Ensure Fault Tolerance Research Articles

Mastering Real-Time Data Processing Applications : Optimization Strategies for Peak Performance

This comprehensive article explores strategies for optimizing real-time data processing applications in the era of big data and distributed systems. It examines the growing demand for real-time analytics across industries and organizations' challenges in maintaining low latency and scalability. The article discusses key optimization techniques, including leveraging the Akka framework's actor model and supervision strategies, implementing efficient data ingestion through stream processing and partitioning, utilizing caching strategies, employing robust monitoring and auto-scaling mechanisms, ensuring fault tolerance through checkpointing and graceful degradation, and adopting asynchronous communication patterns. Throughout the article, real-world case studies and performance metrics demonstrate the significant improvements these strategies can bring to system throughput, latency, and resilience in various sectors such as finance, e-commerce, telecommunications, and manufacturing.

Algorithm for constructing routing to ensure fault tolerance of the communication network

Algorithm for constructing routing to ensure fault tolerance of the communication network

Leveraging AWS and Java Microservices: An Analysis of Amazon\'s Scalable E-commerce Architecture

Abstract: This article presents a comprehensive case study of Amazon's journey in building a robust and scalable e-commerce platform capable of handling millions of daily transactions while maintaining high availability and performance. We examine the critical architectural decisions that facilitated Amazon's transition from a monolithic structure to a microservices-based architecture, leveraging Java and various AWS cloud services. The article explores key components of Amazon's scalable infrastructure, including the implementation of DynamoDB for high-performance database needs and the use of Elastic Load Balancing to ensure fault tolerance. We analyze the challenges encountered during this transformation and the solutions developed to address them. The article also discusses the resulting improvements in scalability, reliability, and cost-efficiency that have contributed to Amazon's position as the world's largest online retailer. Our findings provide valuable insights into best practices for architecting large-scale, cloud-native e-commerce platforms and offer implications for future developments in the field of distributed systems and cloud computing

Survey of fault management techniques for edge-enabled distributed metaverse applications

The metaverse, envisioned as a vast, distributed virtual world, relies on edge computing for low-latency data processing. However, ensuring fault tolerance – the system’s ability to handle failures – is critical for a seamless user experience. This paper analyzes existing research on fault tolerance in edge computing over the past six years, specifically focusing on its applicability to the metaverse. We identify common fault types like node failures, communication disruptions, and security issues. The analysis then explores various fault management techniques including proactive monitoring, resource optimization, task scheduling, workload migration, redundancy for service continuity, machine learning for predictive maintenance, and consensus algorithms to guarantee data integrity. While these techniques hold promise, adaptations are necessary to address the metaverse’s real-time interaction requirements and low-latency constraints. This paper analyzes existing research and identifies key areas for improvement, providing valuable research guidelines and insights to pave the way for the development of fault management techniques specifically tailored to the metaverse, ultimately contributing to a robust and secure virtual world.

Оптимизация параллельной обработки информации в отказоустойчивой вычислительной системе мобильного объекта с временной избыточностью вычислительного процесса

The tasks of effective use of multiprocessor computing systems of mobile objects require rational organization of computing processes on board. The article discusses a parallel computing process with temporal redundancy, which provides for periodic saving of the current state of calculations with the possibility of their restoration in order to ensure fault tolerance. A previously known solution to a specific optimization problem of choosing the frequency of saving the current state of a computing process under conditions of possible failures is briefly analyzed. A new improved method for solving this problem is proposed. Comparative results of its solution in various ways are presented and conclusions are drawn about the advisability of using the proposed approaches.

