The occurrence of Trichuris sp. nematodes in the caecum and colon of a free-ranging female gaur (Bos gaurus) observed during necropsy is reported. The body condition of the animal was thin with appreciable muscle wasting, sunken eye balls, rough hair coat, enlarged lymph nodes and pale mucous membrane. On necropsy, worms were found adhering to the mucosa of the caecum and colon. The worms were collected in 10% formalin, processed and identified as Trichuris sp. The worms were white in colour with whip-like anterior end, males were shorter than females. A total of 265 worms were recovered out of which 80 were male worms and 185 were female worms. The adult males were 30-55 mm long and 0.2-0.6 mm in width with a slender filiform anterior end comprising and a coiled posterior end. The adult females were 60-70 mm long and 0.3- 0.6 mm in width with a straight posterior end. It is however not probable that this infection could be one of the factors causing death of the animal.

What caused this patient's sunken eye?

A 2-year-old male German Shepherd with a complaint of distended abdomen with gas, and difficulty in breathing was presented but died just before any intervention was given. Postmortem examination revealed sunken eye balls (an indication of dehydration). The heart was globous and the lumen of the left ventricle was distended with clotted blood. The gastroesophageal junction and the pyloric part of the duodenum were twisted to over 180o along the mesentery axis. The stomach was markedly distended and the serosa of the gastric mucosa was hyperemic. The mesenteric and splenic blood vessels were engorged with blood. The gastric content was fluidy and gas was expelled when the stomach was opened. The spleen was markedly enlarged (over 2 kg), appearing “C” shaped, and oozed blood when cut. The whole of the intestine was empty. These findings suggest urgent intervention should be given to dogs with pathologic distended abdomen and difficulty in breathing to reduce chances of mortality.

In cases in which vision cannot be restored and the eye is a source of pain, removal of the eye may be indicated. In mammals, enucleation is the most common procedure performed; however, due to the distinct anatomical features of the avian eye, evisceration may be the preferred method in these species. The large globe size and rigid sclera leave the bird with a large sunken eye socket, which may cause the bird to become unbalanced and is not cosmetically appealing. Furthermore, birds have short optic nerves that can be injured due to traction and a thin interorbital septum that can be damaged during surgery. Evisceration reduces these risks and is typically done within a shorter anesthetic time. This case series reports the successful use of a modified evisceration technique in 4 pet psittacine birds: a red-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksia) diagnosed with severe fungal keratitis and anterior uveitis based on histopathology, a galah (Eolophus roseicapilla) with a traumatic injury resulting in a ruptured globe, a cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) diagnosed with a cataract and secondary glaucoma, and a green cheek conure (Pyrrhura molinae) diagnosed with anterior lens luxation and suspected endophthalmitis. Each bird underwent a modified evisceration surgery because the eyes were nonvisual and painful and had a grave prognosis for recovery. All 4 birds recovered uneventfully without complications and have remained stable for between 2.5 and 4.5 years postoperatively. This report demonstrates that the modified evisceration technique is safe and achievable in psittacine patients.

ObjectivesTo retrospectively investigate clinical characterization and the long-term postoperative outcomes of retinoblastoma (RB) patients receiving enucleation with primary orbital implantation in early infancy (0–6 months old).MethodsThe clinical and follow-up data of 42 RB patients receiving enucleation with primary orbital implantation in early infancy at Beijing Tongren Hospital from December 2009 to January 2020 were analysed. The average follow-up time was 83 months. The patient group included 24 males and 18 females, 30 unilateral and 12 bilateral cases. A total of 44 eyes with 10 in stage D and 34 in stage E underwent 40 unilateral and 2 bilateral surgeries. 17 RB eyes received hydrogel and 27 RB eyes received hydroxyapatite implants. This study was performed by following the guideline of STROBE.ResultsEnucleation combined with primary orbital implantation promoted survival and was safe with few and minor complications such as increased secretion, upper eyelid ptosis, and sunken eye sockets which were not affected by stages, lateralities, or implant materials. 55-80% RB patients exhibited satisfactory appearance and obvious or moderate motility of orbital implants according to the evaluation by doctors and family members. Family members were likely more optimistic about the appearance and more pessimistic about motility of the orbital implantation than doctors did.The quality of life was high as indicated by PedsQL3.0 or PedsQL4.0 scores ( ≧ 90 for > 75% patients). It was not affected by the stages, laterality, and implant materials, nor affected by the appearance and motility of the implants.ConclusionsThe outcomes of the combination of enucleation and primary orbital implantation for pertinent RB patients in early infancy are generally satisfactory with few and minor complications, high safety, appearance, and overall quality of life. Enucleation combined with primary orbital implantation in early infancy benefits pertinent RB patients in appearance, survival, and quality of life.

