English Language Research Articles

Motivation in English Language Learning: A Critical Review of General and Medical English Among Doctors in Ho Chi Minh City

This critical review examines the motivational factors influencing English language learning among medical professionals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, focusing on both General English (GE) and English for Medical Purposes (EMP). Drawing on a mixed-methods study involving 104 medical doctors who graduated within the past three years, the paper explores the levels and types of motivation, the differences between GE and EMP learning motivations, and the factors that drive or hinder motivation. The findings reveal that instrumental (INS) and integrative (INT) motivations are the primary drivers, with extrinsic (EXT) and intrinsic (INR) motivations playing moderate roles. The study highlights the significant impact of career development, educational purposes, and cultural understanding on motivation, while identifying challenges related to classroom environments, teaching methods, and time constraints. This paper critically evaluates these findings, situates them within the broader literature on language learning motivation, and offers recommendations for improving English language education for medical professionals.

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE FOR HIGH SCHOOL EFL LEARNERS: A CASE STUDY OF ENGLISH 10 FRIENDS GLOBAL TEXTBOOK

Living in a globalized world nowadays requires individuals to possess the ability to communicate across cultures. Therefore, acquiring intercultural communicative competence is more important in this day and age than ever before. In ELT (English language teaching) contexts, developing learners’ competence in intercultural communication has been gaining much attention from educators, teachers and researchers. Such stakeholders believe that textbooks are tools that equip learners with diverse cultural backgrounds. Given the critical role of fostering learners’ intercultural communicative competence through the use of textbooks, this study aims to investigate the representation of cultural elements in English 10 Friends Global Textbook. The study used descriptive analysis approach, together with the use of two frameworks proposed by Cortazzi and Jin (1999) and Yuen (2011) in its data collection and analysis. The findings showed that foreign cultural elements presented in the textbook outnumbered local ones, which indicated that English 10 Friends Global Textbook had the potential to develop students’ intercultural communicative competence. Some pedagogical implications are also discussed in this study.

Unraveling the relationship between corporate governance and green innovation: a systematic literature review

Purpose This study aims to identify the relationship between corporate governance (CG) and green innovation (GIN), along with its enablers, through a systematic literature review (SLR). The purpose is fulfilled using an SLR added with a few bibliometric analysis approaches for analyzing 48 peer-reviewed articles published in the English language between 1995 and 2023. Design/methodology/approach A total of 48 papers are shortlisted using online databases based on the Prisma method for keywords “Corporate governance” and “green innovation” or “sustainable innovation”. The authors propose the results with the help of a comparative analysis of the scope, methodologies used, results and context of the study. The methodology also uses initial bibliometric analysis using VOSViewer to establish the relevance of keywords and citations of the existing literature and their results. Findings This study demonstrates a positive correlation between CG and GIN and also finds 14 factors impacting the relationship. Innovation is driven by introducing transparency, accountability, environmental, social and governance initiatives, performance, organizational culture, research and development investments and digital technology interventions. This study also demonstrates the positive impact of external forces such as government policies, mergers and acquisitions that consider sustainable efforts. Practical implications This study has provided pivotal insights for organizations interested in improving their sustainability. The industries can use their CG mechanism and GIN strategies to improve sustainability, whereas academia can leverage the results to explore cross-disciplinary studies, including sustainability among corporations. Originality/value This study is a unique effort combining CG, innovation and sustainable efforts. The authors could not find any extent of work done in the congestion of CG and GIN together considering the SLR, making this a unique and original study.

The lexical profile of online graded reading materials in English language teaching: A corpus-based study

In contexts of both English as a second language (ESL) and English as a foreign language (EFL), there is an ongoing effort to incorporate online graded reading materials into extensive reading programs designed for second language (L2) learners. However, it remains largely unknown to what extent these texts are suitable for L2 learners in terms of lexical demand. Based on a large corpus comprising nine levels of online graded reading materials, the present study examined the lexical profile of these texts at both corpus and grade levels. Results of our study showed that to achieve minimal and optimal comprehension of these materials at the corpus level, learners are expected to know 3,000 word families and 6,000 word families respectively plus proper nouns, marginal words, transparent compounds, and acronyms. As for the lexical demand across different grade levels, it was found that the lexical demand increases slightly and steadily as grade level increases. Overall, these results indicate the potential value of online graded reading texts as extensive reading materials for lower-level and mid-level L2 learners. Implications for L2 teaching and learning are also provided.

