Entire Working Population Research Articles

Artificial intelligence as it is in the current conditions of digital transformation of global society

The article is devoted to the study of the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the modern digital transformation of the rich countries of the global North and the poor countries of the global South. Particular attention is paid to the different conditions of the digital revolution in the former and the latter. They are leading to an increase in old inequalities and the emergence of new digital inequalities between developed and developing countries. At the same time, the pursuit of profit in the digital economy has become the main reason for further material and property differentiation between the first, second, and third world countries, as well as between the rich and the poor within each of these countries. All of this hinders the revolutionary potential of AI in the interests of all countries and peoples and creates conditions for its use for anti-people purposes, including by combining AI with weapons for the military purpose of killing people. The task of civil society is precisely to force state authorities to take measures to regulate digital business in order to overcome the threats posed by the oligarchs of digital corporations and improve the socio-economic situation of both the cybertariat and the entire working population in the countries of the global North and the global South.

In or out of reach? Long-term trends in the reach of health assessments in the Swedish occupational setting.

This study aimed to investigate the reach of a large-scale health assessment delivered by the occupational health service in Sweden for almost 30 years. A total of 418 286 individuals who participated in a health assessment (Health Profile Assessment, HPA) between 1995-2021 were included. A comparative sample was obtained from Statistics Sweden, comprising the entire working population for each year (4 962 127-6 011 829 unique individuals per time period). Sociodemographic and work organization characteristics were compared between the HPA and comparative population for six different periods. Under- and overrepresented groups in the private and public sectors were identified using the most recent data (2015-2021). With negative per cent indicating underrepresentation, the most notable changes over time in representation in the HPA population compared to the comparative were observed for women (-1.2% to -12.8%), private sector employees (-9.4% to 14.9%), individuals with ≥3 years of employment (14.5% to 0.9%), in personal care (0.8% to -8.8%) and manufacturing (0.7% to 6.4%) occupations. Consistently overrepresented groups (median representation across periods) included individuals who had a single income source (6.3%) and were middle-aged (10.8%), born in Sweden (5.9%), associate professionals (8.7%), and employed in companies with high operating profit (17.9%) and low staff turnover (14.3%). Conversely, individuals with low income (-34.0%) and employed in small companies/organizations (-10.9%) were consistently underrepresented. Middle-aged women in education occupations were most underrepresented in the public sector, while in the private sector, it was young women in service and shop sales occupations. This health assessment has reached many professionals, including hard-to-reach groups, but did not fully represents the Swedish workforce throughout the years.

Sickness absence after work accidents and post-traumatic stress among white-collar workers in the retail and wholesale industry; a longitudinal Swedish cohort study

BackgroundMost studies about accidents and about PTSD, respectively, have been conducted either on blue-collar workers, or on the entire working population. There are very few such studies on white-collar workers.AimTo examine diagnosis-specific sickness absence (SA) and disability pension (DP) after a work accident or PTSD, respectively, among white-collar workers in the private retail and wholesale industry.MethodsA prospective population-based cohort study of all 192,077 such workers aged 18–67 (44% women) in Sweden in 2012, using linked microdata from nationwide registers. We identified individuals who had secondary healthcare due to work-related accidents (n = 1114; 31% women) or to PTSD (n = 216; 79% women) in 2012–2016. Their average number of net days of diagnosis-specific SA (in SA spells > 14 days) and DP were calculated for 365 days before and 365 days after the healthcare visit.Results35% of the women and 24% of the men had at least one new SA spell during the 365 days after healthcare due to work accidents. Among women, the average number of SA/DP days increased from 14 in the year before the visit to 31 days the year after; among men from 9 to 21 days. SA days due to fractures and other injuries increased most, while SA days due to mental diagnoses increased somewhat. 73% of women and 64% of men who had healthcare due to PTSD had at least one new SA spell in the next year. Women increased from 121 to 157 SA/DP days and men from 112 to 174. SA due to stress-related disorders and other mental diagnoses increased the most, while DP due to stress-related diagnoses and SA due to musculoskeletal diagnoses increased slightly.ConclusionsAbout a quarter of those who had secondary healthcare due to work accidents, and the majority of those with such healthcare due PTSD, had new SA in the following year. SA due to injury and mental diagnoses, respectively, increased most, however, SA/DP due to other diagnoses also increased slightly. More knowledge is needed on factors associated with having or not having SA/DP in different diagnoses after work accidents and among people with PTSD.