Congenital microphthalmia and anophthalmia are rare development disorders with underdevelopment of the orbital region, resulting in asymmetry of the face. No clear guidelines exist to determine when these deviations are acceptable. The face of a healthy 6-year-old child was three-dimensionally scanned. On this scan, we modeled various incremental degrees of facial asymmetries using three-dimensional modeling software. We modeled for smaller palpebral fissures, sunken eyes, and downward displacement of the eye. We also tested whether adjusting the vertical palpebral fissure height in relation to the horizontal palpebral fissure width affected perception. A total of 22 videos were created in which the model turned the head horizontally and vertically. We created a questionnaire asking raters how acceptable the face is, on a linear scale from 0 to 10. Results showed a correlation between the degree of asymmetry and the acceptability score of the raters. Enophthalmos of ≥6 mm, palpebral fissure width ≤79% compared with the other eye, and 2 mm or more downward displacement of the eye resulted in a significant different acceptability score. The desire for correction was strongly increased when these thresholds were exceeded. Adjusting the vertical palpebral fissure height to the horizontal palpebral fissure width resulted in a worse acceptability score. A unilateral sunken eye (enophthalmos) of 6 mm or more, asymmetric horizontal palpebral fissure length of ≤79%, and a lower position of one eye of more than 2 mm resulted in unacceptable judgment. These data can be used to evaluate treatment outcome in children treated for congenital microphthalmia and anophthalmia.

The present research aimed to document the incidence, clinical signs, haematological, and serum biochemical alterations, as well as electrocardiography and echocardiography findings in 62 buffaloes (selected from a total of 240) infected with Trypanosoma evansi. The study spanned one year, from January 2022 to December 2022. Morphological identification of Trypanosoma evansi was done by the presence of a centrally positioned nucleus with a small sub-terminal kinetoplast at the posterior position through microscopic examination of Giemsa stained peripheral blood smears. The incidence of trypanosomosis were determined to be 26% (62/240) using stained blood smear examination and 41% (98/240) through polymerase chain reaction assay. Clinical signs exhibited by buffaloes with trypanosomosis included the lack of rumination (94%; 58/62), anorexia (90%; 56/62), emaciation (87%; 54/62), loss of milk yield (84%; 52/62), ocular discharges (82%; 51/62), depressed demeanour (81%; 50/62), sunken eye balls (61%; 38/62), fever (60%; 37/62), scleral congestion (56%; 35/62) and intermittent fever (42%; 26/62). Cardiovascular clinical findings in affected buffaloes included tachycardia (44%; 27/62), cardiac arrhythmia (24%; 15/62), cardiac murmurs (19%; 12/62) and muffled heart sounds (18%; 11/62). In the present study, buffaloes with trypanosomosis exhibited significant reduction in haemoglobin (p = 0.008), packed cell volume (p = 0.004), total erythrocyte count (p = 0.003), mean corpuscular volume (p = 0.042), total leucocyte count (p = 0.048) and absolute neutrophil count (p = 0.012); a significant increase in absolute eosinophil count (p = 0.011) and absolute monocyte count (p = 0.008) compared to the apparently healthy buffaloes. Additionally significant decrease in albumin (p = 0.001), A/G ratio (p = 0.007), calcium (p = 0.008), glucose (p = 0.007), phosphorous (p = 0.048), sodium (p = 0.008), potassium (p = 0.041) and chloride (p = 0.046) were observed in buffaloes with trypanosomosis compared to healthy ones. Buffaloes with trypanosomosis also showed significant increase in globulin (p = 0.004), aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.008), bilirubin (p = 0.034), blood urea nitrogen (p = 0.071), creatinine (p = 0.029), cholesterol (p = 0.046), lactate dehydrogenase (p = 0.009), gamma-glutamyl transferase (p = 0.004) and creatine kinase-myoglobin binding levels (p = 0.005). Electrocardiography explorations in buffaloes with trypanosomosis revealed sinus tachycardia, low voltage QRS complex, ST segment elevation, wide QRS complex, sinus arrhythmia, sinus bradycardia, wandering pace maker, first degree atrio ventricular block, biphasic T wave and tall T wave. Echocardiography examination unveiled cardiac chamber dilatation, ventricular wall thickening and indications of pericarditis/cardiac tamponade. Necropsy was carried on the dead buffaloes during the study period disclosed severely congested blood vessels on epicardial surface, endocardial haemorrhages, and presence of pericardial fluid. Histopathological examination of the heart revealed hyaline degeneration, haemorrhages in the cardiac muscles and varying degrees of degenerative changes. Additionally, the pericardium displayed increased thickness due to presence of more elastic fibres, fibroblast cells in the myocardium, discontinuity of muscle layers, vascular congestion, perivascular mono nuclear cell infiltration and augmented thickness of the endocardium with fibroblast cell proliferation. The study's conclusion highlights cardiac alterations as secondary complications in buffaloes infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Further investigations are recommended to elucidate therapeutic modifications and refine the treatment paradigm.