Sex differences in electrical activity of the brain during sleep: a systematic review of electroencephalographic findings across the human lifespan

BackgroundWith the explosion of techniques for recording electrical brain activity, our recognition of neurodiversity has expanded significantly. Yet, uncertainty exists regarding sex differences in electrical activity during sleep and whether these differences, if any, are associated with social parameters. We synthesised existing evidence applying the PROGRESS-Plus framework, which captures social parameters that may influence brain activity and function.MethodsWe searched five databases from inception to December 2024, and included English language peer-reviewed research examining sex differences in electrical activity during sleep in healthy participants. We performed risk of bias assessment following recommended criteria for observational studies. We reported results on sex differences by wave frequency (delta, theta, alpha, sigma, beta, and gamma) and waveforms (spindle and sawtooth), positioning results across age-related developmental stages. We created visualizations of results linking study quality and consideration of PROGRESS-Plus parameters, which facilitated certainty assessment.ResultsOf the 2,783 unique citations identified, 28 studies with a total of 3,374 participants (47% male, age range 4–5 months to 101 years) were included in data synthesis. Evidence of high certainty reported no sex differences in alpha and delta relative power among participants in middle-to-late adulthood. Findings of moderate certainty suggest no sex differences in alpha power; and theta, sigma and beta relative power; and delta density. There is evidence of moderate certainty suggesting that female participants had a steeper delta wave slope and male participants had greater normalized delta power. Evidence that female participants have higher spindle power density is of low certainty. All other findings were regarded as very low in certainty. The PROGRESS-Plus parameters were rarely integrated into the methodology of studies included in this review.ConclusionEvidence on the topic of sex differences in sleep wave parameters is variable. It is possible that the reported results reflect unmeasured social parameters, instead of biological sex. Future research on sex differences in sleep should be discussed in relevance to functional or clinical outcomes. Development of uniform testing procedures across research settings is timely. PROSPERO: CRD42022327644. Funding: Canada Research Chairs (Neurological Disorders and Brain Health, CRC-2021-00074); UK Pilot Award for Global Brain Health Leaders (GBHI ALZ UK-23-971123).

12 Does Pelvic Fixation in Neuromuscular Scoliosis Correction Affect the Functional Ability? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract Background Neuromuscular scoliosis (NMS) often involves pelvic obliquity and surgical correction may encompass instrumenting to the pelvis. However, there is no clear consensus regarding the effect of such extended fixation and fusion on function and deformity correction post operatively. Purpose Assess the influence of pelvic fixation as a part of scoliosis correction in patients with NMS on postoperative function and radiological outcomes. Methods A systematic review of the English language literature using Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane and dating up until August 2024 was undertaken following PRISMA guidelines. Results Five papers (Level III evidence) were relevant from a pool of 297 initial studies. A total of 120 NMS patients with an average age of 15.8 years (M/F = 0.87) underwent surgical correction with pelvic fixation and a total of 110 NMS patients with an average age of 15.6 years (M/F = 1.08) underwent surgical correction without pelvic fixation. Each study used a different scoring system for function and mobility, however, there was no significant differences in both groups regarding changes in functionality. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in blood loss (P= 0.17), hospital stay (P= 0.67), preoperative and 2 year follow-up cobb’s angle ( P = 0.06 and P= 0.54), preop and 2 year follow-up pelvic tilt ( P= 0.3 and P= 0.5) and rate of major complications ( P=0.55). Conclusion Comparing patients undergoing NMS correction surgery with and without pelvic fixation showed no significant difference in blood loss, hospital stay, radiological parameters and functional outcomes.