Do unions increase participation in further education?

AbstractThe race between education and technology is a key issue for trade unions. Unions often include skill upgrading and training in collective bargains, which might be an important tool to facilitate lifelong learning. In this article, I investigate how trade unions influence workers’ participation in further education using Norwegian‐matched employer–employee panel data on full‐time workers and a fixed‐effects framework. In contrast to most existing studies, which rely on more or less representative surveys, our data comprise the entire working population over a period of 16 years, allowing us to control for unobserved individual heterogeneity. An increase in the workplace union density is estimated to raise the individual propensity to participate in tertiary vocational education. I also find that workers in unionized establishments enjoy higher salaries during further education but at the expense of lower post‐training wage premiums. In addition, unions are found to lower employee turnover. Together, these findings give empirical support to the theoretical prediction of Acemoglu and Pischke (1999), where firms may optimally choose to sponsor investments in workers’ skills in the absence of perfect competition in the labour market.

Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Dan Upah Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Di Peternakan Telur Metro Lampung

Performance is the result of a process that refers to and measures over a certain period of time based on previously established provisions or agreements. This research aims to find out whether leadership and wages influence employee performance at Metro Lampung egg farms. The population of this study were workers at Telur Metro Lampung. This research used a saturated sample so that the entire population of workers at Telur Metro Lampung was taken, totaling 38 people. The analytical method in this research is quantitative analysis using Multiple Linear Regression analysis, coefficient of determination test, t test and F test. Based on theoretical studies and data analysis results, it can be concluded that (1) The results of the hypothesis t test state that leadership has a significant effect on employee performance at Metro Lampung egg farms. (2) The results of the hypothesis t test state that work wages significantly influence employee performance at the Metro Lampung egg farm. (3) The results of the hypothesis F test state that leadership and work wages jointly influence employee performance at the Metro Lampung egg farm.

Leaving no-one behind in the workplace health promotion: towards regulatory equity in the Ecuadorian micro-enterprises.

The purpose of workplace public health programmes and regulations is to promote safety and health for the entire working population nationwide. Some countries limit the scope of such programmes to medium or big-sized companies, leaving out small and micro-enterprises, thus discriminating against many workers exposed to risks. This Viewpoint aims to identify inequalities in occupational health generated by the new Regulation for Workplace Health Promotion (WHP) in Ecuador. We showed how the regulation excludes all micro-enterprises and displayed the essential role of micro-enterprises in the business fabric and the Ecuadorian labour market. More than 93% of the registered companies are micro-enterprises and these include more than 25% of the employees in the formal economy. Integrating occupational health into the public health system will require deep analysis to improve protection for the working population.

Management of the internal environment of the enterprise

Today, business activities of large, medium and small business entities play a significant role in our country. They contribute to the rapid structural restructuring of the economy, saturate the market with goods and services, and maximize the employment of the entire working population. However, their development in our country is hampered by the changing and unfavorable political situation, which directly affects the existence, efficiency, viability and competitiveness of each individual form of enterprise. Enterprises and organizations face important issues of preventing liquidation, complete closure or bankruptcy caused by changes in the internal environment as a result of the management entity's activities and changes in external environment factors. The main purpose of the article is to define the essence of the internal environment and its main elements and means of crisis management. The article examines the essence of the internal environment of enterprises and reveals its main components, which include goals, objectives, organizational structure, employees and technological resources. Having considered and compared the opinions of various scholars in defining the concept of the internal environment, the author has formed her interpretation of the internal environment of the enterprise. The article investigates the management of the internal environment in crisis situations of an organization's activities. In the context of instability, paying attention to the development of an enterprise in a state of crisis in the scientific literature is still an urgent issue and important for consideration. The main reasons for the emergence of a crisis at an enterprise, which have a mutual influence, are disclosed, the reasons that cause a crisis in domestic organizations are allocated, and the most important factors influencing this are identified. The article highlights important requirements that crisis management should include. Depending on the specifics of development and the state of the enterprise, crisis management can be divided into preventive, crisis and post-crisis management. The conditions for carrying out crisis management of an enterprise are allocated. Based on the analyzed information, recommendations were made on the main ways to bring the organization out of a crisis state, which can be ensuring by diversification measures, reengineering, restructuring and rehabilitation measures.

Neurosurveillance in the workplace: do employers have the right to monitor employees' minds?

