Engineering Geological Conditions Research Articles

Stability analysis before and after support of a multi-stage structural surfaces landslide mass

A typical multi-stage structural surfaces landslide mass located in Sichuan Province, SW China, is used as the research object. Based on the site survey and related data collection and analysis, the topography, geomorphology, stratigraphic lithology and geological structure of the study area were identified, and the engineering geological conditions and signs of deformation and damage of the landslide mass were analysed and studied. The stability characteristics of four levels of structural slip surfaces on the main section of the landslide mass under natural, rainstorm and earthquake conditions were comprehensively analysed using the transfer coefficient method and Geo5 geotechnical analysis software. The results show that the stability of the four slip surfaces ( ab , bc , ad and ae ) of the landslide mass is basically stable, basically stable, stable and stable under natural conditions; basically stable, less stable, stable and stable under earthquake conditions; and less stable, unstable, stable and stable under rainstorm conditions. It is found that the stability of the two shallow slip surfaces ( ab and bc ) is relatively poor. An anchor support design was chosen to reinforce the landslide mass, and the stability of the supported landslide mass was verified by Geo5 software.

О геодинамической устойчивости и безопасности объектов обустройства месторождений прибрежного шельфа Арктики

The article considers a range of the scientific and technical problems, the solution of which will allow to improve the reliability and safety of the offshore oil and gas production, since the current level of technical means development for drilling wells and hydrocarbon production does not always guarantee the safety of processes even in well-studied onshore conditions. Safe development of the offshore oil and gas fields is threatened by: hazardous phenomena and processes in the geological environment (including endogenous and exogenous processes); extreme hydrometeorological factors; errors at all stages of the development (engineering surveys, design, construction, etc.); abnormal technological processes; technogenic hazards, etc. The least predictable are the spatial patterns of changes in the engineering-geological conditions and the activity of the geological processes to determine zones of the geological hazard. Incorrect conclusions of the designers and prospectors, shortcomings of the monitoring system and measures of engineering protection of the developed territories are the cause of emergency situations at oil and gas facilities. The article considers three fields of the Yamal Peninsula: Bovanenkovskoye, Kharasaveyskoye and Kruzenshternskoye, which differ from each other in landscape and geocryological conditions. For the onshore Bovanenkovskoye field, the most appropriate is the placement of the objects within the land terraces. The Kharasaveyskoye field, two-thirds of which is onshore and one-third offshore in the Kara Sea, is developed by the onshore directional and horizontal wells. The most difficult are the conditions of the Kruzenshternskoye field: on the shallow shelf and flooded areas of land, there is a wide distribution of silts, flowing clays, etc., which have low strength and strong compressibility extending to an unknown depth. They can lead to significant drawdown of the artificial islands. Permafrost rocks, gas-saturated soils and near-surface zones of abnormally high reservoir pressure were also identified. For the identified conditions, measures are defined to ensure the stability of the geological environment to technogenic interactions, as well as the tasks of developing scientific and methodological control and preventing risks associated with hazardous fluid-dynamic processes in the cryolithospheric layer of the Arctic shelf.

Simulation Study on the Disaster-Causing Mechanism of Geothermal Water in Deep High-Temperature Heat-Damaged Mines

This paper takes the bottom pumping roadway of 33190 machine roadway in the No.10 mine of China PingMeiShenMa Group as the engineering background. This mine is a hydrothermal mine, with strong heat conduction and thermal convection activities between the surrounding rock and geothermal water. This forms a geothermal anomaly area, making the overall temperature of the surrounding rock temperature field increase and affecting the mine thermal environment. According to the measured field data and the engineering geological conditions of the roadway, a roadway seepage-heat transfer model is constructed using the comsol numerical simulation software, emulating the effect of geothermal water upwelling to the roadway through random cracks in the surrounding rock at different temperatures and pressures, which has an impact on the airflow temperature field of the roadway. The study shows that the evolution law of the airflow temperature field in the roadway under different water upwelling temperatures and pressures is roughly the same, and the temperature at the entrance of the roadway is almost unchanged: the heating rate is 0, and then increases linearly. The variation in the airflow outlet temperature is analyzed, both under the conditions of same temperature but different pressure, and under the same pressure but different temperature. The water upwelling temperature and the cooling efficiency are positively correlated, and the overall growth rate of the airflow temperature is positively correlated with the water upwelling temperature and pressure; however, the effect of temperature is far greater than that of pressure. The upwelling temperature of geothermal water is the main influencing factor on the temperature field of the airflow in the roadway. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the temperature of upwelling water by laying heat insulation materials on the bottom plate, evacuating geothermal water and circulating cold-water by injection, so as to improve the thermal environment of water-heated mines and increase their production efficiency.