Goat Q: A distributed message broker

goat Q, a distributed message broker explores the design and implementation of a robust message broker system. Utilizing advanced distributed concepts of network and synchronization the project aims to enhance efficiency and reliability of message delivery which fits in an event driven system. It also ensures fault tolerance and scalability. It also considers the integration with containerization and on premise and cloud deployment models to use goatQ as a message broker solution in production. The project seeks to unravel the intricate design of message brokers, illuminating the functionality of publishers, subscribers, and message queues. A key focus lies in a rigorous performance analysis, evaluating metrics such as throughput, latency, and resource use across wide variety message broker implementations. Scalability and fault tolerance, critical considerations in the realm of distributed systems, are addressed through an exploration of how message brokers adapt to dynamic scaling requirements and recover from failures. By synthesizing findings from diverse dimensions of message broker technology, this research project aims to equip technology professionals with valuable insights, aiding informed decision-making in the selection, optimization, and integration of message brokers within their ecosystems. Keyword: About four key words or phrases in alphabetical order, separated by commas. Keywords are used to retrieve documents in an information system such as an online journal or a search engine. (Mention 4-5 keywords)

A reinforcement learning approach using Markov decision processes for battery energy storage control within a smart contract framework

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs), the necessity for employing smart methods to control and manage energy has become undeniable. This study introduces a real-time energy management system based on a multi-agent system supervised by a smart contract, employing a bottom-up approach for a grid-connected DC micro-grid equipped with solar photovoltaic panels (PV), wind turbines (WT), micro-turbines (MT), and battery energy storage (BES). Each unit is controlled and managed through a distributed decision-making structure. The BES agent is governed by an intelligent structure based on a reinforcement learning model. To facilitate interaction and coordination among agents, a tendering process is employed, where each agent, under its supervised control structure, presents its offer for the tendered item at each time period. The tendering organization allocates demand using the first-price sealed-bid algorithm among bidders to optimize energy cost in the Microgrid. The proposed approach offers a real-time intelligent system capable of ensuring fault tolerance, stability, and reliability in the Microgrid. The main achievement of this study is the development of a robust real-time energy management system that integrates various renewable energy sources and battery storage while ensuring efficient operation and resilience in the face of faults or disruptions.

A Strategy for Neutral Voltage Modulation Ensuring Fault Tolerance in CHB Multilevel Inverters With Reduced CMV and Unbalanced DC Sources

A Strategy for Neutral Voltage Modulation Ensuring Fault Tolerance in CHB Multilevel Inverters With Reduced CMV and Unbalanced DC Sources

A Robust and Lightweight Privacy-Preserving Data Aggregation Scheme for Smart Grid

Privacy-preserving data aggregation (PPDA) enables data availability and privacy preservation simultaneously in smart grid. However, existing methods, such as masking and homomorphic encryption, cannot simultaneously offer strong privacy preservation, fault tolerance for both smart meters and aggregators, verifiable aggregation, and lightweight encryption. To tackle these challenges, we design HTV-PRE, a homomorphic threshold proxy re-encryption scheme with re-encryption verifiability. HTV-PRE involves only linear operations and resists quantum attacks after being instanced by ideal lattices. By leveraging HTV-PRE, we propose a robust and lightweight data aggregation scheme with strong privacy preservation for smart grid. Robustness ensures fault tolerance and error detection. Even if some smart meters or aggregators are faulty, data aggregation can still work without imposing expensive computation on other smart meters or requiring additional trust assumptions. Additionally, to detect aggregators' errors, a proof for the aggregated result is presented so that anyone can verify whether the result has been correctly computed or not. The verifiable aggregation adds no computation/communication overhead on the user side. The performance evaluations demonstrate that our PPDA scheme significantly offloads computation overhead from smart meters and control center to the edge, and its user encryption is up to 4x faster than existing approaches.

Optimizing energy sector performance: Modeling and parameter calculation for IT infrastructure with a focus on server systems and networks

In the era of digital transformation, IT services determine the operational activities of all divisions of companies in the energy sector. In modern conditions, the level of management of IT infrastructure, data, applications and systems has a direct and measurable impact on the success of companies, which is relevant for detailed study. Regardless of the size of the business, it is always necessary to ensure high quality of IT services, their availability and continuity. The key goal of the study is to highlight the main aspects of optimizing the efficiency of the energy sector. To achieve the goal, mathematical modeling and calculation tools were used to calculate the parameters of server computer systems and networks. To achieve the set goals and objectives, a mathematical model was developed for calculating the main parameters of server computing systems and networks, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of using the resources of server computers in the energy industry. The efficiency of managing the IT infrastructure of energy companies ensures fault tolerance, availability and competitiveness of services in the market. The results presented can be applied in practice when planning and managing the IT infrastructure of a company in the energy sector.