Patau syndrome is the third most common autosomal trisomy. It is the least common and most severe of the viable autosomal trisomies. This chromosomal disorder has a characteristic phenotype consisting of multiple congenital anomalies. We report an eight-week-old male infant who is the first child of a non-consanguineous marriage born at term with multiple congenital anomalies. He had an absent left eye and a sunken right eye, a cleft lip, a cleft palate, a mid-facial hypoplasia and a flat occiput. A cranial CT scan showed gross dilatation of both lateral and third ventricles with the absence of the septum pellucidum and fused frontal lobes. There was also marked attenuation of the cortical mantle.

Present study was conducted on the Gross pathology of anaemic small ruminants was undertaken for a period of 6 months from June 2021 to November 2021. Animals affected with anaemia were considered for the present study. Postmortem examination of anaemic sheep and goats revealed emaciation, pale conjunctiva, sunken eye balls, gelatinisation of subcutaneous fat was most striking futures observed externally. In heart, hydropericardium, gelatinisation of epicardial fat was observed. Enlargement, thickened Glissons capsule, hard consistency, Cysticercus tenuicollis cyst was seen in liver. Oedema, consolidation, froth in trachea, bronchi and bronchioles in was observed in lungs. Haemonchus worms in stomach, tapeworms in intestinal lumen, serosanguinous fluid in the peritoneal cavity, enlarged lymphnodes were observed in various cases.

This study evaluated the associations between estimated distance from farms' locations to auction markets, and health indicators of surplus dairy calves sold during summer 2019 and winter 2020 in Québec, Canada. A total of 3,610 animals from 1,331 different farms were used in this cross-sectional cohort study. Geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) were obtained for each farm and the 2 participating livestock auction markets. Calves' abnormal physical signs (APS) were noted upon arrival at the auction market as they were examined by trained research staff. The haversine distance between the farm and the auction market was evaluated using geographic coordinates and categorized. Generalized linear mixed models were used for statistical analyses. The main APS observed were ocular discharge (34.9%), abnormal hide cleanliness (21.2%), swollen navel (17.2%), dehydration score 1 (at least one of the 2 following clinical signs: persistent skin tent or sunken eye, 12.9%), and dehydration score 2 (both clinical signs mentioned above, 6.5%). Calves from farms located at greater distances from the auction markets (≥110 km) had a higher risk ratio [RR = 1.08; 95% confidence internal (CI) = 1.03, 1.13] for dehydration than those from lesser distances (0-25 km). During the summertime, a RR of 1.18 (95% CI = 1.15, 1.22) was observed for dehydration compared with wintertime. A 2-way interaction between estimated distance and season showed a higher prevalence of ocular discharge for calves from farms at distances greater than or equal to 110 km during the summer (RR = 1.11; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.20) than for calves from farms located at lesser distances (0-25 km). These results demonstrate that calves from farms located at greater distances from the auction markets had more APS, mainly during the summer. A better understanding of the transport conditions and interaction with management at the farm of origin is determinant to mitigate the impact of the journey on surplus calf health.