Stability Analysis of Evasion Tunnels Using the Rock Tunneling Quality Index (Q-System) Method On the Construction of the Bagong Dam Trenggalek, East Java

The Bagong Dam evasion tunnel is part of the dam construction which functions to drain the water flow so that the dam work can be done. In planning the construction of evasive tunnels, it is necessary to study the geological, geotechnical and structural conditions of the tunnel. This study is intended to provide an overview of the subsurface and engineering geological conditions of the research area, so as to determine the stability of the evasion tunnel and then provide recommendations for the support to be used. The method used is the Rock Tunneling Quality Index (Q-System) method to determine the buffer to be used in the construction process. Based on the analysis of the subsurface geological conditions of the study area, there are three rock layers, namely: sandstone, breccia and limestone. In the Q-System analysis, the rock mass class value ranges from 0.451 to 0.651 with Very Poor quality and the rock mass class value is 1.162 with Poor quality. At the four drill points BH-09, BH-03, BH-10 and BH-11, the recommendation for support is obtained with the type of support (B+5) and SRF+B

Stability Evaluation of Bener Dam Diversion Tunnel During Construction

Bener Dam Diversion Tunnel is located in two rock units such as andesite and andesite breccia. Based on the engineering geology investigation, the subsurface tunnel will penetrate andesite breccia with good rock mass quality (fresh-moderately weathered), while surrounding the tunnel consist of andesite breccias with moderate and poor rock mass quality. Geological and engineering geology conditions are used as the basis for stability analysis of excavation methods and determining primary tunnel support systems. Geological Strength Index is used for determining rock mass parameters. The stability analysis of the openings and tunnel supports was carried out using an empirical and numerical method approach. The results of the empirical analysis of support system stability were then evaluated using the finite element method. The most suitable excavation method is applied by blasting. Evaluation of the support system based on rock mass rating with the finite element method modeling shows that the lowest safety score in the tunnel geomechanical zone is in zone 2 with a safety factor value at the final support is 1.786, however in general they are in a good condition which are safe from the initial excavation until the installation of supports stage.

Forecasting Slope Displacement of the Agricultural Mountainous Area Based on the ACO-SVM Model.

Due to the combined influence of complex engineering geological conditions and environmental factors from agricultural mountainous areas, the evolution of slope deformation is complicated and nonlinear. Support vector machine (SVM) technology could effectively solve the technical problems of small sample, high dimension, and nonlinear, so it is applied to data mining of the measured slope displacement and the prediction and analysis of the slope deformation trend. In order to avoid blindness of human choice of SVM parameters and to improve the prediction accuracy and generalization ability of the model, an ACO-SVM model is built by adopting an improved ant colony algorithm (ACO) to optimize parameters in association with the rolling forecasting method of displacement time series. The model was applied to two engineering examples. The research results showed that the ACO-SVM model was correct with high accuracy. The ACO-SVM model had higher accuracy of prediction and stronger generalization ability than optimizing SVM based on the genetic algorithm or particle swarm optimization. The forecasting results were more reasonable. It has certain engineering application values for slope deformation prediction.

MODELING AND MONITORING OF STRUCTURAL SAFETY OF LONG-OPERATING UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES OF THE SEWAGE SYSTEM IN THE CONDITIONS OF INCREASING ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIONS IN ORDER TO PROVIDE SUSTAINABLE LIFECYCLE OF ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE MEGACITY (THE EXPERIENCE OF ST. PETERSBURG)

Long-term operation in difficult engineering-geological conditions of unique underground sewage facilities creates the danger of violating their structural safety. A long-term study of the dynamics of changes in a technical state of large pumping stations and deep sewage tunnels made it possible to establish patterns of influence of intensive anthropogenic and dynamic actions on this process. The developed discrete and continuous diagnostic models of defect development in tunnel structures allow identifying potentially hazardous areas subjected to manifestation of critical failures and methods of their localization. On the basis of numerical modeling the boundaries of defect-free joint operation of the system “source of impact – geo-mass – sewage underground structure” have been determined. The geotechnical and structural calculations are used to simulate the interaction of the facilities with the soil environment and predict adaptive stress-strain control system parameters. With increasing external anthropogenic and dynamic impacts, modeling zones of urban areas with potentially dangerous sections of underground sewage facilities constitute the basis for development of regulatory documents on monitoring methods and safe development of the geotechnical infrastructure of a megacity.

