Enlargement Of Eye Research Articles

Association between changes in the retina with major depressive disorder and sleep quality

BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is linked to degenerative and inflammatory processes in the brain. The retina, as well as the brain, originates from the ectoderm. The changes in the retina that occur in concert with MDD and sleep quality are not very clear. This study aimed to detect changes in the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and macular thickness in Chinese patients in correlation with MDD and sleep quality. MethodsThirty-six MDD patients and 187 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study. All subjects were scanned by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and completed the Stroop Colour–Word Test (SCWT), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Patient Health Questionnaire–9. ResultsThe RNFL and macular thickness were significantly thinner and disc-area enlargement of the right eye and cup-volume enlargement of both eyes were present in MDD patients. Linear regression analysis revealed that the RNFL and macular thickness in patients with MDD were correlated with sleep quality and the severity of depression. SCWT scores were higher following expansion of the cup volume of the right eye (all p < 0.01) and in correlation with larger disc areas. ConclusionsSerious degrees of depression and insomnia in MDD patients may reflect obvious atrophy of the inner and outer rings of the right macula and enlargement of the optic disc in both eyes. These retinal structural changes might influence the visual cognition of patients with MDD.

CROSS-SECTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THE NON-TRAUMATIC ABNORMAL SHAPE OF POSTERIOR EYE GLOBE IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING BRAIN IMAGING.

Introduction: Causes of abnormal shape of eye globe are axial myopia, staphyloma, coloboma, apparent enlargement of eye. The presence and types of staphyloma are determined by the entire eye shape in CT/MRI scans. To look for the shape of posterior eyeball in patients who come for brain imaging CT/MRI is useful in preventing the vision. Aim &amp; Objectives: To study various types of posterior eye globe shapes using cross-sectional imaging (CT/MRI).Role of cross-sectional imaging (CT/MRI) in the prevention of vision loss. Material And Method: This is a cross-sectional observational study done in the department of radio-diagnosis, Pacic Institute of Medical Sciences, Udaipur from June 2021 to January 2022 (over the period of 6 months). This study included 2000 patients (age above 40 years) referred for cross-sectional brain imaging (CT/MRI) for various symptoms/abnormalities. In 50 patients, assessment for the posterior eye globe shape was performed. Axial lengths of orbits were also measured in all 50 patients. Results: Out of 50 patients, 23 patients had axial myopia, 15 patients had staphyloma,4 patients had coloboma,3 patients had apparent enlargement of eye ball ,3 patients had enlargement of eyeball due to glaucoma and 2 patients had irregularity in shape of eye globe due to secondary involvement by mucormycosis. Conclusion: Posterior enlargement of the eye globe is common in old age patient, and CT &amp; MRI are useful modalities to diagnose various types of enlargement. In MRI, the sagittal and axial plane of T2WI are very useful for checking for eyeball size, shape, and pathology.

Optic nerve glioma – a case study

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate a 5 year old boy with painless progressive enlargement of the left eye since the past 1 year. He also complained of a loss of vision in the left eye.MethodsStudy Design: Case Study.Duration of Study: 1 year.The patient was evaluated over 1 year and investigations were carried out as deemed necessary.InvestigationsSlit lamp biomicroscopy with 90 D Volk lens was done for anterior and posterior segment examination. Gonioscopy, Applanation Tonometry, Automated Perimetry and Indirect Ophthalmoscopy were done. CT and MRI of the orbit was also carried out.ResultsPresenting visual acuity was absence of light perception in the left eye and the proptosis was measured of 25 mm which was in the downward and outward direction. A relative afferent pupillary defect was noticed in the left eye and extraocular movements were restricted superiorly and medially. Funduscopy of the left eye revealed a pale disc, blurring of the disc margins and presence of optociliary shunt vessels. CT scan of the left eye showed a fusiform optic nerve swelling. MRI showed a fairly large fusiform swelling in left optic nerve, pressure effect on ocular bulb with proptosis, no extension of the lesion in optic canal. This was consistent with the diagnosis of optic nerve glioma.ConclusionOptic nerve glioma is an important cause of unilateral proptosis in children. Early diagnosis is mandatory and management should involve an integrated approach of neurosurgeons, plastic surgeons, ophthalmologists and radiologists.

