Energy Storage System Technology Research Articles

A Nanocluster Colloidal Electrolyte Enables Highly Stable and Reversible Zinc Anodes.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries represent a favorable technology for stationary energy storage systems owing to their safety, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. However, Zn anodes suffer uncontrollable dendrite formation and harmful side reactions that lead to a short lifespan. Herein, we demonstrate a nanocluster colloidal electrolyte strategy for stabilizing the zinc anodes. A copper nanocluster (CuNC) is screened out to validate the efficient suppression of messy dendrites and side reactions. A CuNC could resurface a zincophilic and protective interlayer for interfacially steering uniform Zn stripping/plating and mitigating corrosion/hydrogen evolution reactions. Impressively, the colloidal electrolyte enables zinc anodes to show a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.8% over 2100 cycles and extended lifespans of 2200 and 1300 h under 0.5 and 5 mA cm-2, respectively. A full cell based on the modified electrolyte exhibits significantly improved cycling durability for more than 15 000 cycles. This work will aid in the design of nanocluser colloidal electrolytes with respect to stable zinc chemistry and beyond.

Cutting-Edge Energy Storage System and Battery Management Technology

Cutting-Edge Energy Storage System and Battery Management Technology

Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach for Optimal Energy Storage System Selection and Applications in Oman

This research aims to support the goals of Oman Vision 2040 by reducing the dependency on non-renewable energy resources and increasing the utilization of the national natural renewable energy resources. Selecting appropriate energy storage systems (ESSs) will play a key role in achieving this vision by enabling a greater integration of solar and other renewable energy. ESSs allow for solar power generated during daylight hours to be stored for use during peak demand periods. Additionally, the proposed framework provides guidance for large-scale ESS infrastructure planning and investments to support Oman’s renewable energy goals. As the global renewable energy market grows rapidly and Oman implements economic reforms, the ESS market is expected to flourish in Oman. In the near future, ESS is expected to contribute to lower electricity costs and enhance stability compared to traditional energy systems. While ESS technologies have been studied broadly, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis for optimal ESS selection tailored to Oman’s unique geographical, technical, and policy context. The main objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of ESS options and identify the type(s) most suitable for integration with Oman’s national grid using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodology. This study addresses this gap by applying the Hesitate Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (HF-AHP) and Hesitate Fuzzy VIKOR methods to assess alternative ESS technologies based on technical, economic, environmental, and social criteria specifically for Oman’s context. The analysis reveals pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) and compressed air energy storage (CAES) as the most appropriate solutions. The tailored selection framework aims to guide policy and infrastructure planning to determine investments for large-scale ESSs and provide a model for comprehensive ESS assessment in energy transition planning for countries with similar challenges.

Battery energy storage with renewable energy sources integration in unbalanced distribution network considering time of use pricing

The increasing demand for sustainable energy solutions and the escalating energy demand have facilitated the emergence of renewable energy sources (RES), such as photovoltaic (PV) sources. Combining RES with battery energy storage system (BESS) technology reduces peak hour demand and allows for economical charging and discharging for time-based energy pricing. Integrating PV and BESS in an unbalanced system with multiple RES sources is a challenging task. It requires a robust algorithm to minimise power loss in the distribution system and decrease the voltage unbalance factor (VUF). This paper presents a new multi-objective Pelican optimisation algorithm (MOPOA) for the optimal allocation of PV and BESS. The MOPOA helps find the best placement of PV and BESS in an IEEE-33 bus unbalanced radial distribution system (URDS). The proposed algorithm combines multiple benefits from a lower net present cost (NPC) and a higher voltage profile enhancement index (VPEI). The case studies and simulation results show that the proposed method places PV and BESS in IEEE 33-bus URDS optimally, satisfying all of the system’s requirements. The results indicate an improvement in the minimum VUF factor of 4.4% in a winter day and 4.3% in a summer day; a reduction in active power loss of 16% in a winter day and 7.1% in a summer day; and a reduction in reactive power loss of 7.5% in a winter day and 7.2% in a summer day. Thus, the recommended strategy effortlessly accelerates to a suboptimal solution.

A long-cycle-life reversible Li-CO2 battery enabled by engineering the active sites of graphene with Pd nanoparticles.