Data Analysis of the Effect of Different Nanomaterials on Antislide Pile Performance in Railway Landslides

Engineering geological conditions in our country are complex and diverse. Many high-rise buildings, bridges, and launch towers are inevitably built on high and steep slopes. Heavy rain, earthquake, human engineering activities, and other factors lead to frequent landslides, soil creep deformation, and overall sliding, resulting in a certain bending moment and flexural deformation of foundation piles, may cause damage to the substructure and foundation pile failure, and then endanger the safety of the superstructure. In the past, bridge pile group foundation was used in bridge pile foundation engineering to improve the impact situation, but the stress environment of bridge pile foundation in landslide is obviously different from that of bridge pile foundation in the flat area. The large deformation of soil in front of the pile will easily cause the phenomenon of soil sliding and peeling, which will increase the technical difficulty of antislide pile construction. Based on this, this study firstly briefly introduces the relevant theories and technologies of railway landslide antislide pile technology and then establishes the static model of railway landslide antislide piles with different nanomaterials. Finally, the reinforcement technology of different nanomaterial antislide piles for railway landslide is expounded, which can provide guarantee for the application of different nanomaterial antislide piles for railway landslide. The results show that the preloading is carried out according to 1/10 of the design load to reduce the void between the soils. After the load is maintained for 2 hours, the load is unloaded to 0, and good skid resistance can be obtained.

Study on the Long-Distance Gas Pre-Drainage Technology in the Heading Face by Directional Long Borehole

Gas control in the heading face of a coal roadway is an important and difficult point in coal mining in China. On the basis of analyzing the disadvantages of high gas control cost and long drainage period in the existing mine heading face, a long-distance pre-drainage method of long-distance drilling is proposed to control the gas in the heading face so as to improve the tunneling speed. Applied to the engineering geological conditions of Changcun coal mine, the technology is studied in detail. First, a gas migration model considering permeability changing with time is established, and the model is put into the numerical simulation software to study the variation law of permeability and gas pressure under the conditions of single borehole and multi-borehole drainage. The results show that with the increase of drainage time, the permeability around the borehole increases gradually, the gas pressure decreases gradually, and the permeability at the borehole boundary increases the most, reaching 1.2 times the initial permeability. In the process of multi-borehole drainage, there will be mutual influence between boreholes, but with the increase of borehole spacing, the degree of this influence gradually decreases. Second, according to the results of numerical simulation, a reasonable gas drainage scheme is designed and applied in the field. The field application shows that the technology has a good gas drainage effect, the gas drainage concentration and flow are at a high level for a long time, the drilling cuttings quantity is always lower than the critical value, and the excavation length of roadway increases by more than 50 m per month. These results indicate that this technology is a promising method to realize the safe and rapid excavation of a mine coal roadway.

Landslide-tunnel interaction mechanism and numerical simulation during tunnel construction: a case from expressway in Northwest Yunnan Province, China

The excavation of the tunnel on the expressway in northwest Yunnan province induced landslide and a series problem such as ground surface cracks of the slope, sliding of the slope, and cracks in the tunnel lining. This research aims to reveal the interaction relationship between the tunnel and the landslide from the prospective of field monitoring and numerical simulation. Firstly, the engineering geological conditions of the slope where the tunnel was located were obtained by field investigation. The “landslide traction segment-tunnel longitudinal tensile failure” mode was put forward based on the spatial relationship between the tunnel and the landslide. Secondly, field monitoring methods were adopted to monitor the surface displacement of the slope, the deep-seated displacement of the landslide, and the propagation of cracks in the tunnel lining. Finally, three-dimensional numerical models were established to investigate the stability of the slope and the tunnel under natural conditions, tunnel excavation conditions, and rainfall conditions. The field investigation results, field monitoring results, and numerical simulation results illustrated that: (1) The tunnel traversed the traction segment of the landslide body in parallel, and tensile failure or shear dislocation failure would occur at different stages of the interaction between the tunnel and the landslide. (2) Two sliding layers were discovered in the landslide, the shallow creep sliding layer and the deep creep sliding layer, which corresponded to the tensile failure and shear dislocation failure modes proposed in the “landslide traction segment-tunnel longitudinal tensile failure” mode, respectively. (3) The slope was in an unstable state under natural conditions. The tunnel excavation disrupted the initial stress equilibrium of the slope, resulting in stress release of the surrounding rock mass. Both excavation and rainfall would exacerbate the deformation of the landslide and the tunnel. Eventually, control measures based on the control grouting technology of the steel floral tubes were suggested to counter with landslide-tunnel deformation problems.