Anisohypermetropia as a sign of unilateral glaucoma in the pediatric population

Childhood glaucoma poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to ophthalmologists. Difficulty in examination and limitations on ability to perform structural and functional testing of optic nerve make diagnosis and verification of glaucoma control difficult in children. It is well known that an excessive loss of hyperopia is a useful sign in alerting the examining ophthalmologist to the possible diagnosis of glaucoma. We present an interesting case of juvenile onset glaucoma presenting with anisohypermetropic amblyopia in one eye and normal vision in the fellow eye that has glaucoma. It is an unusual case as the left eye with abnormal vision from hypermetropic amblyopia, though by itself requiring treatment, was a red herring for a potentially blinding condition in the fellow eye with normal vision and lower and less amblyogenic hyperopia on examination. We believe that glaucomatous enlargement of the right eye resulted in significant loss of hyperopia in that eye and in turn contributed to anisohypermetropic amblyopia in the left eye. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of juvenile onset glaucoma presenting with anisohypermetropic amblyopia in one eye and normal vision in the fellow eye that has glaucoma.

Photopsia and a temporal visual field defect

A 30-year-old woman presented with intermittent photopsia, a temporal visual field defect below the horizontal in her left eye, and flu-like symptoms. Slit-lamp and fundus examinations were unremarkable. Humphrey 30-2 threshold perimetry and 120-point screening visual field demonstrated blind spot enlargement of the left eye and a normal field in the right eye. Fundus autofluorescence, optical coherence tomography of the macula, full-field electroretinogram, electrooculogram, and multifocal electroretinogram were normal. Swept-source optical coherence tomography scan of the left optic nerve showed an intact outer retina, a remarkably thinned nerve fiber layer nasally, and peripapillary vitreous traction. Goldmann kinetic perimetry revealed a sector-shaped dense defect breaking out from the blind spot to the temporal periphery just below the horizontal in the left eye. The patient had nasal hypoplasia of the optic nerve and peripapillary vitreous traction.

Amniotic bands as a cause of congenital anterior staphyloma

Congenital anterior staphyloma is a rare, complex malformation syndrome of the anterior segment. Only a few reports on associated systemic malformations have been published. We herein present a rare manifestation of congenital anterior staphyloma (CAS) combined with amniotic band disruption syndrome (ABS). Shortly after birth, a massive enlargement of the left eye was observed in a female child. Furthermore, an extensive bilateral congenital cleft lip and cleft alveolar ridge with oblique facial cleft extending into the left medial canthal region, coloboma(s) of the left eyelids, extensive adhesions between lids and eye bulb, as well as circumferential grooves, clubfeet, and terminal transverse defects in both hands and feet were present. Due to severe progression of eye bulb protrusion with thinning of the sclera, enucleation of the left eye was performed at the age of 3 years in order to prevent complications including perforation of the globe and with the aim of improving cosmetic aspects. Histopathological examination of the enucleated eye disclosed findings typical of congenital anterior staphyloma, including massive corneal staphylomatic deformation with superficial vascularization and elapsed corneoscleral margin, destruction of Bowman's layer, absence of Descemet's layer, corneal endothelium, and angle structures. The lens was only partially formed, and had mainly dissolved. The neural retina appeared normal. The optic nerve disc revealed a pronounced excavation. Facial clefts, lid colobomas, congenital constriction bands, and amputation of distal limbs match ABS. This malformation complex develops in early pregnancy, probably prior to 35 days post conception. This is the first report on an association of these two rare complex congenital malformations, congenital anterior staphyloma and amniotic band syndrome. The anterior staphyloma was unilateral, and related to facial clefts and lid coloboma in the area adjacent to the anterior staphyloma. Furthermore, the systemic deformities are clearly due to the amniotic bands, and the timing of the development of both complex malformations seems to be similar. All findings suggest that the presence of amniotic bands is a causative factor for all observed abnormalities including anterior staphyloma.