Risk Prediction Models for Sentinel Node Positivity in Melanoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

There is a need to identify the best performing risk prediction model for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) positivity in melanoma. To comprehensively review the characteristics and discriminative performance of existing risk prediction models for SLNB positivity in melanoma. Embase and MEDLINE were searched from inception to May 1, 2024, for English language articles. All studies that either developed or validated a risk prediction model (defined as any calculator that combined more than 1 variable to provide a patient estimate for probability of melanoma SLNB positivity) with a corresponding measure of model discrimination were considered for inclusion by 2 reviewers, with disagreements adjudicated by a third reviewer. Data were extracted in duplicate according to Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies, Transparent Reporting of a Multivariable Prediction Model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis, and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses reporting guidelines. Effects were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. The primary outcome was the mean pooled C statistic. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. In total, 23 articles describing the development of 21 different risk prediction models for SLNB positivity, 20 external validations of 8 different risk prediction models, and 9 models that included sufficient information to obtain individualized patient risk estimates in routine preprocedural clinical practice were identified. Among all risk prediction models, the pooled weighted C statistic was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.74-0.81) with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 97.4%) that was not explained in meta-regression. The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Melanoma Institute of Australia models were most frequently externally validated with both having strong and comparable discriminative performance (pooled weighted C statistic, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.69-0.78 vs pooled weighted C statistic, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.66-0.74). Discrimination was not significantly different between models that included gene expression profiles (pooled C statistic, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.76-0.90) and those that only used clinicopathologic features (pooled C statistic, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.73-0.81) (P = .11). This systematic review and meta-analysis found several risk prediction models that have been externally validated with strong discriminative performance. Further research is needed to evaluate the associations of their implementation with preprocedural care.

Perceptions about brain health among the United Arab Emirates population using the global brain survey: a cross-sectional study

IntroductionInterest in brain health and general well-being research has increased due to advances in neurosciences, and aging population’s need for preventive health measures. However, there is limited research on perceptions and attitudes toward brain health in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), a country with a unique demographic and cultural context. We aimed to assess self-reported practices, beliefs and attitudes toward brain health within the UAE population, identifying key factors influencing these views, and contributing to the global understanding of brain health in non-Western, high-income settings.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study using the UAE-adapted Global Brain Health Survey, originally developed by the Lifebrain Consortium in Europe. The survey was distributed in both English and Arabic language via social media and the snowball technique. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and results of multivariable binary logistic regression.ResultsA total of 931 responses were recorded and analyzed. Overall, participants demonstrated a moderate understanding of brain health. Key factors that participants believed to influence brain health were physical health, sleep habits, substance use, and social environment. Older participants were more likely to engage in healthy lifestyle choices, while younger participants prioritized different activities. We also observed gender differences, with women less likely to engage in activities such as taking nutritional supplements and practicing relaxation techniques. Higher education and healthcare experience were linked to more informed perceptions of brain health.DiscussionOur findings provide valuable insights into how cultural, social, and demographic factors influence the practices and beliefs toward brain health in the UAE. By adapting the Global Brain Health Survey for a Middle Eastern context, we demonstrate its cross-cultural applicability and contribute to the global discourse on brain health. Our results may inform future public health policies and interventions, highlighting the importance of tailored culturally sensitive strategies to promote brain health across different demographic groups, particularly in multicultural and rapidly aging societies.

High-accuracy, privacy-compliant multilingual sentiment categorization on consumer-grade hardware: A monte carlo evaluation of locally deployed large language models

This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of multilingual sentiment categorization performance using locally deployed large language models (LLMs) on consumer-grade hardware, focusing on GDPR-compliant implementation scenarios. Through extensive Monte Carlo validation involving 947,700 classifications over 702 iterations, we demonstrate significant performance capabilities across English, Italian, and Japanese languages while operating within consumer hardware constraints. Using lightblue/suzume-llama-3-8B-multilingual-orpo-borda-half on a Python-based llama-cpp framework on consumer NVIDIA GPU hardware, English achieved 96.3% accuracy (95% CI: 0.963–0.964), with Italian and Japanese showing strong performance at 92.2% (95% CI: 0.921–0.922) and 90.7% (95% CI: 0.906–0.908) respectively. Notably, our analysis demonstrates that plurality voting can achieve extremely high confidence levels across all languages, suggesting an efficient approach to improving classification reliability without requiring extensive computational resources.

PROJECT-BASED LEARNING ON SELF REGULATED LEARNING: HOW DOES IT WORK?

