Supercapacitor Energy Storage Research Articles

Bio‐based nanomaterials for energy application: A review

AbstractBio‐nanomaterials have been gaining increased attention recently due to their special, nano‐specific properties such as their high specific area compared to their bulk materials and their environmentally friendly, and renewable properties. Overall, this review discusses recent advances of two nanomaterials derived from bio‐sources, which are nanocellulose and carbon‐based nanomaterials in the application of electrochemical energy storage devices, specifically batteries and supercapacitors. Besides, this review briefly analyses the challenges and perspectives of biomass utilization for the synthesis of nanomaterials. The emergence of another conductive nanomaterials such as MXene, which can be a challenge to the bio‐based nanomaterials for the application in energy storage devices, is also mentioned in this review.

Frequency response of microgrids with PV power generation and energy storage system (battery and supercapacitor)

Since renewable energy sources (RES) have almost little inertia, an increase in their electricity might harm the power system's ability to run steadily and dependably. Numerous solutions to the issue mentioned above are offered. This paper aims to assess the technological possibility of using energy storage system (ESS) devices built from batteries and supercapacitors to enhance the interia response of sources in microgrids with a large amount of PV power penetration. The microgrid's inertia was altered by varying the penetration level of RES. To obtain a rigid microgrid, batteries and supercapacitors are suggested in this study to enhance frequency stability and droop control is utilized to complete this assessment. The model of the on-grid power network was designed using Simulink in MATLAB to evaluate the high level of RES penetration impact on the frequency stability of the system. Results verify that the microgrid stiffness is significantly enhanced when the suggested storage elements are incorporated. The findings show that the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) is reduced when the size of the ESS increases and vice versa. The supercapacitor energy storage system (SCESS) can increase the stability of the system's frequency more effectively than the battery energy storage systems (BESS) with a slower time response.

Three-dimensional network of graphene for electrochemical capacitors and capacitive deionization

Supercapacitors, as high-performance energy storage devices, have garnered extensive research interest. Furthermore, capacitive deionization technology based on a supercapacitor has emerged as a crucial solution to tackling issues of freshwater scarcity and seawater pollution. However, their power density and cycling lifespan remain constrained by electrode materials. In recent years, 3D network graphene materials have gained prominence as an ideal choice due to their unique porous structure, high specific surface area, and excellent conductivity. This review summarizes the preparation methods of 3D network graphene materials, including techniques like chemical vapor deposition, graphene oxide reduction, and foaming methods. It also discusses their applications and the ongoing research advancements in supercapacitor energy storage and capacitive deionization. Ultimately, this review offers researchers an understanding and outlook on the application of 3D network graphene materials in supercapacitor energy storage and capacitive deionization.

Capacitive Properties of Ferrimagnetic NiFe2O4-Conductive Polypyrrole Nanocomposites

This investigation addresses increasing interest in advanced composite materials, combining capacitive properties and spontaneous magnetization for energy storage applications in supercapacitors. The capacitive properties of ferrimagnetic NiFe2O4 (NFO) spinel nanoparticles with magnetization of 30 emu g−1 were enhanced using high-energy ball-milling and the use of advanced dispersant, which facilitated charge transfer. NFO electrodes with an active mass of 40 mg cm−2 showed a capacitance of 1.46 F cm−2 in 0.5 M Na2SO4 electrolyte in a negative potential range. The charging mechanism in the negative potential range in Na2SO4 electrolyte was proposed. NFO was combined with conductive polypyrrole polymer for the fabrication of composites. The analysis of the capacitive behavior of the composites using cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and impedance spectroscopy at different electrode potentials revealed synergy of contributions of NFO and PPy. The highest capacitance of 6.64 F cm−2 was obtained from cyclic voltammetry data. The capacitance, impedance, and magnetic properties can be varied by variation of electrode composition. Composite electrodes are promising for application in anodes of asymmetric magnetic supercapacitors for energy storage and magnetically enhanced capacitive water purification devices.

Multilayer Core-Sheath Wires with Radially Aligned N-Doped Carbon Nanohole Arrays for Boosting Energy Storage in Zinc-Ion Hybrid Supercapacitors.