Using Functionally Redundant Inertial Measurement Units to Increase Reliability and Ensure Fault Tolerance

This paper aims to assess the possibility of using functionally redundant inertial units to solve problems of increasing reliability and ensuring the fault tolerance of the various classes and purposes of aircraft navigation systems. We present the results of studying failure detection methods to improve the accuracy and reliability of a strapdown functionally redundant inertial unit. The resulting structural redundancy of the strapdown inertial measurement unit is designed to increase the fault tolerance and accuracy of strapdown inertial navigation systems. The methods for detecting sensor failures in functionally redundant inertial units are based on the use of the equations of functionally redundant inertial unit compliance to nominal requirements for the accuracy of measuring the input action vector. To describe the methods for detecting and eliminating failed sensor and algorithm designs based on them, we gave the mathematical models of the measurement vector of functionally redundant inertial units concerning the measured vector and the error identification condition, including the residual of the matching equations with the size due to the level of redundancy, determining the total number of matching equations. The main criterion for determining a failed sensor is non-compliance with the nominal value of the residual included in a certain number of matching equations of the information received from such meters. The developed algorithms are examined using simulation methods. The study of the selected structure of the functionally redundant inertial units shows that the proposed approaches are efficient. Also, we manage to identify the main characteristics of the algorithms for detecting sensor failures that are structurally a part of the functionally redundant inertial units.

Development of a multi-loop security system of information interactions in socio-cyberphysical systems

The object of the study is a multi-loop security system of information interactions in socio-cyberphysical systems. The dynamic nature of physical environments inherently challenges the ability of socio-cyber-physical systems to perform adequate control actions for physical assets in many contexts. However, adaptation and evolution actions must be evaluated before implementation in the control system to ensure fault tolerance while minimizing risks. Therefore, the design of socio-cyber-physical systems must ensure not only reliable autonomy, but also operational fault tolerance and safety. The proposed approach is based on the integration of targeted (mixed) threats based on the synthesis of technical cyber threats with social engineering methods. This approach allows forming a dynamic security model based on the analysis of the interaction of various agents in socio-cyberphysical systems, which makes it possible to increase the level of counteraction to targeted (mixed) cyber threats. The results of modeling are based on the proposed classification of threats using social engineering methods, which allows cyberattackers to ensure the probability of implementing targeted threats up to 95–98 %. The proposed classification of threats based on social engineering methods will allow forming an additional parameter for the objectivity of target threats, taking into account their integration and synergy. At the same time, the presented model will make it possible to timely provide knowledge about the possibility of implementing a targeted attack and timely take preventive countermeasures. This approach will improve the set of protection measures, as well as promptly create an increase in the level of resistance of the company's personnel (organization, enterprise, etc.) to threats of social engineering

Information model of a geoinformation system for studying the geometry of rock massif based on seismic survey data

This scientific article explores the development of an information model for a geospatial information system (GIS) to manage data on the geometry of rock formations using seismic exploration methods. The main objective of the research is to analyze the key data clusters, identify separate data repositories, and develop efficient tools for visualization and analysis of geospatial data. Additionally, the application of distributed databases for ensuring fault tolerance and improving system performance is discussed. The study examines the usage of tools such as ezdxf and ABViewer and their application for three-dimensional visualization of heterogeneous rock formations data.