Li-CO2 batteries have been recognized as an emerging technology for energy storage systems owing to their high theoretical specific energy and environmentally friendly CO2 fixation ability. However, their development for applications requires a high energy efficiency and long cycle-life, this is currently limited to the formation of wide-bandgap insulator Li2CO3 during discharge. Here, nanoparticle Pd supported on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is utilized as cathodes for Li-CO2 batteries, Pd nanoparticles as active centers significantly enhance CO2RR/CO2ER reaction activity, which can support the fast formation and decomposition of Li2CO3 in organic electrolytes and achieve a high discharge capacity of 7500 mAh g-1. It also performs remarkably high cycling stability of over 500 cycles with a long cycle-life of 5000 hours. The observed super electrochemical performance is attributable to the thick electrode design and uniform distribution of ultrafine catalyst nanoparticle Pd. When Li2CO3 is adsorbed on Pd particle, the Li-O bond in Li2CO3 will be elongated due to the interactions of two nucleophilic O atoms with Pd, resulting in a weakening of the Li-O bond and activation of Li2CO3. Our work suggests a way to design catalysts with high activity that can be used to activate the performance of Li-CO2 batteries.

'Beyond Li-ion technology'-a status review.

Li-ion battery is currently considered to be the most proven technology for energy storage systems when it comes to the overall combination of energy, power, cyclability and cost. However, there are continuous expectations for cost reduction in large-scale applications, especially in electric vehicles and grids, alongside growing concerns over safety, availability of natural resources for lithium, and environmental remediation. Therefore, industry and academia have consequently shifted their focus towards 'beyond Li-ion technologies'. In this respect, other non-Li-based alkali-ion/polyvalent-ion batteries, non-Li-based all solid-state batteries, fluoride-ion/ammonium-ion batteries, redox-flow batteries, sand batteries and hydrogen fuel cells etc. are becoming potential cost-effective alternatives. While there has been notable swift advancement across various materials, chemistries, architectures, and applications in this field, a comprehensive overview encompassing high-energy 'beyond Li-ion' technologies, along with considerations of commercial viability, is currently lacking. Therefore, in this review article, a rationalized approach is adopted to identify notable 'post-Li' candidates. Their pros and cons are comprehensively presented by discussing the fundamental principles in terms of material characteristics, relevant chemistries, and architectural developments that make a good high-energy 'beyond Li' storage system. Furthermore, a concise summary outlining the primary challenges of each system is provided, alongside the potential strategies being implemented to mitigate these issues. Additionally, the extent to which these strategies have positively influenced the performance of these 'post-Li' technologies is discussed.

Rational design of hybrid electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium battery based on investigation of lithium-ion transport mechanism

Lithium all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are a promising technology for achieving high energy density, long cycle life, and safe rechargeable battery systems. Among these, Li ASSBs using solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have gained attention owing to their processability, lightweight nature, flexibility, and favorable electrode contacts. However, SPEs have low ionic conductivity, low Li+ transference number, and lack mechanical strength, limiting cell performance. Therefore, the present study focuses on the development of hybrid polymer electrolytes (HPEs) by incorporating Li1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)3 (LATP) of Li/Na superionic conductor-type materials into SPEs. The HPEs with LATP 10 wt% exhibited significant improvements with an ionic conductivity of 7.23 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 45 °C and a Li+ transference number of 0.61. Density functional theory calculations supported the enhanced Li-ion migration through the polymer-LATP interface achieved by the optimized LATP content. The addition of LATP particles enhanced the mechanical strength of the electrolytes, effectively suppressing dendrite growth, resulting in a 66.65 % capacity retention after 320 cycles, highlighting the crucial role of high-performance HPEs in advanced ASSBs. By addressing the limitations of SPEs, HPEs offer promising opportunities to unlock the full potential of solid-state battery technologies for various energy storage systems.

Comparative study of dynamic response by three types of energy storage systems for grid studies: A Microgrid Laboratory experimental-based study

Implementing Energy Storage Systems (ESS) is increasingly significant in power electrical systems. This is attributed to their ability to store surplus electricity generated by renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, contributing to the balance between generation and demand. Literature studies indicate that this practice enhances network stability and diminishes the need for expensive redesigns in infrastructure. This paper presents an exhaustive experimentation-based study of the dynamic response provided by three energy storage system technologies: supercapacitors, Lithium-Ion batteries, and Vanadium redox flow batteries, technologies with significant academic, research, and industrial interests nowadays. The objective of this research is the experimental evaluation of the performance of such technologies in real electrical system operations, focusing on determining the efficiency of charge and discharge, as well as the tracking of active and reactive power achieved through the associated grid interface. The experimental tests performed in a microgrid laboratory show these technologies’ advantages and limitations in different grid-integration applications, with the Lithium-Ion battery-based ESS demonstrating the highest efficiency and faster power response. The results achieved and reported in the article can serve as an essential input for researchers and technology developers to feed their models with more precise parameters and data that might provide results closer to the actual behaviour of the studied prototypes. The methodological framework used in this research is descriptive, experimental, and quantitative.