Simple SummaryIn human medicine, a treatment modality for the sunken eye (enophthalmos) is retrobulbar fat injection. This preliminary study aimed to assess the feasibility and standardize the modalities of retrobulbar injection for enophthalmos treatment in dogs. Using an ultrasound-guided approach, two solutions, similar to adipose tissue, were injected within the retrobulbar space of dogs’ cadavers. The amount of solution to be injected was estimated using formulas described for ocular-regional anesthesia. Eyeball displacement was evaluated using two different computed tomography (CT)-based methods. The damage to retrobulbar structures due to the maneuver was assessed by necropsy and histopathological examination. A few milliliters of solution were needed to achieve the resolution of enophthalmos. The postmortem and histopathological examination did not find damage to the retrobulbar structures. Both proposed CT methods could quantify the eyeball displacement. Retrobulbar fat injection may represent a treatment modality for enophthalmos in dogs.A new therapeutic approach for enophthalmos may be retrobulbar lipofilling. This study aims to standardize the intraconal filling technique and to evaluate the degree of eyeball displacement by computed tomography (CT). Skull CT was performed on six dog cadavers before and after intraconal injection of two 5% iodinated, viscoelastic solutions, one per eye, using an ultrasound-guided supratemporal approach. The volume to be injected was calculated using formulas for retrobulbar cone anesthesia. After CT, the dogs underwent necropsy and histopathology to evaluate damages that eventually occurred to retrobulbar structures. Eyeball displacement was estimated using two CT-based methods, named M1 and M2. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed no significant difference between the two injected materials in both M1 (p > 0.99), and M2 (lateral p = 0.84 and rostral p = 0.84 displacement). A statistically significant difference was found between the pre- and post-injection group M1 (p = 0.002), M2 (p = 0.004) for the lateral and (p = 0.003) for rostral displacement. Although the slight eyeball displacement, the retrobulbar filling can lead to enophthalmos resolution. Compared to M1, the M2 method has better-defined anatomical landmarks. Further, preclinical in vivo studies are necessary to assess retrobulbar filling efficacy and safety.

Despite many efforts to control and treat neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD), it remains the primary cause of calf mortality in dairy herds worldwide. The objective of this article was to develop and discuss an empirical therapeutic protocol to save newborn calves with severe diarrhea. The pathophysiology of diarrhea has been well described previously. However, there is a significant gap between scientific findings and practical implementations. Reducing the number of calves with failure of passive transfer, regular sanitation of the calf environment, and optimal dry cow nutrition and management are fundamental measures in controlling diarrhea in commercial settings. As such, optimizing colostrum feeding management and improving ambiance hygiene are among the most important management practices to prevent calf diarrhea. Nonetheless, the occurrence of NCD would be unavoidable due to its multifactorial nature and pathophysiology. According to the degree of dehydration and general appearance of ill calves (e.g., degree of sunken eye and loss of suck reflex), NCD can be classified into mild to severe cases. Early diagnosis and treatment of both mild and severe cases could reduce pathogens shedding into the calf environment. Notably, diarrhea treatment needs profound scientific farm education and mentoring regarding the physiology of NCD. Since a variety of organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, may be responsible for NCD, it is evident that reliable diagnosis requires optimal sampling and laboratory analysis. However, waiting for laboratory results may waste the golden time of treatment. Therefore, rapid and decisive treatment would be mandatory, especially in severely infected calves or sepsis cases. Accordingly, an effective aggressive treatment protocol was developed and discussed in this article as the last chance to keep diarrheic calves alive.

I had raised the travellers’ hopes so many times, only to have them dashed repeatedly. My successes were specks in an ocean of failure. Some travellers were now saying they no longer needed me, that my navigation style was too erratic, that the other driver would take them there faster and smoother on her own. She rarely made mistakes. As I watched travellers trudge through the evening snowfall, they no longer seemed like our travellers but hers. Well, if that was the way they felt, it was better for me to exit gracefully rather than suffer the humiliation of gradual desertion. Time to take my leave.“I wouldn't do that if I were you.”The voice was deep, sonorous.“Who's that?” I called into the frost-bitten air.“You'll be sorely missed.”“What do you know? The travellers will be better off without me.”“Now there's an idea.”A curtain of hail. After the tempest had subsided, I found myself in a dark circular auditorium. A fluorescent embryo hovered in the central space. Seated travellers stared up at it, their faces lit by a kaleidoscope of cyans, greens, yellows and cherry reds.“What do you think?” said the voice, which had accompanied me to the chamber. The words echoed but the audience didn't flinch. “Don't worry, they can't hear us.”“Where are we?” I asked.“A future without you.”The floating embryo began to enlarge, as though we were moving towards it. We zoomed into a cell, passed through its membrane and entered a sea of vibrating shapes, racing in random directions. They faded out, replaced by a swarm of arrows and a hairball of cross connections.“Courtesy of the other driver,” the voice explained. “Every trajectory and molecular interaction has been mapped, the results deposited in repositories accessible to all, classified through elaborate AI algorithms.”“I suppose the travellers must understand everything then.”“Understand? Without you, their minds have been purged of all speculation, all conjectures, all possible errors. Research has been driven by your colleague alone. They admire but cannot comprehend.”“Well at least the computers must understand.”“Can a computer be inspired by a new idea, experience the thrill of discovery? It can explore paths in the minutest detail, but only those down which it has been driven. Come, there is another place we must visit.”A flash of light. The auditorium morphed into a long corridor with beds jutting out along both sides. Each bed was occupied by a traveller. The walls and ceiling were tiled with luminous displays: yellow lines snaking erratic paths, numbers pulsing, bodily organs rotating in a void – heart, lung, kidney. In the bed nearest me, the occupant stared up at the ceiling from sunken eye sockets, as though mesmerised by the ceaseless parade of data. His neighbour was curled up on her side and groaned with pain.“What's wrong with these poor souls?” I asked.“Cancer, infections, hereditary diseases, starvation.”“But surely they've found cures by now.”“Vitalomic coverage is deep – every bodily function is being monitored and imaged. The other driver has ensured that. But without being able to gamble on new ideas and put them to the test, there's been no way to outsmart the opponents. Heaps of data, but no one knows what it means.”An agonising shriek.Silence.The voice has gone. Birdsong greets me like an old friend. A white carpet animated by rosy-cheeked travellers. Dressed-up trees in shop windows blink with coloured lights. My fellow driver joins. “Isn't it wonderful?” I say. “We have so many exciting journeys with our travellers ahead.”