The use of neurotechnologies for surveillance in the workplace have the potential to impact the entire working population of the world. Currently, with the help of neurodevices, employers could analyze the brain data from employees to assess their cognitive functions (such as mental capacity and efficiency), cognitive patterns (such as response to stress), and even detect neuropathologies. The workers brain data obtained with wearable neurodevices could serve employers for purposes such as promotion, hiring, or dismissal. Neurodevices could also be used as new micromanagement tools, aimed at monitoring employees' attention at work. Additionally, they can be implemented as tools for self-control for workers, as the feedback provided about their current cognitive state can help improve the outcomes of ongoing tasks and ensure safety. Recent studies have shown that while employees may recognize the potential benefits of using such technology for self-monitoring purposes, they have a negative perception toward its implementation in the workplace. Surprisingly, only a few scientific papers specifically address the issues of neurosurveillance in the workplace, while international frameworks have not yet provided precise responses to these new intrusive methods of monitoring workers. The overall goal of this paper is to discuss whether employers should be allowed to use neurosurveillance technologies in the workplace to monitor their employees' minds and, if so, under what circumstances. The authors take a hypothetical scenario of neurosurveillance in the workplace using EEG-based devices as a starting point for their analysis. On this basis, three key ethical issues are identified: an increasing power imbalance in the employment relationship; a new threat to employees' privacy, and a risk of neurodiscrimination.

Causal effect of shifting from precarious to standard employment on all-cause mortality in Sweden: an emulation of a target trial

BackgroundWe aimed at estimating the causal effect of switching from precarious to standard employment on the 6-year and 12-year risk of all-cause mortality among workers aged 20-55 years in Sweden.MethodsWe...

Disparity of Bladder Cancer Incidence Among Male Workers Across Industries: A Population Based Cohort Study From South Korea.

This study aimed to investigate the bladder cancer risk across workers' industries. This study was conducted using Korean National Health Insurance claims data. Workers were included in this study to build a retrospective cohort of the entire working population. Workers' industries were divided into 77 industries according to the Korean Standard Industry Classification division category. The standardized incidence ratio was calculated by comparing 77 industries according to the Korean Standard Industry Classification with the educational public officer. Bladder cancer risk was particularly high in the following industrial sectors: passenger land transport, except transport via railways; sea and coastal water transport; restaurants and mobile food service activities; telecommunications; and computer programming, consultancy, and related activities. Our result provides evidence regarding the disparity of bladder cancer incidence among male workers across industries.

The Influence of Psychosocial Factors according to Gender and Age in Hospital Care Workers.

Even though psychosocial risks can affect the entire working population regardless of demographic variables, multiple publications claim that women are more exposed to psychosocial risks and that psychosocial risks affect people in a different way, depending on their age. This study aims to investigate demographic differences (i.e., sex and age) in health care workers, with an aim which is twofold: (i) To know if these geographic differences lead to differences in perception of psychosocial risks; and (ii) to identify the job demands and resources with the highest impact on work engagement and performance. A sample of 4,451 people from the sanitary sector, pertaining to 75 Spanish hospitals, was analyzed to test the hypotheses. ANOVA results demonstrated that women show significantly higher impact values in job demands than men, as well as higher values in job resources. Moreover, the group of younger people (< 40 years) showed significantly lower levels in demands, and significantly higher in job resources, wellbeing, and organizational outcomes. Finally, multi-group SEM analyses showed that the impact of job demands and resources on work engagement and performance is significant, regardless of sex and age, although there are changes in the coefficients. The differences in the perception of job demands and resources of the different demographic groups can be used to develop specific psychosocial intervention in health care workers.

The Contribution of Cooperatives to the Indonesian Economy

The number of cooperatives in Indonesia reaches hundreds of thousands, but 40% of cooperatives in Indonesia are not active for various reasons. This study aims to evaluate descriptively the contribution of cooperatives in the Indonesian economy, especially in terms of employment and economic growth. This study uses descriptive analysis using data sourced from the Ministry of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises of the Republic of Indonesia and the Central Bureau of Statistics. The results showed that as much as 9.2 % of the total population of Indonesia are members of cooperatives. The percentage of cooperatives' contribution to Indonesia's gross domestic product is still below 5%. As for employment, cooperatives are only able to absorb 0.5 % of the entire working population of Indonesia.

