Enhanced Heat Transfer Performance Research Articles

Analysis and optimization of heat transfer performance of multi-stage tower-type direct contact heat exchangers in waste heat recovery

Improving the uniformity of two-phase mixing has been shown to significantly enhance heat transfer efficiency. In this study, A novel multi-stage tower-type heat exchanger is proposed for application in direct contact heat exchange, which improves the uniformity of two-phase mixing and heat transfer efficiency. A heat transfer coefficient based on the harmonic mean method is proposed to evaluate the heat transfer efficiency of complex heat exchanger structures. The results indicate that the multi-stage tower-type direct contact heat exchanger enhances heat transfer performance by 1.67% to 3.49% compared to traditional heat exchangers of equivalent volume across various continuous phase temperatures. Additionally, the heat exchanger is segmented into various sub-sections to measure the harmonic mean volumetric heat transfer coefficient. Under experimental conditions with continuous phase temperatures between 60 °C and 100 °C, the heat transfer coefficients for the multi-stage tower heat exchanger range from 623 to 1945 W/(m3∙K). This study aims to optimize the structure and heat transfer performance of the heat exchanger, which provides a new idea for the evaluation system of complex shaped heat exchangers.

A local synergy angle of velocity, temperature and pressure fields for enhancement of comprehensive heat transfer performance

The field synergy principles for convective heat transfer and flow resistance are integrated in this study. A local three-field synergy angle of velocity, temperature and pressure fields is proposed to evaluate the local comprehensive performance of heat transfer and pumping power consumption. The angle is based on the polar angle of a plot with dot products of velocity and enthalpy/total pressure gradients, respectively, as coordinates. The polar angle is then shifted by the observation that the enhancement of heat transfer rate at the cost of pumping power decreases from the second quadrant to the forth quadrant. The application of the synergy angle is demonstrated by examples of flow and heat transfer in channels with different fin structures. Inspired by the distribution of the synergy angle, Airfoil-Rect fin and Rhom-Rect fin structures are designed, which can improve the heat transfer rate with constraints of pumping power consumption. The present study provides a possible approach for heat transfer enhancement.

Thermohydraulic performance optimization of integrated porous pin fins in microchannel heat sink using shape optimization coupled with NSGA

Micro porous heat sink (MPHS) with enhanced heat transfer performance faces higher pressure drop challenges than conventional heat sinks. Practical applications of MPHS are recently investigated focusing on basic structures. But explorations on complex structures and their performance enhancement are limited. Moreover, the heat conductivity along channel height direction needs further enhancement. To address the problems and extend porous fin designs, we propose a brand-new bionic integrated porous pin fin in MPHS. Procedures of shape optimization coupled with NSGA are applied to the porous fin design. The objective is chosen as figure of merit (FOM) regarding integrated pin fin spacing, solid sub pin fin spacing, and porous zone diameter. This novel method in MPHS investigation helps to find the optimal geometric parameter combination and counter-intuitive design. Then, a detailed performance comparative analysis for the optimized structure is conducted. The results show improvement ratio ranges of FOM are 18.79–––21.65%, 71.84–––108.72%, and 212.7–––231.5%, compared to non-optimized, partially-filled, and fully-filled structures, respectively. This work indicates that the innovative design attains significant energy efficiency improvement, and the novel method is feasible for comprehensive optimization.

Research on flow structure and heat transfer mechanism of windward bend lattice frame

The lightweight lattice sandwich structure is considered a promising heat transfer technology with broad application prospects for improving the heat dissipation capacity of thermal management systems. The heat transfer performance needs to be further researched urgently. In this study, the flow resistance and heat transfer characteristics of windward bend lattice frames with heat transfer and mechanical load capacity were investigated by experimental and numerical methods. The flow mechanism and enhanced heat transfer mechanism of windward bend lattice frame was revealed from the point of view of unit structure. The results show that the bending shape alters the flow state of the fluid in the passage within the windward bend lattice frame truss to enhance the mixing effect of high-temperature and low-temperature fluids in the passage. Additionally, as the angle of inclination increases, there is a significant improvement in local flow resistance characteristics and enhanced heat transfer performance due to deflection in movement direction and rotation direction of inverse spiral vortex at rear truss rod. Furthermore, it is observed that at constant pumping power, the changes in Angle of inclination significantly affect heat transfer on different surfaces: lower surface (increasing by 101%), upper surface (increasing by 57%), followed by end wall (increasing by 16%). This work has valuable engineering applications for structures with similar bending characteristics.