Roof and sidewall stability assessment in caverns in the touristic zone in the Kungur Ice Cave

The Kungur Ice Cave is a unique natural site, where scientific research has been carried out for a long time. In this article, by the example of the Kungur Ice Cave touring area, we substantiate the chosen methods for assessing the stability of the grotto roof and karst cavity walls laid in the Ice Mountain Massif composed of sulfate-carbonate interstratified rocks. Stability assessment was carried out on the basis of determining the coefficient of stability, which was calculated using nine parameters: morphometric indicators of grottos and karst cavity passages, lithological composition and degree of deformation of host rocks, elements of rock occurrence, microclimate characteristics, landslide hazard, fracturing, physical and mechanical properties of host rocks, watering area and man-made factor. The parameters are sampled from the complex multidisciplinary monitoring (geological, hydrogeological, microclimatic), surveyor control and observations of landslide processes carried out since 1930 in the Kungur Ice Cave. During the study throughout the excursion trail in the cave, 47 sections were delineated and the stability coefficient was calculated for each section. According to the results of the stability coefficient (S) calculation, the selected sites were divided into three types: the highly stable type includes the sites for which the sum of the estimated points equals 8.0 < S, stable type—7.0 ≤ S ≤ 8.0 and low-stable S < 7. The ranking of sites by the degree of stability will further ensure safe touristic activities, as well as mining and geological operations, and can strengthen control over active negative processes in the Kungur Ice Cave. The experience gained in the stability assessment can be applied to other underground sites, both artificial and natural, located in the same engineering-geological conditions and extensively exploited by man.

Evaluation of Blended Learning Effect of Engineering Geology Based on Online Surveys

Engineering geology applies geological theories and methods to the practice of engineering activities, evaluates the engineering geological conditions of the engineering site through engineering geological investigation and comprehensive research of theories, solves the engineering geological problems related to engineering activities, predicts and demonstrates the occurrence and development laws of engineering geological problems in the engineering activity area, and puts forward technical measures for prevention and control, so as to contribute to the planning, design, and construction and provide necessary geological and technical data for use and maintenance. Based on the theory of multiattribute decision-making, this paper puts forward the evaluation index system of engineering geology teaching quality in applied universities. A curriculum teaching quality evaluation index system is constructed, which is composed of four main indexes: online resources and teaching, offline teaching process, classroom teaching quality evaluation, and classroom teaching quality evaluation. Furthermore, 11 second-class indices and 28 third-class indices are considered. The judgment matrices and membership degree of each attribute are obtained through use of a questionnaire, and the total weight of each subitem is calculated using the analytic hierarchy process. The calculation results show that the classroom instructional quality of the engineering geology course can be considered excellent; furthermore, other courses could also be evaluated using the same method, where those with low evaluation results can be further improved. Using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on the analytic hierarchy process, we evaluate the instructional quality, comprehensively consider the nonlinear and fuzzy characteristics of evaluation factors, can scientifically calculate the weight value of each evaluation index, and combine qualitative and quantitative aspects, in order to objectively provide an evaluation of the classroom instructional quality of teachers, which is conducive to the high-quality construction of university courses.

Genesis Analysis and Stability Evaluation of Karst Area in the Mudengdong Village Based on the Geological Investigation and Numerical Simulation Methods