Aqueous zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs) with the characteristics of low cost, long cycle stability, and good safety have been regarded as potential candidates for wearable energy storage applications. Herein, we reasonably designed a unique binder-free nitrogen-doped (N-doped) porous carbon@TiO2@Ti multilayer core-sheath wire (N-CTNT), which has vertical N-doped carbon nanoholes radially aligned on the wire surface. The unique structure and nitrogen dopants of N-CTNTs have facilitated zinc deposition on N-CTNT to form a hierarchical and robust zinc-carbon composite (Zn@N-CTNTs). A wire-shaped ZHSC was constructed with N-CTNTs and Zn@N-CTNTs as cathode and anode electrodes, respectively. The as-prepared ZHSC has an outstanding specific capacitance of 488 mF cm-2 at 1 mA cm-2. This hybrid supercapacitor also exhibits an excellent energy density of 211 μW h cm-2, good rate performance, and long cycle stability with a capacity retention rate of 90.4% after 16,000 cycles.

Buck converter design for Photovoltaic generators with supercapacitor energy storage

In Maximum Power Point (MPP) applications for photovoltaic generators, the DC-DC tracker converter is as important as the MPP tracking algorithm. The purpose of this work is to present the design methodology of a buck converter applied in maximum power point tracking. In this paper we also compare Hill-climbing and Fractional Voc MPPT efficiency. The MPPT algorithms were implemented with an autonomous DC/DC converter. It allows to determine their real advantages and disadvantages. Finally, our system will be used to charge supercapacitors. The most significant advantage supercapacitors have over batteries is their ability to be charged and discharged continuously without degradation and their low operating temperature (-40°C).

Design and Simulation of Supercapacitor Energy Storage System

STATCOMs are widely used to enhance power system stability. They can exchange reactive power with the power system, but they have limited ability to exchange real power because they don’t include energy storage devices. STATCOMs coupled with energy storage devices such as batteries have been introduced to improve their ability to exchange real power. However, batteries have a limitation in their maximum deliverable power because of the slow chemical process required to release their energy. The trend now is to use supercapacitor energy storage systems "SCESS" as energy storage for STATCOMS. Supercapacitors have lower energy storage but higher power exchanging capability compared to batteries. This paper presents the analysis, design, and control of a supercapacitor energy storage system (SCESS) for a STATCOM. A peak current mode controller is used to control the SCESS system. Simulation results of the SCESS system are presented which indicate excellent performance of the proposed SCESS system.

Integrating perovskite materials and bamboo-based activated carbon for electrochemical energy storage in hybrid supercapacitors

Electrochemical devices such as fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors have become vital emerging technologies for conserving, storing, and transferring energy. Electrochemical supercapacitors are an alternative for energy storage devices that can satisfy the demand for a high-power supply and long cycling life. However, the low energy density and high manufacturing cost are issues that limit their further development. Here, we report the innovative integration of perovskite (LSMO, BTO, and PZT) and bamboo-based activated carbon (BAC) materials deposited in a thin layer by the spray pyrolysis technique to hybridize the double-layer electrode and the electroactive medium in electrochemical supercapacitors. Different supercapacitor configurations, in the form of asymmetric coin cells using organic cellulose and cotton lint as separators, were assembled and tested to investigate their dynamic electrical behavior and performance for power applications through cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge profiling, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and modeling of the experimental data. The fabricated supercapacitor device with BTO/cellulose achieved the specific capacitances of 300 F/g, energy densities of 6.7 Wh/kg, power densities of 600 W/kg, and maintained >95 % of the initial capacitance after several charge/discharge cycles. Based on these promising properties, two identical supercapacitor cells were arranged in series and used to power a yellow LED for several minutes, confirming that our supercapacitor approach exhibits potential for practical applications. This work will facilitate the realization of more flexible, light, and inexpensive supercapacitors with the potential for long life and capable energy-storing performance.

Incorporating Gadolinium Oxide (Gd2O3) as a Rare Earth Metal Oxide in Carbon Nanofiber Skeleton for Supercapacitor Application

AbstractIn this study, we synthesized gadolinium oxide nanoparticles (Gd2O3 NPs) incorporated heteroatom‐doped microporous carbon nanofibers (CNF) to serve as electrode materials for enhancing supercapacitive energy storage. Our primary focus is on elucidating the impact of these hybrid electrode materials on key supercapacitor performance properties such as specific capacitance, specific energy, and specific power. To comprehensively assess the structural and chemical attributes of Gd2O3 NPs‐incorporated heteroatom‐doped microporous CNFs (CNF/Gd2O3) we employed an array of advanced characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy (RAMAN), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Our research has yielded impressive results, demonstrating a significant increase in supercapacitive performance. Specifically, the CNF/Gd2O3‐1 symmetric supercapacitor cell (SSC) has demonstrated a good specific capacitance of 162.3 F/g and a high specific energy of 8.12 Wh/kg at a specific power of 300 W/kg. These findings could be a new pathway to prepare composite electrodes for use in energy storage applications and promote further development for other rare‐earth nanostructures.