Experimental study of the flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of teardrop-like micro-pin-finned chip surface in semi-open microchannel

Phase change flow boiling heat transfer in microchannel is a very efficient thermal management mode for high-power electronics/devices. However, it is still a challenge to achieve comprehensive enhancement of flow boiling heat transfer performance at low power consumption. Herein, we devised and manufactured a set of teardrop-like micro-pin-finned chip surfaces, demonstrating their exceptional enhancement in flow boiling heat transfer efficiency within semi-open microchannels with negligible pumping energy input. Benefiting from the effective expansion area, the pinning effect and the streamlined bionic structure of the micro-pin-fins, the staggered teardrop-like micro-pin-finned surface (S37) exhibits simultaneous enhancement of critical heat flux (CHF) and heat transfer coefficients (HTC). The CHF and HTC peaks reached 414.1 W/cm² and 42,153.3 W/m²·K, with maximum enhancement ratios of 52.8 % and 78.1 % relative to the smooth surface. A nearly linear improvement in the heat flux (from 93.1 to 414.1 W/cm², enhanced by 447.8 %) is observed within a minimal fluctuation in wall temperatures, not exceeding 10 °C. The semi-open microchannels provide ample space for boiling nucleation bubbles to move efficiently, enhancing heat transfer performance while maintaining a very low pressure drop (≤1.2 kPa) and without increasing power consumption. In situ observation and analysis of the boiling bubble dynamics indicated teardrop-like micro-pin-finned chip promotes the phase change heat exchange process by massive nucleation sites, and effective control of boiling bubbles by pinning effect. These findings not only provide guidance for the rational design of boiling heat transfer-enhanced surfaces and heat sinks, but also point the way to achieving efficient thermal management of power devices.

Vapor separation in minichannel heat sink flow boiling application using gradient porous copper ribs

The accumulation of a significant amount of vapor in minichannels severely limits their flow boiling heat transfer performance, posing a challenge for efficient thermal management in high-power electronic devices. To address this issue, we propose an innovative gradient porous copper rib minichannel with a vapor separation function. This design incorporates micro-pore porous copper and open-cell porous copper, where the unique structure of the micro-pore porous copper is crucial for achieving effective vapor separation. This innovative design not only expands the vapor discharge pathways within the minichannel but also significantly enhances the overall efficiency of vapor removal. Using water as the working fluid, flow boiling experiments were conducted across a range of mass fluxes (G = 26.1 kg/(m2s) ∼ 156.9 kg/(m2s)) and heat fluxes (qeff = 38.2 kW/m2 ∼ 267.5 kW/m2). The experimental results demonstrate that vapor separation significantly alleviates backflow and enhances heat transfer performance. Specifically, our findings indicate that the average temperature of the heat transfer surface decreases by 0 to 10 °C, while the maximum heat transfer coefficient increases by 2.3 times compared to conventional designs. This work presents a practical and innovative approach to mitigating vapor accumulation in minichannels, providing valuable insights for the design of high-performance minichannel heat sinks.

Enhancing Heat Transfer Efficiency through Nanofluid Integration for Thermal Management System: A Numerical Investigation

This study investigates the potential of nanofluids in enhancing heat transfer performance in a 2D tube through a combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and experimental analysis. Nanofluids, which are suspensions of nanoparticles in base fluids, offer improved thermal conductivity compared to conventional coolants. The study employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to replicate the experimental setup and parameters used by Mustafa Moraveji et al. The objective is to assess the heat transfer coefficient (h) and compare the results with experimental data. The computational analysis utilizes CFD simulations to study the flow of nanofluids through the 2D tube and evaluate the heat transfer coefficients at different axial locations. The results indicate that the addition of nanofluids to the base fluid leads to an increase in the heat transfer coefficient, suggesting enhanced heat transfer performance due to the presence of nanoparticles. The findings are compared with experimental data from previous studies to validate the simulations. The study contributes valuable insights into the heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids in a 2D tube and demonstrates their potential for improving heat transfer efficiency. Further research can focus on optimizing nanofluid compositions, investigating additional parameters, and exploring practical applications in heat exchange systems for enhanced thermal management.