Hornhautstaphylom-Vorderkammeragenesie-Mikrophakie-Syndrom (kongenitales anteriores Staphylom)

Shortly after birth, a massive enlargement of the right eye was observed in an otherwise healthy male child. The cornea of the affected eye was vascularized and completely cloudy without a sharp border between cornea and sclera. The diagnosis of a congenital glaucoma was made but an operation was not undertaken because of the difficult anatomical situation and the lost function. When the child was almost 3 years old enucleation was performed to prevent complications due to corneal exposure, and to improve the cosmetic aspect. The morphological investigations of the enucleated eye disclosed findings typical of what is called in the literature "congenital anterior staphyloma" or "congenital corneal staphyloma", namely a massively staphylomatous cornea with superficial neovascularization, destruction of Bowman's layer, and absence of Descemet's layer as well as corneal endothelium. Angle structures were completely absent, and the corneal back-side was lined by a pigment epithelial layer and focally by an additional inner layer of non-pigmented epithelium. There was no anterior chamber. The lens was markedly diminished in size (microphakia) and partly embedded in the corneal stroma. Pars muscularis and pars ciliaris of the ciliary body were separated. Elongated, thin ciliary processes were extended towards the small lens while the pars muscularis was fully covered by the retina. This rare, complex malformation syndrome which can be easily distinguished from primary congenital glaucoma should not be reduced conceptually to the corneal staphyloma because this staphyloma constitutes only a part of the whole. Taking the leading morphological aberrations into consideration we would rather propose the new term " corneal staphyloma- anterior chamber agenesia- microphakia syndrome (CSAMS). We hypothesize that CSAMS may be due to a pathological fusion of the early anterior optic cup. As the posterior eye segment is often normal in CSAMS, a staphyloma excision along with a sclero-keratoplasty might be an alternative therapeutic option to avoid enucleation and restore ambulatory vision.

Displaced amacrine cells disappear from the ganglion cell layer in the central retina of adult fish during growth.

Fish grow throughout life, including enlargement of eye and retina. Retinal growth involves several mechanisms of adjustment, such as cell addition and dendritic growth. To discover possible other means with which the animals adjust to changing eye size, the distribution of displaced amacrine cells (DACs) and ganglion cells (GCs) was analyzed in the retina of three sizes of a South American cichlid, the blue arcara Aequidens pulcher. DACs were identified by staining with antibodies specific for the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin. They were also weakly positive for staining against choline acetyl transferase (ChaT). GCs were labeled retrogradely with rhodamine dextran. Densities for both DACs and GCs were lower in the retinas of large fish. To distinguish changes due to eye size from specific adjustments, the proportions of DACs to GCs were examined, rather than the absolute cell densities, in various retinal regions in cryostat sections and wholemount preparations from fish of the three sizes. The analyses suggest that, in small and large fish, DACs and GCs were produced in similar proportions (ratio of DACs to GCs, approximately 0.62) in the retinal periphery where new retinal tissue was added by the germinal zone. However, in the central retina of large fish, this proportion was shifted toward GCs (DAC-GC ratio as low as 0.25). During growth of the eye, the proportion of DACs in the ganglion cell layer decreases, indicating that these cells are eliminated from the ganglion cell layer by some unknown mechanism.

Regulation of the mechanical properties of tree shrew sclera by the visual environment

Experiments in several species have shown that the axial elongation rate of the developing eye can be increased or decreased by manipulating the visual environment, indicating that a visually guided emmetropization mechanism controls the enlargement of the vertebrate eye during postnatal development. Previous studies in tree shrews (Tupaia glis belangeri) suggest that regulation of the mechanical properties of the sclera may be an important part of the mechanism that controls the axial elongation rate in this mammal. To learn whether the mechanical properties of the sclera change when the axial elongation rate is increased or decreased under visual control, uniaxial mechanical tests were performed on 3-mm wide strips of tree shrew sclera. The creep rate was measured under 1, 3, and 5 g of tension, maintained for 30 min at each level. The modulus of elasticity was calculated from the elastic extension that occurred when the force was increased from 0 to 1 g, l to 3 g, and 3 to 5 g. Both were measured in the sclera of both eyes from animals exposed to four experimental conditions: (1) Normal development, at intervals from the day of natural eyelid opening (day 1 of visual experience [VE]) to greater than 5 years of age; (2) Monocular form deprivation (MD), for varying lengths of time; (3) Recovery from MD; (4) Monocular −5 D lens treatment. The creep rate was low in normal animals (1–2% elongation/h), did not change significantly between day 1 and day 75 of VE, and was not significantly different between the two eyes. Four days of MD produced a 200–300% increase in creep rate in the sclera from deprived eyes. Creep rate remained similarly elevated after 11 and 21 days of MD. After 2 days of recovery, which followed 11 days of MD, the creep rate of sclera from the recovering eyes was below normal levels. In animals that wore a monocular −5 D lens for up to 21 days, creep rate increased, and then decreased, in concert with the increase, and decrease, in axial elongation rate as the eyes compensated for the lens. The modulus of elasticity of the sclera was not significantly affected by any manipulation. The temporal correspondence between changes in axial elongation rate and changes in creep rate support the hypothesis that regulation of the time-dependent mechanical properties of fibrous mammalian sclera plays a role in controlling axial elongation rate during both normal emmetropization and the development of refractive errors.