Computational Method for Optimal Electrolyte Screening Using Bayesian Optimization and Physics Based Battery Model

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) powering electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage depend significantly on the composition of liquid electrolyte for optimal performance. We propose a framework coupling Bayesian optimization and physics based battery models to identify electrolytes optimal for specific set of requirements such as less capacity fade and internal heating etc. Our approach is validated through multiple case studies, demonstrating the framework’s efficacy in optimizing electrolyte properties. Additionally, we introduce a deviation index to quantify the proximity of the optimal electrolyte to those in a predefined database. With adaptability to various LIB metrics and battery chemistries, it provides a systematic and efficient approach for screening electrolytes based on system-level performance using physics-based models, contributing to advancements in battery technology for sustainable energy storage systems.

A review of the state of art and prospects in energy storage systems for energy harvesting applications

Due to the increasing trend in worldwide energy consumption, many new energy technology systems have emerged in the past decades. The implementation of energy storage system (ESS) technology in energy harvesting systems is significant to achieve flexibility and reliability in fulfilling the load demands. In this paper, several types of energy storage technologies available in the market are discussed to view their benefits and drawbacks. The main aim of this review is to provide a platform for readers especially those who seek to know more about ESS at a glance, to decide which ESS technology is best suited for any specific applications. This review would serve as a base for the initial state to make the right decision by referring to the criterias and characteristics of energy resources to get the optimal ESS technology. A comprehensive comparison among the various types of ESS technologies is outlined and elaborated to provide a better and clearer picture to the readers. Last but not least, the relevant recommendations and alternative choices for services related to the harvesting of solar PV energy are described too. It is hoped that the findings of this review article may be helpful to all readers interested in ESS technology.

Optimal technoeconomic reliability‐oriented design of islanded multicarrier microgrids with electrical and hydrogen energy storage systems considering emission concerns

AbstractAlthough several studies have been performed on energy systems, there is a gap in examining the impact of energy storage systems (ESSs) technologies on the technoeconomic design of optimal multicarrier microgrids (MCMGs), considering environmental concerns. This paper aims to address this research gap by developing an optimal technoeconomic reliability‐oriented design of MCMGs, specifically focusing on battery storage systems (BSSs) and hydrogen storage systems (HSSs). The study was applied to MCMG at an actual MCMG, using HOMER Pro software. Additionally, a reliability‐oriented sensitivity analysis is conducted to understand the effects of reliability constraints, such as desired maximum capacity shortage, on the performance of various ESS technologies. One of the main contributions is analyzing the HSS and BSS from different viewpoints, such as cost, emission, and other technical–economic features for MCMGs. The comparative test results show that if a highly reliable MCMG is desired, the BSS‐based MCMG is the more practical option in terms of technoeconomic indices. However, regardless of reliability constraints, the HSS‐based MCMGs offer better environmental conditions. The total net present cost of the HSS‐based MCMG is 1.68% higher than the BSS‐based one, while it has 17.99% less CO2 emissions, while the HSS one has 17.99% less CO2 emissions.

Enhancing grid stability through predictive control and fuzzy neural networks in flywheel energy storage systems integration

Renewable energy systems, exemplified by solar and wind power, are increasingly integrated into modern power grids to mitigate environmental impact and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. However, the inherent intermittency and unpredictability of renewable energy sources pose challenges to grid stability and reliability. Energy Storage Systems (ESS) offer a promising solution to address these challenges by smoothing out power fluctuations and ensuring a consistent power supply. Among various ESS technologies, Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESS) have emerged as a noteworthy contender due to their rapid response times, low operating costs, and extended lifespan. This paper focuses on investigating the operation of a novel unit comprising a solar power system integrated with a Flywheel Energy Storage System (PV-FESS). The aim is to develop an effective control algorithm utilizing adaptive fuzzy neural networks and model predictive control (ANFIS-MPC) to manage power fluctuations stemming from renewable energy sources within the grid. The proposed control strategy aims to optimize the operation of the PV-FESS system by dynamically adjusting the energy absorption or release of the flywheel to maintain grid stability. Simulation studies conducted using Matlab-Simulink/Simcape software validate the efficacy of the ANFIS-MPC algorithm in mitigating abnormal fluctuations from renewable energy sources. The results demonstrate that the PV-FESS system effectively balances power fluctuations, ensuring a stable and reliable power output to the grid.