Thermal characteristics of a double-tube heat exchanger with different twist directions of the inner oval tube

A new configuration featuring an inner oval tube with alternating twist directions is proposed to improve the thermal performance of double-tube heat exchangers. This design enhances the heat transfer efficiency by inducing longitudinal vortices within the annular space, thereby disrupting the boundary layer on the heat transfer surface, promoting fluid mixing, and significantly augmenting heat transfer. Numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the effects of alternating twist directions of the inner oval tube on thermal performance. The results demonstrate that alternating twist direction of the inner tube creates more pronounced vortices, significantly enhances heat transfer performance compared with the conventional tubes. This novel oval tube led to a substantial enhancement of up to 173.6 % in the Nu, with a corresponding increase of 96.4 % in the f. At Re = 2600, the highest thermal performance factor of the reported annular tube with an alternately twisted oval inner tube can reach up to 2.18, indicating a 118 % improvement in overall heat transfer performance. Fitted correlations for Nu and f are provided to facilitate engineering applications.

Investigation of hydrothermal characteristics and entropy generation in a microchannel heat sink with elliptical fins

Abstract As the integration of microelectronic devices continues to increase, thermal management issues become increasingly prominent. Microchannel heat sinks are effective for heat dissipation in high heat flux microelectronic devices. This study designs five elliptical finned microchannel heat sinks with different aspect ratios (γ) while maintaining a constant elliptical area to enhance heat transfer performance. The values of γ are 0.74, 0.86, 1, 1.17, and 1.35, respectively. Over the Reynolds number (Re) range of 293 to 740, the hydrothermal characteristics and entropy generation of the microchannels with elliptical fins (MC-EFs) are investigated through numerical simulations. The thermal enhancement mechanism of MC-EFs is analyzed via flow, temperature, and pressure fields. The optimal γ value is determined by maximizing the overall performance factor (OPF) and minimizing the augmentation entropy generation number (N s,a). Results indicate that introducing elliptical fins in the straight microchannel (SMC) significantly improves heat dissipation. An increase in γ enhances thermal performance but also raises flow resistance. Specifically, when γ increases from 0.74 to 1.35, the Nusselt number (Nu) improves by 10.71%-25.64%, and the friction coefficient (f) increases by 30.92%-57.27%. Overall, at Re = 740, the OPF of the MC-EF with γ = 1.35 reaches a maximum of 1.285, and at Re = 597, the N s,a for this configuration is minimized to 0.578. These findings provide valuable insights for effective thermal management in microelectronic devices.

Experimental and Simulation Study on Enhancing Thermal Energy Storage and Heat Transfer Performance of Ternary Chloride Eutectic Salt by Doping MgO Nanoparticles

Experimental and Simulation Study on Enhancing Thermal Energy Storage and Heat Transfer Performance of Ternary Chloride Eutectic Salt by Doping MgO Nanoparticles

Heat transfer enhancement and flow resistance reduction characteristics of non-uniform electrohydrodynamic conduction pumping in microchannels

In this study, the thermo-hydraulic performance of non-uniform electrohydrodynamic (EHD) conduction pumping in rectangular and straight microchannels was experimentally investigated. Electrodes are arranged in two ways: dimensions constant, spacing varies (Cases 1–3); both dimensions and spacing vary (Cases 4–6). The results show that EHD conduction pumping significantly enhances heat transfer performance, increasing the average Nusselt number (Nu) by 17.9 %-87 % compared to a smooth microchannel. As Re increases, the inertial force of the fluid dominates, diminishing EHD-induced vortices and limiting heat transfer enhancement. EHD conduction pumping enhances heat transfer by creating vortices that mimic solid pseudo-roughness microelements, increasing fluid disturbance and mixing near the wall. However, these vortices also impede the flow, resulting in a trade-off with increased pressure drop resistance. This paper innovatively adopts an arrangement of increasing electrode size (non-uniform), which effectively reduces the pressure drop resistance in the microchannel while maintaining the advantage of enhanced heat transfer. Cases 4, 5, and 6 exhibit significantly higher comprehensive heat transfer performance (η) than Case 0 (without electrodes), especially at low Re. While the inertial force at high Re suppresses vortex formation and heat transfer enhancement, η remains superior to Case 0. Notably, Case 5 maintains a minimum η of 1.18 even at Re = 1000. Furthermore, this paper proposes an equivalent slip drag reduction mechanism to elucidate the drag reduction effect of the increasing electrode size arrangement. Heat transfer augmentation and pressure drop reduction, as mentioned here in microchannels, are crucial for electronics cooling and microfluidic devices.