Cycle Existence for All Edges in Folded Hypercubes under Scope Faults

The reliability of large-scale networks can be compromised by various factors such as natural disasters, human-induced incidents such as hacker attacks, bomb attacks, or even meteorite impacts, which can lead to failures in scope of processors or links. Therefore, ensuring fault tolerance in the interconnection network is vital to maintaining system reliability. The n-dimensional folded hypercube network structure, denoted as FQn, is constructed by adding an edge between every pair of vertices with complementary addresses from an n-dimensional hypercube, Qn. Notably, FQn exhibits distinct characteristics based on the dimensionality: it is bipartite for odd integers n≥3 and non-bipartite for even integers n≥2. Recently, in terms of the issue of how FQn performs in communication under regional or widespread destruction, we mentioned that in FQn, even when a pair of adjacent vertices encounter errors, any fault-free edge can still be embedded in cycles of various lengths. Additionally, even when the smallest communication ring experiences errors, it is still possible to embed cycles of any length. The smallest communication ring in FQn is observed to be the four-cycle ring. In order to further investigate the communication capabilities of FQn, we further discuss whether every fault-free edge will still be a part of every communication ring with different lengths when the smallest communication ring is compromised in FQn. In this study, we consider a fault-free edge e=(u,v) and F4={f1, f2,f3, f4} as the set of faulty extreme vertices for any four cycles in FQn. Our research focuses on investigating the cycle-embedding properties in FQn−F4, where the fault-free edges play a significant role. The following properties are demonstrated: (1) For n≥4 in FQn−F4, every even length cycle with a length ranging from 4 to 2n−4 contains a fault-free edge e; (2) For every even n≥4 in FQn−F4, every odd length cycle with a length ranging from n+1 to 2n−5 contains a fault-free edge e. These findings provide insights into the cycle-embedding capabilities of FQn, specifically in the context of fault tolerance when considering certain sets of faulty vertices.

A Fault-Tolerant LLC Converter With High Reliability and Low Cost for Two-Stage Converters

The popularity of electric vehicles is getting higher, and a large number of DC-DC converters are deployed. LLC converters have witnessed a rapid deployment due to their remarkable merits, often employed as the isolation stage in two-stage converters. However, the contradiction between the increasing demand for reliability and the limited space is becoming prominent. Therefore, ensuring fault tolerance capacity with fewer devices is highly desired. A fault-tolerant LLC converter, which can keep working after multiple unexpected faults, is designed to take over half-bridge LLC converters. The pre-fault converter behaves like a full-bridge LLC converter and would be reconstructed to retain uninterrupted power output after faults. The reconstructed converter after the first fault behaves like two parallel half-bridge LLC converters and would be further reconstructed into a single half-bridge converter after the second fault. The faults can both be handled, including short-circuit faults and open-circuit faults. The transition processes of reconstruction are extremely short. The spike current during the transition processes is well limited, and the output voltage has slight fluctuation. The proposed converter could drastically reduce the need for redundancy and has obvious cost advantages. Finally, a prototype is developed to verify the superiority of the proposed converter.

An NPC‐type fault‐tolerant MLI with symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage modes

SummaryCurrent studies have been challenging in reducing the number of devices and ensuring fault tolerance features of the multilevel inverters (MLIs). This article proposes a new fault‐tolerant neutral point clamped (NPC)‐type MLI using two three‐level NPC legs, which can work in symmetric and asymmetric modes to generate nine and 17‐level output voltage, respectively. The proposed converter has less device count and low total blocking voltage (TBV); further, the converter has different redundant switching states for tolerating different categories of faults. This article also implements a modified pulse width modulation (PWM) control strategy to ensure the zero‐dc offset at the output when asymmetrical voltage levels appear with the occurrence of switch faults. A detailed operation of the proposed converter under symmetric and asymmetric modes is presented for healthy and different categories of faults. The converter's feasibility is verified by its current and voltage characteristics obtained from the MATLAB‐SIMULINK software and the experimental prototype. Further, the efficiency of the converter is verified with the PLECS software. Finally, a comparison with recently proposed topologies is performed to emphasize converter performance.