Supercapacitor Voltage Doubling Equalization Method Based on Adaptive Grouping

Abstract In order to improve the inconsistency of lithium-ion battery packs, an adaptive grouping supercapacitor voltage-doubling equalization circuit is proposed on the basis of capacitor equalization circuits, which combines switching arrays with clustering algorithms for grouping, and multiple batteries can be equalized at the same moment according to the energy state. The supercapacitor energy storage module can realize parallel energy storage and series energy release, which greatly improves the equalization speed and solves the problem of slowing down the equalization speed at the later stage of equalization. Building six series-connected battery simulation platforms for experiments, the experimental data results show that the scheme proposed in this paper compared with the control group program equalization time is shortened by about 50%, has a faster equalization speed, and can effectively improve the inconsistency of the battery pack, effectively verifying the feasibility of the equalization program and superiority.

A novel carbonized natural silk nanofiber/graphene oxide aerogel for supercapacitor

In this study, we established a novel electrode material for supercapacitors using carbonizing natural silk nanofibers/graphene oxide (SNF/GO) aerogel. Particularly, the SNF/GO electrode fabricated at 800 °C carbonization exhibited unique microstructure, high stability. In terms of its electrochemical performances, the 800 °C SNF/GO electrode showed lower resistance and higher capacitance. After 10,000 cycles of charging, the 800 °C SNF/GO supercapacitor presented remarkable capacitance stability, indicating great potential in supercapacitor and other energy storage systems.

Design and real-time implementation of wind–photovoltaic driven low voltage direct current microgrid integrated with hybrid energy storage system

Low-voltage direct current (LVDC) microgrid has emerged as a new trend and smart solution for the seamless integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and energy storage systems (ESS). This paper presents a coordinated controlled power management scheme (PMS) for wind–solar fed LVDC microgrid equipped with an actively configured hybrid energy storage system (HESS). The comprehensive design, development, implementation and thorough result analysis is presented to validate the proposed PMS performance. It dynamically adapts to different operating modes based on the availability of DERs and load demand. By incorporating the HESS, the scheme effectively handles sudden and gradual power surges, leading to swift regulation of the DC bus voltage, effective power balance and reduced stress on the battery. A laboratory test bench is developed comprising a wind power generating unit (WPGU), solar power generating unit (SPGU), battery energy storage system (BESS), and supercapacitor energy storage system (SCESS). Moreover, the detailed design and testing of various converters, gate drivers, filters, signal conditioning along with calibration of sensors are discussed. The developed PMS is executed using a DS1103 digital controller confirming its effectiveness in facilitating smooth mode transition and proper power sharing among all DERs and loads.

NiS/Ni3S4 decorated double-layered hollow carbon spheres for efficient electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction and supercapacitor

NiS/Ni3S4 anchored on the double-layer hollow carbon spheres (DLHCs@NixSy) were rationally conceived and synthesized via calcination and hydrothermal process. A series of characterization results confirmed nickel sulfide consisted of NiS and Ni2S3 phases formed. Double-layer hollow carbon spheres as substrates with good electrical conductivity, high specific surface area and hollow structure, not only serve as the active sites for nickel sulfide targeting and electron conduction, but also adapt to the volume change on cycling. Sample DLHCs@NixSy-1:2 prepared using optimized conditions exhibited enhanced electrochemical performance and energy storage in electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution and supercapacitor, respectively. The hybrid nanostructure just needed to afford the potential of 263 mV to reach the current density of 10 mA cm−2 without IR correction and delivered a high specific capacitance of 1160 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1. Encouragingly, the asymmetric supercapacitor device created using DLHCs@NixSy-1:2 and active carbon exhibited a high energy density of 40 Wh/kg at 375 W/kg within the voltage window of 0–1.5 V. Furthermore, the device revealed preeminent cycling performance with a retention rate of 70 % after 2000 cycles at 4 A g−1. This result provided a reference for the synthesis of dual-functional materials with low cost and high efficiency.

Supercapatteries as Hybrid Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices: Current Status and Future Prospects.

