about administrative offenses on insignificance of the committed. The author notes the need to amend the sanction of Article 204-2 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of Ukraine in order to prevent the release of a person from liability on the basis of insignificance of the offense, failure to cause serious consequences for the state and society, etc. The only exception may be the commission of an offense in a state of extreme necessity (including for the purpose of treatment, testing or anti-epidemic measures, ie falls under the notion of extreme necessity) and in the event of a natural disaster or epidemic threat. The latter circumstance is caused by the practice of closing checkpoints by illegal armed groups due to so-called quarantine restrictions, which deprives citizens of Ukraine, foreigners and stateless persons of the legal opportunity to cross the border from the temporarily occupied territory and enter or leave Ukraine. it from the temporarily occupied territory. In this regard, the author proposed to provide that Article 204-2 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of Ukraine does not apply to cases of violation of the order of entry into or exit from the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine, if it occurred in the absence of actual checkpoints in the temporarily occupied territory and if such a violation occurred in conditions of danger to the life and health of these persons, the life and health of their family members due to a natural disaster, pandemic or active hostilities.

A new paradigm for investigating temporal order memory shows higher order associations are present in recent but not in remote retrieval.

Memory of a sequence of distinct events requires encoding the temporal order as well as the intervals that separates these events. In this study, using order-place association task where the animal learns to associate the location of the food pellet to the order of entry into the event arena, we probe the nature of temporal order memory in mice. In our task, individual trials become distinct events, as the animal is trained to form a unique association between entry order and a correct location. The inter-trial intervals (> 30min) are chosen deliberately to minimize the inputs from working memory. We develop this paradigm initially using four order-place associates and later extend it to five paired associates. Our results show that animals not only acquire these explicit (entry order to place) associations but also higher order associations that can only be inferred implicitly (temporal relation between the events) from the temporal order of these events. As an indicator of such higher order learning during the probe trial, the mice exhibit predominantly prospective errors that decline proportionally with temporal distance. On the other hand, prior to acquiring the sequence, the retrospective errors are dominant. In addition, we also tested the nature of such acquisitions when temporal order CS is presented along with flavored pellet as a compound stimulus comprising of order and flavor both simultaneously being paired with location. Results from these experiments indicate that the animal learns both order-place and flavor-place associations. Comparing with pure order-place training, we find that the additional flavor stimulus in a compound training paradigm did not interfere with the ability of the animals to acquire the order-place associations. When tested remotely, pure order-place associations could be retrieved only after a reminder training. Further higher order associations representing the temporal relationship between the events is markedly absent in the remote time.