Comparative analysis of proactive solutions for fault-tolerant routing in the infocommunication network

The work established that an essential solution for proactively ensuring fault tolerance of networks is the support of load balancing both at the transport network level and access level using FHRP. However, FHRP load balancing is based on manual settings, which impose high requirements on the network administrator’s professional training and experience level. Therefore, the task of improving mathematical models and methods that make up the algorithmic basis of fault-tolerant routing protocols is urgent. At the same time, a mandatory requirement for these models and methods is to consider the border routers’ reliability through which the load incoming from access networks is balanced. The work describes four mathematical solutions to the problem of proactive fault-tolerant routing. To ensure a high level of Quality of Service, all analyzed solutions support the requirements of the Traffic Engineering concept, and two take into account the reliability of border routers (RATE and ResMetrTE). On the network topology chosen for the study, the problem of proactive fault-tolerant routing was solved using the solutions described in work. The results of the calculations confirmed the sensitivity of the RATE and ResMetrTE routing solutions to the reliability of border routers. Within the considered example, it was established that taking into account the level of border routers’ reliability when organizing load balancing between them using RATE or ResMetrTE solutions led to an increase in the upper bound of the network link utilization – from 15% to 27% on average. The work demonstrates that the implementation of analyzed load balancing solutions can be ensured using the GLBP protocol using the weighted balancing mode when the weight of each border router is determined not empirically but based on the results of calculations within the RATE or ResMetrTE solutions.

Node placement optimization under Q-Coverage and Q-Connectivity constraints in wireless sensor networks

Target coverage and connectivity problems are major challenges for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In practice, when different targets demand different priority levels, each target is assigned a value q which is the number of sensors covering it as well as the number of node-disjoint paths to transfer sensing data of itself to the base station. When q>1, the network can ensure fault tolerance. Those constraints are named Q-Coverage and Q-Connectivity. In this paper, we propose a two-phase solution for the problem: Greedy combined with Linear Programming (GLA) for Phase I and Clustering combined with graph Max Flow Approach (CMFA) for Phase II. Besides, we also evaluate the algorithms with multiple datasets and make some comparisons with baseline methods (ESSNP in phase I; CCMFA and FCSA in phase II). Our results show that the proposed algorithms significantly improve in various evaluation metrics compared to baseline methods. Furthermore, the results can be advantageous for our future researches on WSNs in general and target coverage in particular.

Formation of a management strategy for innovation and investment activities of an enterprise

The influence of single failures on the operation of digital devices is considered. Single events and their classification are considered. A generalized function for ensuring fault tolerance in the design of integrated circuits is introduced. The implementation of these methods is shown on the example of a microprocessor chip.

Автоматическое построение отказоустойчивых бортовых сетей

Fault tolerance is one of the key issues for on-board networks of autonomously operating vehicles. The number of devices in such networks is increasing; there is a need for methods for automating the design of networks, taking into account the required fault tolerance and technical limitations. Purpose: the purpose of the study is the implementation of methods and algorithms that contribute to the assessment of the fault tolerance of on-board networks, as well as the automatic generation of network structures with the required fault tolerance. Methods: The obtained methods and algorithms are based on the elements of graph theory, in particular – estimation of connectivity and shortest path search. The graphs are compiled based on the structure of the onboard network using a number of proposed rules. Structural redundancy is considered as a method of ensuring fault tolerance. The developed method provides reasonable addition of the network elements, in contrast to the often used copying of the network structure. The method consists of two stages: the new network structure is generated according to the required fault tolerance, and then iteratively refines the network structure in order to reduce hardware costs. Results: the use of the developed method simplifies and speeds up the design of on-board networks, since a formalized assessment of such a network is carried out at the design stage, before its actual assembly. The process of achieving of the required fault tolerance for large network structures takes less than a minute. Practical relevance: the presented method is implemented within the framework of the computer-aided system for design and modeling of onboard networks, a longterm approbation was carried out as part of real projects for the development of onboard networks of spacecraft. Discussion: there are no analogues of such a software implementation for on-board networks. The solutions obtained using the method in practice proved to be close to optimal; the research results have positive feedback from specialists.