Among electrochemical energy storage (EES) technologies, rechargeable batteries (RBs) and supercapacitors (SCs) are the two most desired candidates for powering a range of electrical and electronic devices. The RB operates on Faradaic processes, whereas the underlying mechanisms of SCs vary, as non-Faradaic in electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), Faradaic at the surface of the electrodes in pseudo-capacitors (PCs), and a combination of both non-Faradaic and Faradaic in hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs). EDLCs offer high power density but low energy density. HSCs take advantage of the Faradaic process without compromising their capacitive nature. Unlike batteries, supercapacitors provide high power density and numerous charge-discharge cycles; however, their energy density lags that of batteries. Supercapatteries, a generic term that refers to hybrid EES devices that combine the merits of EDLCs and RBs, have emerged, bridging the gap between SCs and RBs. There are numerous articles and reviews on EES, and many of those articles have emphasized various aspects of HSCs and supercapatteries. However, there are no recent reviews that dealt with supercapatteries in general. Here, we review recently published critically selected articles on supercapatteries. The review discusses different EES devices and how supercapatteries are different from others. Also discussed are properties, design strategies, and future perspectives on supercapatteries.

Flexible solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/ruthenium oxide (RuO2) composite electrode

Energy storage in flexible supercapacitor devices extensively depends on electrode design with good electrochemical as well as mechanical properties. Here, a cost-effective and scalable method is proposed for the synthesis of a reduced graphene oxide/ruthenium oxide (rGO/RuO2) composite thin film for flexible supercapacitor. The successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method used to synthesize rGO/RuO2 composite electrode allowed the synthesis of amorphous RuO2 with optimized rGO composition. The morphological structure of rGO/RuO2 composite examined using a scanning electron microscope showed compact spherical microparticles coated on rGO sheets. The electrochemical measurements of rGO/RuO2 composite electrode revealed that the composite material achieved a specific capacitance of 1371 F g−1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1. Due to the combined impact of rGO and RuO2, a flexible solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor (FSS-ASC) of configuration rGO/RuO2/PVA-H2SO4/WO3 exhibited Cs of 114 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1 with 88% of capacitance retention after 5000 galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) cycles. The FSS-ASC provided a remarkable specific energy of 23 Wh kg−1 and a specific power of 613 W kg−1. The electrochemical features of rGO/RuO2 composite show a promising way to fabricate flexible supercapacitors.

Harnessing Supercapacitors for Sustainable Energy Storage: A Technical Overview and Critical Analysis

Harnessing Supercapacitors for Sustainable Energy Storage: A Technical Overview and Critical Analysis

Multifunctional and self-healable conductive IPN hydrogels functionalized with reduced magnetite graphene oxide for an advanced flexible all in one solid-state supercapacitor

The all in one solid-state (AIOS) stretchable and flexible hydrogel electronic devices play a pivotal role in the development of elastic supercapacitors for energy storage and fast charging–discharging rates.

Correction: An oriented Ni–Co-MOF anchored on solution-free 1D CuO: a p–n heterojunction for supercapacitive energy storage

Correction for ‘An oriented Ni–Co-MOF anchored on solution-free 1D CuO: a p–n heterojunction for supercapacitive energy storage’ by Iftikhar Hussain et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2021, 9, 17790–17800, https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TA04855D.

An eco-friendly polycaprolactone/graphite composite as a robust freestanding electrode platform for supercapacitive energy storage.

We present the successful development and characterization of a novel eco-friendly polycaprolactone-graphite (PCLGr) composite as a freestanding platform, serving as a bulk conducting chip electrode for supercapacitor applications. Notably, this is the first report of using this biodegradable polymer for making such a self-standing conductive platform. Traditional polymer and carbon-based electrodes often rely on insulating supports or non-eco-friendly materials, which we have addressed in our work. Direct deposition of the redox material, polyaniline (PANI), onto the electrode via the galvanostatic method has been achieved. The specific capacitance of PANI demonstrates comparability to previous studies utilizing conventional current collectors. Notably, the electrode exhibits exceptional stability in highly acidic environments. Comprehensive characterization utilizing bulk conductivity measurements, XRD, TGA, DSC, SEM, and stress-strain analyses shows advanced properties of the electrode. It complements the evaluation of PANI's supercapacitive performance through cyclic voltammetry, charge-discharge measurements, and impedance spectroscopy. We achieved a specific capacitance of ≈162 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1. This innovative electrode presents a promising alternative to conventional counterparts across various electrochemical applications.

Rational engineering and synthesis of pyrene and thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole-functionalized conjugated microporous polymers for efficient supercapacitor energy storage

The Py-Th-TzTz CMP was synthesized through a Schiff base reaction and exhibited a decomposition temperature (Td10) of 352 °C. In a three-electrode system, it demonstrated a specific capacitance of 652 F g−1.