A well-structured teaching and learning process is characterized by innovative approaches that adapt to contemporary educational demands. This innovation enhances student engagement and fosters critical thinking and creativity. Project-based Learning (PBL) is one approach that encourages students to apply their knowledge practically, enhancing skill acquisition (Subramani & Iyyapan, 2018). Additionally, students need to have self-regulated Learning (SRL) so that they will be able to monitor themselves during the learning process. This SRL should be increased at the graduate level because, at this level of education, they are required to be more independent during the learning process. This research used a pre-experimental design using a one-group pretestpostest design of semester 1 master students of the English Language Education Study Program who took a Quantitative Research Coursewith three credits. They consist of 21 students. The data were obtained by using a questionnaire with a 4 Likert scale named Self-Regulated Learning Questionnaire. Based on the analysis, it was found that masteral students’ self–regulated learning after PjBL was applied to them is better than before. This finding can be an alternative for lecturers or teachers to develop students' self-regulated Learning through motivation, goal setting, time management, self–efficacy, learning strategy, and monitoring and adaptation.

Efficacy of human papillomavirus vaccines in the prevention of male genital diseases: a systematic review.

To evaluate the results of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the efficacy of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in preventing male genital-related diseases. A systematic search of English language literature using PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library was performed in April 2024 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. Evidence from four RCTs (including 7008 male participants) support the efficacy of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine in preventing genital warts and persistent HPV infection in HPV-naïve men. The low incidence of male genital malignancies in the control groups of the reported studies lead to underpowered evidence. However, vaccination leads to durable protection with a long-term follow-up of 10 years showing efficacy of 91.8% to prevent HPV 6-, 11-, 16-, or 18-related external genital lesions (EGLs) in HPV-naïve subjects. Additionally, the quadrivalent vaccine seems to effectively reduce the detection of DNA from all four HPV types. In summary, early quadrivalent HPV vaccination demonstrates efficacy in preventing HPV infection and EGLs in males. Well controlled prospective studies are needed to confirm the long-term efficacy, specifically in cancer prevention, in all men and specific subject subgroups, and to identify the targeted population who is most likely to benefit from early vaccination.

Insights into Intercultural Competence among Vietnamese Business English Majors

Intercultural competence (IC) is an increasingly important topic, especially in English language education, given the diversity of the globe today. However, in Vietnam, particularly among Business English students, there is a lack of knowledge of IC, so this issue requires further attention and investigation. This study aims to gain insights into the IC of Vietnamese Business English majors. The study was conducted among 102 Business English majors through a questionnaire. With respect to data analysis, the quantitative data was analyzed by descriptive statistics. The values of IC are related to its sub-dimensions, intercultural attitudes, intercultural skills, and intercultural knowledge of students pursuing Business English in Vietnam. The result indicates that the level of IC among Vietnamese Business English was high; so were the Vietnamese Business English students’ levels of intercultural attitudes, intercultural skills, and intercultural knowledge. More specifically, the highest level belonged to intercultural attitudes followed by intercultural skills and intercultural knowledge. To achieve a higher level of IC, in terms of intercultural skills, they had to analyze differences between cultures, evaluate foreign cultural perspectives and behaviors, seek opportunities to communicate with people from foreign cultures, adapt to new cultures flexibly, reflect when intercultural conflicts arise, and work out solutions when misunderstandings emerge. Additionally, in terms of intercultural knowledge, they had to acquire the knowledge of foreign cultures’ manners, their artifacts (e.g., food, money), customs, behaviors toward foreign cultures, holidays and festivals of foreign cultures, their institutions (e.g., education, politics), foreign literature, their beliefs, history, and core values. These results are expected to help students increase their awareness, abilities, and understanding of IC.

The Complexities and Promise of Standing Beside Indigenous Literacy Scholars: A Language Curriculum Analysis

Literacy is an essential component of any elementary-school classroom. To address shifting understandings of literacy and how to teach it, Alberta has developed a new language-arts curriculum. This curriculum, however, was developed in a context where schools have a long history of not serving Indigenous children well, including not meeting their needs through literacy programs (Hare, 2011). Alberta Education, through the English Language Arts and Literature (ELAL) curriculum, claims to better address those needs. The purpose of this research is to examine how the ELAL curriculum and its implementation aligns with the field of language and literacy, and in particular, Indigenous literacy scholarship, namely Peltier’s (2016/2017) Wholistic Anishinaabe Pedagogy and Reese’s (2018) Critical Indigenous Literacy. Data included both an analysis of the curriculum and semi-structured interviews with literacy instructors/scholars and in-service teachers. There were several key findings: English only processes, sparce attention to feelings throughout the curriculum, an absence of critical literacy, and inappropriate text selection. This paper is significant, as it shows the complexities and promise of being a non-Indigenous literacy scholar, thinking deeply about places of resonance and tension in literacy in ways that Indigenous scholars are already writing about.