Heat transfer enhancement in cylindrical heat pipes with MgO-Al2O3 hybrid nanofluids in water-ethylene glycol mixture: An RSM approach

Heat pipes are passive devices crucial for thermal management in various applications. However, conventional water-based fluids can limit their heat transfer capacity, especially in cold environments where freeze protection is necessary. This study investigates the potential of MgO-Al2O3 hybrid nanofluids to enhance heat transfer performance in cylindrical mesh heat pipes while addressing these limitations. The research demonstrates significant improvements in thermal performance compared to a water-ethylene glycol mixture. The MgO-Al2O3 hybrid nanofluid reduces thermal resistance by enhancing surface wettability in the evaporator section. Additionally, the formation of a nanofluid coating on the evaporator surface leads to a higher heat transfer coefficient. Furthermore, RSM successfully models the relationship between nanoparticle concentration, power input, and key thermal responses (thermal resistance and heat transfer coefficient). These findings highlight the effectiveness of MgO-Al2O3 hybrid nanofluids for augmenting heat transfer in heat pipes and provide valuable RSM models for predicting thermal behavior within the investigated range.

Enhanced heat transfer performance in a parabolic trough solar collector: A CFD investigation of silver and copper nanofluids utilizing porous medium

A recent study was being conducted to offer a three-dimensional numerical inspection of the water–Ag/Cu nanofluids’ hydrothermal profitability within a parabolic-trough solar collector incorporating a porous medium. This study aims to improve the thermal efficiency of parabolic-trough solar collectors by integrating nanofluids and porous media into the receiver tube. The focus is on enhancing heat transfer to the working fluid for better performance. In our numerical simulation, the working fluid of water (or nanofluid) at 5 different mass flow rates of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 L/h and with a temperature of 20°C enters the receiving pipe of a parabolic-trough solar collector while the non-constant heat flux is set on it. Copper and silver nanoparticles in volume fractions of (0.1 to 0.5%) and Darcy numbers of 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 are simulated in applied porous media. The results of the simulations revealed that the use of a porous medium with (rp = 1 and Da = 0.1) and also in mass flow rate of 20 L/h, our receiver pipe saw a 2204.8% increase in the Nusselt number and 687.8% pressure drop, and the PEC was equal to the number 11.3. In the following, we examined copper and silver nanoparticles in two cases of applying porosity and without applying porosity in the receiving tube in volume fractions of 0.1 to 0.5%. Due to the creation of a high-pressure drop by the porous medium, nanofluids showed higher numbers for the performance evaluation criterion than unity for the non-porous state. Silver nanoparticles in volume fraction of 0.5% (at rp = 1 and Da = 0.1) showed an increase of 71.3% and 197.8%, respectively, for the Nusselt number and pressure drop. In the case of non-porous copper nanoparticles with a volume fraction of 0.5%, they showcased an uptick in 217.6% and 3.8% respectively for the Nusselt number and pressure drop.

Simulation and Experimental Study on Heat Transfer Performance of Bionic Structure-Based Battery Liquid Cooling Plate