The large-scale mining of underground mineral resources will lead to the formation of mined-out areas, which will lead to a series of geological and environmental problems. By selecting the Mudengdong village as a case study, this paper uses geodetic satellite remote sensing technologies to perform qualitative analyses and summarize the geological engineering conditions of the factory. Afterwards, the predominant factors that affect the stability of foundation are determined based on the geological survey of karst in goaf structures. Finally, the finite element software ANSYS is used to comprehensively study the karst problem. The results indicate that (1) the karst development pattern in the study area is controlled by the Beiyin mountain fault, in which case the karst in the basin, in the foot slope, or in the pass section is more widespread than in the slope section. Moreover, the karst generally has a vertical form and is in the early karst stage of development; (2) surface rainwater infiltration, earthquakes, and load pressure are the three major factors that affect karst collapse in the study area; (3) by simulating the development of karst caves and the bearing capacity of the karst roof in the goaf structure under different conditions, it is recommended that only civil buildings with not more than three floors can be built in the village. Overburdened soil thicknesses between 6 and 10 m and civil buildings with heights less than 6 m are not suitable parameters for construction activities. If there are hidden soil holes under the overburden layer, dynamic consolidation needs to be applied in order to destroy the structure of the soil layer and to ensure the safety of personnel.

Progress and Perspectives of Geotechnical Anchor Bolts on Slope Engineering in China

Geotechnical anchoring technology is an important tool for disaster prevention and mitigation in slope engineering. Anchor bolts which are commonly used in slope engineering can be divided into prestressed anchors and non-prestressed anchors. Due to the superiority of anchor support technology, research on various aspects of anchor bolts, such as mechanical mechanism, anchorage effect, and the development of new-type anchor bolts, has been a significant research topic for scholars. This mini-review sums up the diverse past and current literature on anchor support technology of slope engineering in China. It focuses on the characteristics, applications, research methods, and practical cases of anchor bolts and briefly describes the history of slope anchor bolt development in China in the past 3 decades. Nowadays, the demand for engineering construction processes is increasing, and engineering geological conditions are becoming more complex, which promotes the development of anchor support technology. At the international level, achieving carbon neutrality is both an international trend and a general objective. Against the background of global commitment to carbon neutrality, the potential future perspectives for the developments of anchor support technology have been prospected in light of actual engineering needs.

Integrated Collaborative Control of “Shielding-Filling-Grouting” of 1 km Deep Large-Section Roadways: A Case Study

Effective control of deformation failure of surrounding rock in deep roadway has become an important prerequisite for the safe and efficient development of deep coal resources. In this study, the field measurement of the study area’s in-situ stress was carried out for the specific engineering geological conditions of the KCM −967 m level west-wing main track roadway. The west-wing main track roadway’s full-section deformation failure features were summarized and analyzed, and the main roadway’s surrounding rock nonlinear deformation failure mechanism was revealed from the perspective of elastoplastic mechanics. Based on that, a set of highly targeted integrated collaborative control technology of “shielding-filling-grouting” system was proposed. The industrial field test revealed that, after the above integrated collaborative control scheme was adopted, there was no strong deformation failure on the surface of the main roadway surrounding rock and deep rock mass, which played the role of active and passive support collaborative control, reduced the subsequent repeated repair and maintenance workload of the roadway, and satisfied the needs of long-term safe and efficient production of the mine. The results obtained provide a reference for the control of surrounding rock of deep and large-section roadways in other mining areas.

Experimental Analysis on Mechanical Characteristics of Foundation Soil in Rift Valley Area of Kenya Nairobi-Malaba Railway

The Rift Valley section of Kenya Nairobi-Malaba Railway locates in the Great Rift Valley of East Africa, with complex engineering geological conditions and well-developed geological structures. During the rainy season from March to May 2018, four large-scale ground fissures were formed in the first-stage project of the Nairobi-Malaba Railway of the valley floor section, accompanied by uneven surface settlement and trenches, seriously endangering the safety of the railway and its nearby projects. Through field investigation, it is preliminarily considered that the main reason induced ground fissures and surface settlement is the underlying soil layer being eroded by groundwater. The gully is further formed by surface water erosion on a base of uneven surface subsidence. The geological exploration trench at DK77 ground fissure revealed that the overlying soil layer is respectively grayish-yellow silty clay, cyan-gray volcanic ash, and brownish-yellow silty clay from top to bottom, and the underlying bedrock is volcanic tuff with wide cracks. The fluid flows out or into the bedrock through the cracks developing channels for groundwater up-down flowage. Under the erosion of groundwater to the underlying soil, this study proved the possibility of the occurrence of uneven settlement. When exposed to the groundwater, the underlying soil will exhibit special physical and mechanical properties which are conducive to the occurrence of ground cracks and subsidence. The conventional geotechnical tests are conducted for the three types of overlying soil, and the results reveal the causes of ground fissures and surface settlement from the physical and mechanical properties of the overlying soil and provide a basis for the further qualitative analysis of the mechanism of ground fissures and surface settlement.