Lid suture myopia in developing chicks: optical and structural considerations.

In a group of chickens studied after lid suture in the first month post hatching an unusually high myopia was found (n = 8 eyes; average: -21.87 Diopters). The non-operated eyes of these chicks had the same optical properties (n = 4; +0.93 Diopters) as the eyes of the normal control chicks (n = 12; +0.81 Diopters). Although enlargement of the whole eye occurred, the main determinant was an axial elongation (operated eyes, 18.0 mm; nonoperated, 13.7 mm; normal controls, 14.7 mm). The axial change involves an enlargement of the posterior as well as the anterior segments of the eye. Despite several structural characteristics specific to chicks, their eyes can serve as a model for myopia research.

The larval eye of the deep-sea fish Cataetyx memorabilis (Teleostei, Ophidiidae)

1. The larval eye of the deep-sea fish Cataetyx memorabilis differs from the eye of the adult in several morphological facts: Its position is lateral, the shape is circular, the diameter is 30% of the head's length. (In the adult: position of eyes is dorsal, shape of eye is oval and the main axis corresponds to 8.3 % of the head's length.) 2. Anatomically 9 different retinal layers can be distinguished in the larval eye, with the bipolar cell—and the ganglion cell layer being the widest ones. 3. Ultrastructural investigations revealed grouped photoreceptors, rod-shaped pigment granules and lipid bodies in the choroid. 4. Serial sections allowed the reconstruction of the path of the optic nerve from the anterior-ventral part of the eye to the anterior-lateral zone of the brain. 5. Despite the larval character of the absence of outer segments, the larval eye seems to be suited for life in the mesopelagial, for it shows the typical adaptations to vision in twilight zones, e.g. enlargement of eye, pupil and lens; ratio of photoreceptor- to bipolar- to ganglion cell bodies 100:20:20 (i.e. grouped photoreceptors); absence of large posterior chamber and presence of lipid particles in the choroid.

Enlargement of avian eye by subjecting chicks to continuous incandescent illumination.

Enlargement of avian eye by subjecting chicks to continuous incandescent illumination.

Enlargement of Avian Eye by Subjecting Chicks to Continuous Incandescent Illumination

Enlargement of Avian Eye by Subjecting Chicks to Continuous Incandescent Illumination

MELANOSARCOMA OF CHOROID

P. N., a white man 66 years old, was examined in my office on Dec. 21, 1938 for an enlargement of the right eye of nine months' duration. In 1928 he had undergone iridectomy on this eye for secondary glaucoma at the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary; permission for enucleation was subsequently refused. Past and family histories were irrelevant; nothing could be learned regarding the primary ocular condition. From the time of this hospitalization to the onset of the present illness the right eye had been blind but quiet. The first symptom noticed was a rapid increase in the size of the eye ; this was followed by protrusion and recently by occasional pain and bleeding. Examination disclosed a blue-red, blackened globular mass, approximately 3 by 3 cm. in size, which was firm and nontender. Its presenting surface had a small area of superficial necrosis. The mass completely filled the

AN ATYPICAL PIGMENT LINE OF THE CORNEA

Histologic studies supplementing biomicroscopic examination of the eye just prior to its excision, as in the following case, are not commonly reported, although this would seem to be the most desirable method of investigating the pathology of the eye. REPORT OF CASE History .—S. M., a man, aged 32, on July 18, 1931, entered the ophthalmic out-clinic at Rush Medical College, because of enlargement of the right eye, with loss of its vision. Ten years before, at the age of 22, there had been a penetrating wound of the right eye, followed two days later by an operation which relieved the severe pain in the eye. The injured eye retained fairly good vision for about seven years ; then within one year's time its vision failed completely, so that it had been totally blind for the past two years. During the past year there had been a gradually increasing bulging