Enhancing SME contribution to economic development: A perspective from an emerging economy

Small-medium enterprises (SMEs) have a huge and not fully maximized potential to address the socio-economic challenges that emerging economies are facing. This study assessed the contributions of SMEs in an emerging economy, using ADANCO version 2.0 of the partial least square structural equation model (PLS-SEM). A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 375 employees of SMEs in the fashion, microfinance, and hospitality sectors in four major business regions in Ghana, namely the Greater Accra, Central, Western and Ashanti Regions. The results reveal that SMEs continue to provide maximum support and contributions to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), as well as employ about 70 percent of the entire working population. The study recommends that SMEs should receive greater attention from the government through appropriate tailor-made policies to support and assist them to unleash their full potential to enhance economic growth.

Associations between single and combined occupational mechanical exposures and surgery for subacromial impingement syndrome: a nationwide Danish cohort study.

This study aimed to evaluate whether the risk of surgery for subacromial impingement syndrome (SIS) increases with the number of combined occupational mechanical exposures compared with single exposure. We reanalyzed data from a register-based cohort study of the entire Danish working population (N=2 374 403) with 14 118 events of surgery for SIS (2003-2008). Exposure information in 10-year windows was obtained by combining occupational codes with a job exposure matrix. For single and combined mechanical exposures, we created three exposure variables of the number of years with specific exposure intensities with or without co-existing mechanical exposures. We used logistic regression as survival analysis. We found exposure-response relations for duration and intensity of each single mechanical exposure except for repetition. The single effect of arm elevation >90º reached a maximum adjusted odds ratio (ORadj) of 1.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-2.0], which increased to 1.8 (95% CI 1.5-2.0), 2.0 (95% CI 1.9-2.2), and 2.2 (95% CI 2.0-2.5) when combined with repetition, force, and both. When combining repetition with arm elevation >90º, force, and both, ORadj increased from 1.5 (95% CI 1.3-1.8) to 2.1 (95% CI 1.8-2.4), 2.5 (95% CI 2.4-2.9), and 2.7 (95% CI 2.4-3.0). For force, ORadj increased from 2.5 (95% CI 2.1-2.9) to 2.6 (95% CI 2.3-2.8), 2.8 (95% CI 2.4-3.2), and 3.0 (95% CI 2.6-3.4). We found an increased risk of surgery for SIS with the number of combined exposures; the risk was especially pronounced when the combined exposures included force.

The end of the social pact in Europe (1981–2008)

Between 1980—during the 'double dip' crisis—and 2008, the European social pact, born of the armed and revolutionary defeat (in part of the countries) of Nazi fascism, ended. In exchange for disarmament and the end of the revolutionary struggle, in 1945–47, a specific form of counter-revolution was designed in Europe, outlined in Yalta and Postdam, which erected the European Welfare State and full employment in 1945–47 in exchange for workers abdicate from the struggle for power. In this article, we argue that this period –known as 'European social pact'—began to break down with the anti-cyclical measures of 1980, which opened doors to the generalisation of precarious work to new generations, after the defeat and/or cooptation of the main unions, from 1986, before the fall of the USSR. Precariousness that after the anti-cyclical measures of 2008 extended to almost the entire working population in Europe, subject to increasingly intense, brutal and precarious working conditions.

The impact of obesity on absenteeism among working adults in Portugal and its costs

Abstract Background Obesity leeds to poor health and may afffect work productivity. We aim to investigate the association between obesity and absenteeism and its indirect costs. Methods Individuals employeed and actively working at baseline form the EpiDoC Cohort, a large portuguese population-based prospective study analized from 2011 to 2016. Body mass index was assessed during baseline appointment. Follow-up assessment was performed through a phone interview and self reported absenteeism defined by the question”did you have a sick leave in previous 12 months? yes/no”, followed by the number of days missed work due to sickness in the previous twelve months.(1) Negative Binomial Regression model estimated the association between obesity and absenteeism. Indirect costs were computed using the human-capital method. Results EpiDoC cohort had 4338 participants who were working adults at baseline. The prevalence of obesity among working adults was 15.2% and of absenteeism was 29.4%. Obesity was associated with an increase in absenteeism incidence rate ratio by 31% (p &amp;lt; 0.01). Obese individual miss 3.9 days per year (95% CI 3.1-4.5). This number is higher in women, 4.6 days per year (95% CI 3.6-5.6) and according to the professional categories women with white collar professions were 82% (p &amp;lt; 0.01) more likely to miss work than peers with their normal weight. Extrapolating for the entire working population, absenteeism due to obesity has an estimated cost of 236€ million per year. Conclusions Obesity is an independent risk factor for absenteeism among working adults wich leads to high societal burden in terms of costs. Food and nutrition policies are needed in order improve food patterns and reduce obesity levels among south european population. Key messages Obesity is an independent risk factor for absenteeism among working adults. Obesity increases absenteeism mainly in women and has a major impact on economies.