Analysis of Engineering and Geological Conditions of International Submarine Optical Fiber Cable Routing in the East China Sea Section

The East China Sea section of the Chinese international submarine optical fiber cable generally starts from the Shanghai coast, crosses the East China Sea shelf and continental slope to the east, and intersects with the international optical fiber cable system in Okinawa Trough. In this paper, the regional tectonic, seismic, and other environmental conditions of the East China Sea section of the international submarine optical cable are briefly described based on the previous data. Additionally, the geological engineering conditions of the international optical cable routing in the East China Sea area will be analyzed based on the field investigation data such as multibeam, side-scan sonar, shallow stratigraphic profile, sediment sampling, and cone penetration test (CPT). It is found that the main geological factors in the East China Sea shelf area are submarine scouring, sandwave, shallow gas, and hard seabed; in the land slope area are steep slope, submarine valley, rock, landslide, and shallow gas (pockmark); and in the Okinawa Trough area are gully, sea mound/seamount, rock, shallow gas, fault, and hard strata outcrop. This paper briefly analyzes the impact of each geological disaster factor on the submarine cable project and proposes solutions for providing essential information and some scientific basis for designing, constructing, operating, and maintaining international submarine optical fiber cables in the East China Sea area.

Indirect Determination of Soil Young’s Modulus in Lithuania Using Cone Penetration Test Data

Simplified methods based on cone penetration test results are commonly used to determine soil deformation modulus, depending on the engineering geological and geotechnical conditions and the complexity of the computational approach. This paper reviews some empirical equations based on the results of the cone penetration test and gives recommendations for the assessment of Young’s modulus, oedometric modulus and residual modulus from the cone penetration test result, according to the Lithuanian technical requirements and other standards. Theoretical interpretations of results are presented together with practical examples for coarse and fine soils, limits of empirical equations application are explained.

Application of FBG Sensor to Safety Monitoring of Mine Shaft Lining Structure.

The use of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors is proposed to solve the technical problem of poor sensor stability in the long-term safety monitoring of shaft lining structures. The auxiliary shaft of the Zhuxianzhuang coal mine was considered as the engineering background, and a test system implementing FBG sensors was established to monitor the long-term safety of the shaft lining structure. Indoor simulation testing revealed that the coefficient of determination (r2) between the test curves of the FBG sensor and the resistance strain gauge is greater than 0.99 in both the transverse and vertical strains. Therefore, the FBG sensor and resistance strain gauge test values are similar, and the error is small. The early warning value was obtained by calculation, according to the specific engineering geological conditions and shaft lining structure. The monitoring data obtained for the shaft lining at three test levels over more than three years reveal that the measured vertical strain value is less than the warning value, indicating that the shaft lining structure is currently in a safe state. The analysis of the monitoring data reveals that the vertical strain increment caused by the vertical additional force is approximately 0.0752 με/d. As the mine drainage progresses, the increasing vertical additional force acting on the shaft lining will compromise the safety of the shaft lining structure. Therefore, the monitoring must be enhanced to facilitate decision-making for safe shaft operation.

Challenges of Spring Protection and Groundwater Development in Urban Subway Construction: A Case Study in the Jinan Karst Area, China

In order to improve land-use efficiency and solve traffic congestion, in recent years, many cities in China have focused on developing urban underground space resources and urban rail transit projects. However, there are various hidden risks for the sustainable development of the ecological environment and water resources. In this paper, a comprehensive investigation and analysis of spring water resources are carried out using the example of the karst area of Jinan, which is known as ‘spring city’. The engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions in Jinan are introduced in detail, and the geological causes of springs are analyzed. In addition, the causes of spring flow attenuation are revealed based on the investigation of the flow dynamics of spring water. Based on the current situation of traffic congestion in Jinan, the necessity and development statuses of rail transit construction are analyzed. Then, according to the different stratigraphic structure, limestone roof depth and karst water head depth, the Jinan spring area is divided into three research regions including the shallow limestone area, concentrated spring water area and deep limestone area. The spring protection problems faced by each region during the construction of urban railways are systematically described. In addition, the countermeasures and suggestions for spring protection are presented. This study aims to reduce the impact of urban rail transit construction on Jinan spring water so as to protect the Jinan spring. It also provides the water resources protection experience for urban rail transit construction in similar karst areas.