Introduction: The aim of study is to rejuvenate upper eyelid by injecting cross-linked hyaluronic acid into it and correct the appearance of the eye whether it is sunken or hollowed. Method: thirty participants divided into 2 groups. Group A: a patient with sunken eye, Group B: a patient with hollowed eye and mild excess skin and. A cross-linked hyaluronic acid 20mg/ml (Hyamira/Italian brand) was injected into upper eyelid via 25gauge blunt cannula. Assessment was done by taking photos and measurements. Follow up was made on basis of 2 weeks and 3 months. Result: cross sectional study of 30 patients have left and right side upper eyelid rejuvenation, mean age of patients is (37.5 ± 8.2) years old, 19 (63.3%) patients have hallowed mild abnormality and 11 (36.67%) of them have sunken eye abnormality. There is significant difference between the mean of period of injection according to group (A&B). group A more have injection time than group A in period 2 weeks and 3 months. Conclusion: obvious upper eyelid rejuvenation, youthful appearance with no more sunken or hollowed eye with more than 1 year.

The current study evaluated the clinical, ruminal, haemato-biochemical, and ultrasonographic findings of abomasal disorders' affected buffaloes grouped as abomasal impaction (n = 18) and abomasal ulcers (n = 15). The abomasal disorders' screening was based on clinical examination and confirmed by ultrasonography. The most common clinical findings of the buffaloes affected with abomasal disorders include depressed demeanour (96.97%), absence of rumination (87.88%), abdominal guarding (87.88%), sunken eye balls (81.82%), tachycardia (78.79%), tachypnea (72.73%), and kyphosis (63.64%). The average rumen motility, respiratory rate, and pulse rate for abomasal impaction and abomasal ulcers were 0.28, 33.37, and 83.44, and 0.33, 35.87, and 92.60, respectively. The faecal occult blood test (benzidine test) revealed the presence of melena in all the buffaloes diagnosed with abomasal ulcers (100%). The ultrasonographic examination of the abomasal impaction group revealed increased abomasal size with no movement of the abomasal contents. The ultrasonographic imaging of abomasal ulcer-affected buffaloes showed irregularity in the abomasal wall-outline with moderately echogenic abomasal contents and a layer of fibrin at the affected area. Nine buffaloes had ultrasonographic evidence of peritonitis. The abomasal contents of buffaloes with positive benzidine test (n = 15) were screened for Clostridium perfringens by a polymerase chain reaction and were found positive for cpa toxin yielding 900-bp length. The rumen protozoal count was higher in healthy buffaloes, while the sedimentation test, (time) methylene blue reduction test, (time) and chloride levels were higher (P < 0.01) in the buffaloes affected with abomasal disorders. Haematological findings revealed a higher haematocrit, total leucocyte count, neutrophils, and eosinophil proportion and lower haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, and lymphocyte proportion without affecting the fractions of monocytes and basophils. Furthermore, the buffaloes affected with abomasal disorders showed lower albumin, phosphorus, and potassium and higher aspartate transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine kinase, creatinine, and chloride concentrations. The present study projects clinical signs, ruminal parameters, and haemato-biochemical parameters as better indicators of abomasal disorders; however, ultrasonography is the sole diagnostic aid for the confirmation of abomasal disorders in buffaloes.