Accelerating the Development of LLZO in Solid-State Batteries Toward Commercialization: A Comprehensive Review.

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) are under development as high-priority technologies for safe and energy-dense next-generation electrochemical energy storage systems operating over a wide temperature range. Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) exhibit high thermal stability and, in some cases, the ability to prevent dendrite growth through a physical barrier, and compatibility with the "holy grail" metallic lithium. These unique advantages of SSEs have spurred significant research interests during the last decade. Garnet-type SSEs, that is, Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO), are intensively investigated due to their high Li-ion conductivity and exceptional chemical and electrochemical stability against lithium metal anodes. However, poor interfacial contact with cathode materials, undesirable lithium plating along grain boundaries, and moisture-induced chemical degradation greatly hinder the practical implementation of LLZO-based SSEs for SSBs. In this review, the recent advances in synthesis methods, modification strategies, corresponding mechanisms, and applications of garnet-based SSEs in SSBs are critically summarized. Furthermore, a comprehensive evaluation of the challenges and development trends of LLZO-based electrolytes in practical applications is presented to accelerate their development for high-performance SSBs.

High-energy and durable aqueous Zn batteries enabled by multi-electron transfer reactions

Aqueous Zn batteries (AZBs) have emerged as a highly promising technology for large-scale energy storage systems due to their eco-friendly, safe, and cost-effective characteristics. The current requirements for high-energy AZBs attract extensive attention to reasonably designed cathode materials with multi-electron transfer mechanisms. This review systematically overviews the development and challenges of typical cathode hosts capable of multiple electron transfer reactions for high-performance Zn batteries. Moreover, we also summarize how to trigger the multi-electron transfer chemistry of cathodes, including transition metal oxides, halogens, and organics, to further boost the energy storage capability of AZBs. Finally, perspectives on critical issues and future directions of the multi-electron transfer battery systems offer novel insights for advanced Zn batteries.

Обзор методов контроля и диагностики систем накопления электрической энергии

Goal: review of the current situation and perspective directions for the development of technology for testing electrical energy storage systems based on lithium-ion batteries. Methods: using literature analysis, a review and systematization of the history of lithium-ion battery system monitoring technology development was conducted and the advantages and disadvantages of the most common state of charge (SOC) methods were compared. Results: lithium-ion battery systems represent an inevitable trend in the future of electrochemical energy storage. To increase their stability and economic efficiency, it is necessary that diagnostic systems allow the internal parameters of the battery to be determined with sufficient accuracy and the types of faults to be quickly determined. In the future, research in this area will continue to improve the accuracy of data acquisition systems and create accurate digital battery models. Practical significance: a review and systematization of the history of development of technology for monitoring the condition of lithium-ion battery systems was carried out in order to identify current problems and promising directions for future research in this area.

The Principles of Controlled DC-Reactor Fault Current Limiter for Battery Energy Storage Protection

The significance of battery energy storage systems (BESS) technology has been growing rapidly, mostly due to the need for microgrid applications and the integration of renewables. Relevant to the importance of utilization of BESS in microgrids, the protection of the BESS during microgrid faults has become a concern too. The short-circuit in a microgrid cause over-current for all of the integrated sources. BESS, as one of the sources in the microgrid, is heavily influenced by fault occurrence. The overcurrent can easily damage power electronic converter switches, battery management systems (BMS), and damage battery banks. Fault current limiters (FCLs) are appropriate protection devices that have been massively studied. This paper proposes a controllable reactor fault current limiter (CRFCL) to protect the BESS against fault currents. The proposed CRFCL can control the fault current value supplied by BESS during a fault condition as a current regulator. It is realized by means of the operation of solid-state switches and series DC reactor behavior. The main achievement of CRFCL is the protection of BESS against fault currents without delay. The simulations of the proposed structure are carried out in a MATLAB/SIMULINK platform, and they are confirmed and validated by experimental test results.