This study presents a bionic structure-based liquid cooling plate designed to address the heat generation characteristics of prismatic lithium-ion batteries. The size of the lithium-ion battery is 148 mm × 26 mm × 97 mm, the positive pole size is 20 mm × 20 mm × 3 mm, and the negative pole size is 22 mm × 20 mm × 3 mm. Experimental testing of the Li-ion battery’s heat generation model parameters, in conjunction with bionic structure and micro-channel features, has led to the development of this innovative cooling system. The traditional bionic liquid cooling plate’s structure is often singular; however, the flow path of the liquid cooling plate designed in this paper is based on the combination of the distribution of human blood vessel branches and the structure of insect wing veins. The external dimension of the liquid cooling plate is 152 mm × 100 mm × 6 mm (length × width × height). Utilizing numerical simulation and thermodynamic principles, we analyzed the heat transfer efficacy of the bionic liquid cooling module for power batteries. Specifically, we investigated the impact of varying coolant flow rates and the contact radius between flow channels on the thermal performance of the bionic battery modules. Our findings indicate that a liquid flow rate of 0.6 m/s achieves a stable maximum surface temperature and temperature differential across the bionic battery liquid cooling module, with a relatively low overall system power consumption, suggesting room for further enhancement of heat transfer performance. By augmenting the contact radius between flow channels, we observed an initial increase in the maximum surface temperature, temperature differential, and inlet–outlet pressure differential at a flow rate of 0.2 m/s. However, at flow rates equal to or exceeding 0.4 m/s, these parameters stabilized across different design Scenarios. Notably, the pump power consumption remained consistent across various scenarios and flow rates. This study’s outcomes offer valuable insights for the development of liquid-cooled battery thermal management systems that are energy-efficient and offer superior heat transfer capabilities.

Evaluation of heat transfer enhancement effect at the hot/cold end of a Stirling engine using performance improvement factor

The driving force of a Stirling engine comes from the heating expansion and cooling compression of working medium. The enhancement of heat transfer capacity of the hot/cold end is the key to improve the Stirling engine performance, while how to objectively evaluate the heat transfer enhancement effect is a precondition. Herein, a polytropic model of a Stirling engine thermal cycle process was firstly established. A method for evaluating the heat transfer enhancement performance under oscillating flow was proposed based on the efficiency and power improvement of a Stirling engine. This method was further used to evaluate the heat transfer enhancement effect of a novel four-leaf helical heating tube under oscillating flow, the efficiency and power improvement factor of which was reached 13.5 % and 6.1 %, respectively. The results show that the efficiency and power improvement evaluation criterion was more comprehensive and intuitive in evaluating the heat transfer enhancement performance under oscillating flow compared with the conventional evaluation indictor like performance evaluation criterion and equivalent tube length and tube number criterion.

Enhanced heat transfer performance in vapor chambers via fabrication of novel regular composite porous wick structures using selective laser melting

The composite structure wick has been proven to significantly enhance the heat transfer performance of vapor chambers. Aluminum vapor chambers offer advantages such as being lightweight and cost-effective, meeting the requirements for lightweight cooling in fields like aviation. This study presented two novel composite porous wick structures with regular-shaped pores, designed and controlled via selective laser melting (SLM): the vertical square pore composite wick structure and the round-vertical square pore composite wick structure. A water-cooling test platform was built to investigate the effects of parameters such as wick structure thickness, round pore diameter, and round pore depth on the heat transfer performance and thermal resistance of the vapor chambers. The results indicate that the optimal thickness for the vertical square pore composite wick structure was 1.5 mm, yielding a minimum thermal resistance of 0.04 K/W. When the thickness was below 1.5 mm, it caused a reduction in the density of the vaporized core and insufficient liquid transport capacity. Conversely, when the thickness exceeded 1.5 mm, the primary limiting factor for heat transfer shifts to vapor-liquid flow resistance. Furthermore, the round-vertical square pore composite wick structure can provide further improvements in vapor-liquid transport within the structure.

Flow and heat transfer in multi-cavity pistons with oscillating cooling

Under high temperature and pressure conditions, pistons play a crucial role in managing thermal stress within combustion chambers. To analyze of the heat transfer characteristics of piston cooling systems in low-speed engines, this study developed and validated an oscillating cooling model featuring a composite piston with multiple cooling cavities. Using numerical simulation methods combined with dynamic mesh technology, the model replicates the long-stroke behavior of actual diesel engines and is validated against preliminary experimental data. The results demonstrates that during reciprocating motion, oil flowing through the telescopic sleeve interacts with gas from breather holes, forming a gas–liquid two-phase flow that significantly alters the liquid film coverage ratio (LFC) on wall surfaces, influencing heat transfer efficiency. As the filling rate increases from 28 % to 71 %, the average liquid film coverage (ALFC) rises by 0.27, and LFC fluctuation frequency decreases, with amplitude increasing by 0.08. Notably, the average Nusselt number (Nuavg) shows significant increases for top surface of inner cavity (TSIC) and side surface of inner cavity (SSIC) between filling rates of 52 % and 64 %, while the maximum increase for top surface of outer cavity (TSOC) and side surface of outer cavity (SSOC) occurs between 37 % and 52 %. Temperature drops at points A and B in the filling rate range of 28 % to 52 % were 1.37 K (4.09 K), which is notably higher than the 0.35 K (0.86 K) drop in the 52 % to 71 % range. Analyzing these changes indicates that the optimal filling rate for enhanced heat transfer performance is approximately 52 %. Furthermore, as engine speed increases from 135.2 to 202.8 rpm, the piston head filling rate decreases from 0.60 to 0.46, reducing both the contact area and the surface heat transfer coefficient. This study provides profound insights of the multiple cooling cavities under reciprocating motion and presents new strategies for optimizing piston cooling systems designed for low-speed engines.