A 45-year-old woman with no significant past medical history presented with progressive right enophthalmos, decreased vision, and headaches. She underwent MRI of the orbits (Figure 1), which prompted a subsequent work-up with mammography (Figure 2), breast US, and breast MRI (Figure 3). Key imaging findings included asymmetric enlargement and enhancement of the right extraocular muscles, with infiltrative enhancement of the intraconal fat and surrounding soft tissues (Figure 1). Subsequent diagnostic mammogram revealed architectural distortion in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast (Figure 2). Targeted diagnostic US performed at that time revealed no sonographic correlate. Therefore, the architectural distortion was targeted for biopsy under tomographic guidance. Breast MRI revealed a subtle area of nonmass enhancement with associated distortion correlating with the mammographic findings (Figure 3). The enhancement kinetics curve for this area showed medium initial uptake...

In this study, we describe a case of restrictive exotropia in a 10-year-old female with amblyopia. The diagnosis of the accessory muscle was established through the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and orbit. A patient with restriction of all ocular movements in conjunction with enophthalmos of one eye or both eyes or the retraction of the eyeball should be suspected for an accessory ocular muscle and should be investigated accordingly.

Six morphological deformities were observed and examined in 6 specimens of the goldfish Carassius auratus collected from the southern marshes of Iraq, Basrah. These anomalies include: eye abnormalities (exophthalmos and enophthalmos), mouth deformity (dextral twisted mouth), ankylosis (fusion of vertebrae), lordosis (ventral curvature), pudgheadness (deformation of the front head bones) and scoliosis (lateral curvature). All cases were not fatal as they occurred in adult individuals. The paper discusses the possible causes for such deformities as well as the suitability of this kind of study for environmental monitoring.

Objective To summarize retrospectively the postoperative therapeutic effect of composite orbital fracture. Methods 587 patients with orbital fracture were assessed and diagnosed according to their clinical symptoms and 3D-CT reports before surgeries where incarcerated soft tissue is released and replaced thoroughly, with orbit reset as well as implants used to fix it, and then we evaluated the surgical outcomes by comparing the postoperative outlines of patients’ orbits, the functions of eyeballs along with their 3D-CT evidences. Results After 10-month to 2-year postoperative follow-up, 12 cases of 587 who had apparent enophthalmos preoperatively still have slightly postoperative symptoms. Although the diplopia of 9 cases is partially recovered, their eye movement remain slightly restricted. In addition, the eye function of other patients didn’t dramatically decline in comparison with that of pre-trauma, except for those undergoing enucleation of eyeballs due to ophthalmorrhexis. Conclusions Orbital fracture should be diagnosed and evaluated rigorously based on patients’ symptoms and 3D-CT reports, improving treatment effects by accurate reset, fixation and repair at early stage. Key words: Orbital fracture; Orbital rim; Orbital wall

Parasitic pneumonia induced by genus Paragonimus involves many species, which affects both humans and animals and it is a food borne zoonotic disease. In this report, we have described the gross and histopathological findings of Paragonimus fluke infection in lungs of tiger. The postmortem examination of sub adult male wild tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) died in captivity was conducted, earlier which was rescued by Forest Department, Mysuru, Karnataka, India. External examination of carcass revealed pale oral and conjunctival mucous membranes with sunken eye balls. During necropsy, moderate congestion, consolidation and numerous transparent to dark encysted lesions were found in the parenchyma of all lobes of lungs visible grossly on pleural surface. Lungs were hemorrhagic with necrotic foci around the cysts. The incision of encysted lesions revealed the presence of flukes (2-3 in numbers) in each cyst with brownish exudate. The lung tissues with lesions were collected in 10% formalin and haematoxylin and eosin staining was done for histopathological evaluation. The flukes were identified as Paragonimus spp. based on the morphology and micrometry. The histopathological examination revealed presence of longitudinal sections of flukes in bronchial lumen (in pair) with tegument and tegumental spines surrounded by connective tissue capsule as cystic encapsulation and numerous eggs in adjacent lung parenchyma. Necrosis and moderate fibrosis of lung parenchyma with infiltration of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear inflammatory cells were observed around fluke as well as eggs. The squamous cell metaplasia of lining bronchial epithelium and atelectasis of alveoli were also prominently seen.