Retorno al trabajo y la COVID-19

Las guías técnicas de actuación para garantizar la protección de los trabajadores frente al SARS –CoV-2 (COVID-19) ofrecen a las empresas un amplio número de directrices de actuación para el retorno a las actividades laborales en Ecuador. Desde una perspectiva sanitaria, las medidas para controlar la COVID-19 sólo tendrán éxito en la aplicación de guías y si toda la población trabajadora está protegida. Los profesionales en seguridad y salud ocupacional de las empresas serán los referentes y parte esencial para el fortalecimiento de los sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica en salud pública nacional.

Forecast of the Number of Researchers in the Russian Federation by 2024

The article analyzes the possibility of reaching the benchmark of 400 thousand researchers by 2024, which was publicly announced by the Minister of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. This goal can be reached when implementing the Federal Project ≪Development of Human Resources in the Field of Research and Development≫, as part of the National Project ≪Science≫. The article provides links to the statements of the Minister on this topic. The analysis is based on the results of the authors’ research in the fields of science and education, official data on population and employment from reference books and yearbooks of the Federal State Statistics Service, as well as from statistical handbooks of the National Research University Higher School of Economics. In this study, the authors used forecasting methods. The authors examine the place of researchers on the domestic labor market as a qualitatively relevant link within the working population segment and characterize the measures of countries, that as well as Russia are the members of the BRICS, to increase the share of researchers. Study of foreign experience led the authors to deem it necessary to increase wages of this group of specialists (for example, in the BRICS countries the ratio of the average salary of researchers and the average salary of the entire working population is 3-5 to 1), while in modern Russia employees with scientific degree are not valued enough. Findings of rating agencies that there is a low interest among Russian employers in hiring employees with a scientific degree support the authors’ conclusions. The article raises the question of creating real motivational mechanisms for a notable increase in the share of researchers in the workforce to execute the strategic goal of improving the quality of economic growth and the welfare of the population.

Syndrom wypalenia zawodowego w administracji publicznej

Burnout syndrome in public administrationOccupational burnout is a state experienced by an employee in the domain of their psyche, somatics and social interactions. This phenomenon has a huge impact on the functioning of the structure in which this person is employed. In the case of employment in public administration institutions, the occurrence of the burnout syndrome is conditioned by specific factors having to do with the organizational and workplace culture-related conditions within a given institution, as well as systemic and organizational foundations of the administrative structure itself. The burnout syndrome in public administration officials and employees occurs at a similar frequency as in the entire working population; however, for those employed in aid-providing institutions, the risk is notably higher. As for the remedies, a major role is played by supervision and appropriate organizational climate that provides support and respect for other-than-professional areas of social functioning of an employee or a public administration official.

The potential for active commuting by bicycle and its possible effects on public health

IntroductionThe World Health Organization (WHO) has concluded that physical inactivity and overweight/obesity are the world's fourth and fifth leading risk factors for non-communicable diseases, respectively. This article investigates the potential for active commuting by bicycle in Scania county, southern Sweden, and its possible impact on public health. Physical inactivity is a growing problem on both an individual and a societal level. Method, setting and populationA complete statistical survey and geographic analysis has been carried out based on data concerning the home and work addresses of the entire working population in the county of Scania, Sweden as of the end of 2014. This data set includes a total of 575,959 individuals. ResultsApproximately 27.9% of the population can reach their workplace by a 15-min bicycle commute, while 47.2% can reach their workplace in 30 min. It is possible to achieve a 47.2% modal share for active transport in Scania if all individuals within cycling distance of work choose to commute by bicycle. If that were to happen, 19.2% of the working population would meet the WHO's global health recommendations just through their commutes. ConclusionThe results demonstrate that the spatial distribution of homes and workplaces in Scania is conducive to increasing the mode share for active transport through well-designed physical environments and transport systems that prioritise physical activity.