Predicting MHD mixed convection in a semicircular cavity with hybrid nanofluids using AI

This study presents a numerical analysis of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convection in a semicircular enclosure containing a rotating inner cylinder and filled with nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids. The investigation explores the effects of Al2O3-TiO2-SWCNT-water hybrid nanofluids with varying nanoparticle compositions, as well as Al2O3-water, TiO2-water, and SWCNT-water nanofluids. The analysis includes the development of an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict outcomes, achieving 97.34 % accuracy in training and 97.41 % in testing for the average Nusselt number. The study examines the impact of Reynolds number (Re), Richardson number (Ri), Hartmann number (Ha), cylinder rotation speed (Ω), cylinder size, and nanoparticle volume fraction (φ) on heat transfer and fluid flow. Key findings include a 6.98 % increase in heat transfer for SWCNT-water nanofluid from Ri = 1 to Ri = 10, a reduction in heat transfer with higher Hartmann numbers, and a significant 21.12 % enhancement when cylinder speed increases to Ω = 10 compared to a stationary cylinder. Larger cylinder sizes also improve convective heat transfer, with a 66.14 % increase for SWCNT-water nanofluid. Additionally, higher concentrations of SWCNT and Al2O3 in hybrid nanofluids enhance heat transfer performance.

Energy and parametric optimization analysis of a novel double serpentine runner air-cooled PV/T assisted variable capacity air source heat pump system

Through different technologies, the solar energy and air source energy have been effectively used as renewable energies to address the heating problem in the cold area of Northwest China. However, there are very few researches on the comprehensive performance of heat transfer enhancement and airflow pressure drop in the solar collector, as well the dynamic matching performance between the air source heat pump system and energy load of building. To address the mentioned problems, we propose a novel double serpentine runner air-cooled photovoltaic/thermal collector assisted variable capacity air source heat pump (DSPV/TSAC-VCASHP) system. The summary of experimental and numerical results of the heat transfer characteristics of the double serpentine runner was used in the simulation model of the novel collector. The collector and air source heat pump system are connected in parallel with building room for space heating. The dynamic simulation model of the system was established and simulated using TRNSYS to study and analyze the power consumption, effect of key parameters, as well seasonal performance of the novel system. The simulated results show that the system could reach around 88 % power consumption lower than that of single air source heat pump system during the heating season.

Bridging Innovations of Phase Change Heat Transfer to Electrochemical Gas Evolution Reactions.

Bubbles play a ubiquitous role in electrochemical gas evolution reactions. However, a mechanistic understanding of how bubbles affect the energy efficiency of electrochemical processes remains limited to date, impeding effective approaches to further boost the performance of gas evolution systems. From a perspective of the analogy between heat and mass transfer, bubbles in electrochemical gas evolution reactions exhibit highly similar dynamic behaviors to them in the liquid-vapor phase change. Recent developments of liquid-vapor phase change systems have substantially advanced the fundamental knowledge of bubbles, leading to unprecedented enhancement of heat transfer performance. In this Review, we aim to elucidate a promising opportunity of understanding bubble dynamics in electrochemical gas evolution reactions through a lens of phase change heat transfer. We first provide a background about key parallels between electrochemical gas evolution reactions and phase change heat transfer. Then, we discuss bubble dynamics in gas evolution systems across multiple length scales, with an emphasis on exciting research problems inspired by new insights gained from liquid-vapor phase change systems. Lastly, we review advances in engineered surfaces for manipulating bubbles to enhance heat and mass transfer, providing an outlook on the design of high-performance gas evolving electrodes.