A Review of Uncertainties in Power Systems—Modeling, Impact, and Mitigation

A comprehensive review of uncertainties in power systems, covering modeling, impact, and mitigation, is essential to understand and manage the challenges faced by the electric grid. Uncertainties in power systems can arise from various sources and can have significant implications for grid reliability, stability, and economic efficiency. Australia, susceptible to extreme weather such as wildfires and heavy rainfall, faces vulnerabilities in its power network assets. The decentralized distribution of population centers poses economic challenges in supplying power to remote areas, which is a crucial consideration for the emerging technologies emphasized in this paper. In addition, the evolution of modern power grids, facilitated by deploying the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), has also brought new challenges to the system due to the risk of cyber-attacks via communication links. However, the existing literature lacks a comprehensive review and analysis of uncertainties in modern power systems, encompassing uncertainties related to weather events, cyber-attacks, and asset management, as well as the advantages and limitations of various mitigation approaches. To fill this void, this review covers a broad spectrum of uncertainties considering their impacts on the power system and explores conventional robust control as well as modern probabilistic and data-driven approaches for modeling and correlating the uncertainty events to the state of the grid for optimal decision making. This article also investigates the development of robust and scenario-based operations, control technologies for microgrids (MGs) and energy storage systems (ESSs), and demand-side frequency control ancillary service (D-FCAS) and reserve provision for frequency regulation to ensure a design of uncertainty-tolerance power system. This review delves into the trade-offs linked with the implementation of mitigation strategies, such as reliability, computational speed, and economic efficiency. It also explores how these strategies may influence the planning and operation of future power grids.

Applications of Tungsten Pseudo-Alloys in the Energy Sector

New energy generation methods are currently being discussed with a view towards the transition from traditional primary sources to more environmentally friendly options, particularly renewables. Energy storage is also closely related to this transition. Battery storage currently dominates this area. However, flywheel energy storage system technology offers an alternative that transforms stored kinetic energy into mechanical and electrical energy using a motor generator. The flywheel energy storage system technology is thus flexible and can be applied in different industrial applications. The management of the technology of recycling tungsten multi-metallic composites (W-MMC) waste material from other products and the subsequent trial production of high-strength W-MMC material with a density of more than 17,500 kg/m3 from recycled powders allowed us to test the limits of the so-called “heavy” flywheels used in rotor production. The results achieved lead to the conclusion that the developed recycled materials of the W-MMC type with a density ≥17,500 kg/m3, with a yield strength of 1200–1700 MPa depending on the production method, can be used as a substitute for the structural steels used today without an enforced reduction in the maximum allowed rotor speed due to exceeding the maximum allowed stress.

The effect of insulation on boil-off gas in liquid air storage tank

Increasing renewable energy is posing a challenge to the stability of electricity grid, and the importance of an energy storage system (ESS) is becoming clearer. A Liquid Air Energy Storage System (LAES) is proposed as one of the promising ESS technologies. LAES converts electricity to liquid air efficiently and economically. However, since the storage temperature of liquid air is −196 °C, loss of liquid air is inevitable due to evaporation, i.e., boil-off gas (BOG). A loss of liquid air has negative effect on the round-trip efficiency of LAES; therefore, the BOG rate must be minimized. In this research, the insulation performance of liquid air tank is evaluated. To calculate the heat ingress and BOG rate, a partial equilibrium model is developed. The insulation performance is evaluated with varying insulation thickness, emissivity, aspect ratio and materials. The results show that the BOG rate of vacuum insulation can reach 1.8 %/day. For foam glass insulation, the BOG rate can become 2.25 %/day. With optimal geometry, 0.7 %/day for vacuum insulation and 1 %/day for foam glass insulation can be achieved. The vacuum insulation generally shows better insulation performance, however, there is area where the foam glass insulation shows better performance depending on the insulation thickness and emissivity.

Oxygen vacancy chemistry in oxide cathodes.

Secondary batteries are a core technology for clean energy storage and conversion systems, to reduce environmental pollution and alleviate the energy crisis. Oxide cathodes play a vital role in revolutionizing battery technology due to their high capacity and voltage for oxide-based batteries. However, oxygen vacancies (OVs) are an essential type of defect that exist predominantly in both the bulk and surface regions of transition metal (TM) oxide batteries, and have a crucial impact on battery performance. This paper reviews previous studies from the past few decades that have investigated the intrinsic and anionic redox-mediated OVs in the field of secondary batteries. We focus on discussing the formation and evolution of these OVs from both thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives, as well as their impact on the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of oxide cathodes. Finally, we offer insights into the utilization of OVs to enhance the energy density and lifespan of batteries. We expect that this review will advance our understanding of the role of OVs and subsequently boost the development of high-performance electrode materials for next-generation energy storage devices.