The single-item Healthy Diet Scale: validity and reliability

The single-item Healthy Diet Scale (HDS) was developed to estimate the percentage of daily diet that consumers regard as healthy. The aim of the presented studies was to demonstrate its validity and reliability. To evaluate its validity, in Study 1, N = 108 Dutch young adults completed a survey including the HDS (with picture examples) and the multiple-item Start the Conversation diet scale (STC). To examine the reliability of the HDS, a same-day test-retest assessment was conducted. In Study 2, an online survey among N = 154 Dutch students compared the HDS with and without picture examples. In Study 3, among N = 302 Turkish students, the HDS (without picture examples) was compared with the STC. In Study 4, among N = 37 Dutch and N = 83 English language students, the test-retest reliability of the HDS (without picture examples) was assessed for a longer time interval. Study 5, among N = 100 Dutch students, evaluated the correlation of the HDS (without picture examples) with various health outcomes. In Study 1, the analysis revealed a significant correlation between the HDS with picture examples and the STC. The intraclass correlation (ICC) between the test and retest assessment of 0.982 suggested excellent agreement between the two assessments. Study 2 revealed no significant difference in the HDS with and without example pictures. Study 3 revealed that the outcome of the HDS without picture examples correlated significantly with the STC. Study 4 revealed that the 11-day test-retest reliability of the HDS without picture examples was good to excellent. Study 5 revealed a significant association between the HDS without picture examples and immune fitness, sleep quality, insomnia, happiness and quality of life, but not with mood. Taken together, the HDS is a valid and reliable scale to estimate the percentage of daily diet that consumers perceive as healthy.

Exploring meaning-making in instructional technology: A phenomenological study of english language teaching students

Abstract The benefits that different technologies provide to the educational processes have been experienced by educators for years. The advantages hat teachers gain from computers, the internet, different software and technologies that change and develop every passing day have caused students to develop different skills and have also made it a necessity for teachers to be able to use these systems. As a result of these requirements, as a result of the studies of the Higher Education Council and the Ministry of National Education, which regulate higher education in Turkey, courses addressing technology education and the integration of technology into the course have been added to the process. This study aims to understand the technology-based meanings developed by teacher candidates taking the Instructional Technologies (IT) course. Within the scope of the study designed according to Husserl's phenomenology understanding, the study was conducted by 12 English Language Teaching undergraduate students and 3 researchers. It has been observed that the socio-cultural capital of the primary subjects of the study, English Language Teaching students, has shaped their lives along with their technological capital in the post-truth period. It has been seen that gods with high technology skills have created digital victims through digital world tools. It has been observed that people who were victims in the past can become resisters who engage in passive resistance against the digital world, while individuals who were not victims in the past but were aware of their victimization can become characters who actively resist the process.

Testing the psychometric properties of the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire among nurses in Saudi Arabia.

This paper aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the "rater" version of the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire in nursing practice within the context of Saudi Arabia. The analysis of the psychometric properties of Avolio et al.'s Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (2007). This version of the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire was in the English language. A convenience sampling method was used to obtain data from 215 Saudi early career nurses working at public hospitals affiliated with the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia. Data analysis included assessing internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) analysis and the exploratory factor analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version. Face and content validity were evaluated using a content validity index, and Mplus was also used to assess the factor structure of the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire by conducting confirmatory factors analysis. The results of psychometric testing of the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire provide initial support for the content and construct validity and internal reliability of the instrument among early career nurses in Saudi Arabia. The results supported that the 16 items of the rater's version of the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire measure nurses' perceptions of the authentic leadership of their leaders. The psychometric properties of the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire yield a valuable contribution to empirical research within the nursing population. The results of this study suggest that the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire will be useful for health service researchers and nursing leaders seeking to understand and capture authentic leadership qualities in Saudi Arabia.

A PHENOMENOLOGY ON COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE OF BSED TERTIARY EDUCATION STUDENTS THROUGH THE LENS OF LANGUAGE TEACHERS: STRATEGIC COMPETENCE IN FOCUS

The purpose of this qualitative research study was to generate an in-depth understanding of the lived experiences of BSED-Tertiary education students on their communicative strategic competence through the lens of language teachers in some Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Tagum City. Utilizing the purposive sampling, the fourteen research participants who are language teachers were identified and grouped for in-depth interview and focus group discussion. Data carefully analyzed using coding and thematic analysis. Results emerged from the experiences, struggles and difficulties of the language teachers which include having students with diverse backgrounds, handling students struggling to communicate due to anxiety, encountering passive students, and experiencing difficulties with students who have low self-confidence. Language educators adopt a range of strategies to deal with the challenges such as fostering a positive learning environment, providing different learning activities, assessing the students’ performance using rubrics, and encouraging students to speak up. To mitigate these encounters, teachers need to know and assess students’ background in communication, let students embrace mistakes and criticism in speaking, encourage and motivate students to communicate using English language, continue to learn strategies in communicative development through attending relevant seminars for communicative enhancement and tailor approaches to student needs. The results imply that significant changes and improvements should be considered and implemented in some Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to tailor approaches in enhancing the communicative strategic competence of the students. More importantly, it highlights the importance of appropriate strategies and approaches promoting the continuous development of the students in their strategic competence.

Advancing Knowledge in Islamic Banking and Finance: A Meta-Analysis of Literature Trends and Gaps

This systematic literature review provides an in-depth exploration of the realm of Islamic banking and finance, with a focused emphasis on Scopus-indexed research articles. Employing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology, our investigation methodically navigated the extensive database to meticulously curate a final selection of 202 published articles composed in the English language. Through exacting screening processes and innovative data visualization techniques facilitated by VOSviewer, this systematic review aspired to delineate and showcase the thematic evolution within the literature of Islamic banking and finance. The study sought to identify and visualize the interconnectedness among research themes, collaboration networks among authors, institutions, and countries. Beyond highlighting thematic trends and collaborative networks, the analysis aimed to elucidate the most influential contributions that significantly shape the academic landscape of Islamic banking and finance. Consequently, the outcomes of this comprehensive analysis contribute significantly to a nuanced understanding of the intellectual foundations, key research trends, and future prospects within Islamic banking and finance research. This study stands as a valuable resource for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers alike who are keenly interested in the dynamic and evolving field of Islamic banking and finance.

Pre-service Teachers’ Beliefs about the Role of Motivation in Language Learning

This study examines pre-service teachers’ beliefs about motivation in learning English as a foreign language. A mixed-method approach was used to collect data through surveys, interviews, visual narratives, and classroom observations at a public university in Ecuador. Findings reveal that both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation significantly impact the learning process. Intrinsic motivation, driven by personal interest and satisfaction, fosters student autonomy and engagement, encouraging students to take responsibility for their learning. On the other hand, extrinsic factors, such as career opportunities, academic success, and external recognition, reinforce commitment and perseverance. Additionally, pre-service teachers acknowledge their key role in stimulating motivation through interactive strategies, positive feedback, and technology integration. They also recognize the need to create an inclusive and supportive learning environment that fosters students’ confidence and reduces anxiety. This study highlights the importance of motivation in English language teaching and suggests that teacher education programs should provide effective tools to enhance motivation and engagement in the classroom.

Revisiting Soniah Kamal’s Unmarriageable: Appropriation of Colloquial Words and Expressions in Modern English

The phenomenon of appropriating English language to make it suitable for befitting it to the colloquial use remained the focus of researchers for centuries. The present study undertook the task of fleshing out some of the strategies which post-colonial or more specifically Pakistani writers use to make English seem more Pakistani than British. Zooming in the focus of the research, this study chose a recently published novel “Unmarriageable” by Soniah Kamal for its being universally acknowledged as ‘Pride and Prejudice in Pakistan’. The prime focus of the study was to locate the areas of colloquial expressions used by the writer, to investigate its influence in conveying Pakistani sentiments and to highlight how these areas assisted the writer to create a modern writing. Analyzing the novel through textual analysis revealed what was the need behind using “log kya kahengy” and “Lady ny hamari naak kat di”. It gained the theoretical insights from the analytical framework developed by Kachru and Ashcroft et al. to analysis data. The data collection was planned to collect relevant samples from the text of the novel which were identified as the elements of modern style of writing English. The study explored how Kamal modernized English in vernacular style to dislocate the language from its origin and relocate it in Pakistani soil.