Fatty acids are involved in disease risk and aging processes. In the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2002), we tested for associations of total, saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA), and subtypes of dietary fatty acids with DNA methylation-based aging biomarkers, adjusting for age, BMI, total energy intake, and sociodemographic and behavioral factors (N = 2260). Higher SFA and MUFA were associated with greater GrimAge2, an aging biomarker of mortality; PUFA was associated with lower Horvath1, Hannum, and PhenoAge (p < 0.05). Omega-3 and the PUFA:SFA ratio were negatively associated with Horvath1, Hannum, Vidal-Bralo, and PhenoAge. Notably, a one-unit increase in PUFA:SFA was associated with 1.05 years lower PhenoAge (95% CI = -1.87, -0.22). We found consistent positive associations for SFA subtypes and negative associations for PUFA subtypes with epigenetic aging; associations of MUFA subtypes varied. Future studies, including randomized controlled trials, are needed to investigate causality and downstream clinical outcomes.

Few studies have explored individual diet-related environmental pressure changes, beyond greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) and land occupation (LO). This study evaluates the trajectories in several environmental impacts of diets among 8,905 French adults from the NutriNet-Santé cohort, who completed food frequency questionnaires (distinguishing organic vs. conventional foods) in 2014, 2018, and 2022. Six environmental indicators-GHGe, LO, energy demand, ecological infrastructure use, water use, and pesticide use-were estimated at the farm perimeter using a multi-source approach. Latent class models identified trajectories for a composite environmental pressure index (EPI) and each indicator, and mixed models adjusted for energy intake and sex modeled the trajectories. On average, most environmental pressures decreased over time (e.g., GHGe by -12%, water use by -1%), indicating a general improvement. However, ecological infrastructure also declined (-9%), which represents a negative outcome as it is linked to biodiversity. Two to four trajectory profiles were identified per indicator, with most individuals showing stable or modestly decreasing trends. Four EPI trajectories emerged: increasing EPI profiles were associated with higher meat consumption, whereas decreasing EPI reflected shifts toward more plant-based diets. Despite potential awareness of the importance of sustainable diets, this study reveals that most individuals show moderate improvements in their diet-related environmental pressures, with only a very small fraction showing important decreases.

Reduced food intake is a key aetiological factor of malnutrition. The study purpose was to validate the ingesta Verbal Analogue Scale (ingesta-VAS), a promising tool for rapid food intake assessment, in older adults with cancer in whom malnutrition is frequent and affects treatment outcomes and survival. This prospective study focused on ≥70-year-old patients with a diet history undergoing their first oncological treatment at a French cancer centre. Exclusion criteria included surgery, oral intake cessation, or artificial nutrition use. Dietitians evaluated nutritional status, daily energy intake, and used the ingesta-VAS and Mini-Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF). The ingesta-VAS validity, sensitivity, specificity, and prognostic impact were assessed using daily food intake as primary criterion, then <25 kcal/kg/day as reference standard for inadequate energy intake. The Area Under the Curve was used to select the cut-off. Overall survival was assessed with the Kaplan-Meier analysis. The analysis involved 441 participants. The correlation between ingesta-VAS scores and energy intake was strong ( = 0.71), and moderate with the MNA-SF scores ( = 0.55, p < .001). Its sensitivity and specificity for detecting inadequate energy intake was 79.0% and 72.6%, respectively. Combined with performance status and body mass index, ingesta-VAS significantly predicted the inadequate energy intake (odds ratio: 10.2, p < 0.001). Difference in overall survival groups was significant with the cut-off of ≤7 [HR = 1.60 (95% CI: 1.29-1.98), p < 0.001]. The ingesta-VAS exhibits reliable metrological properties and may serve as an early, non-invasive, and simple tool to screen reduced food intake in older adults with cancer for detecting the risk of malnutrition.

Hyperglycemic individuals, who are prone to microvascular complications of diabetes (MCDs) like diabetic patients, may benefit from timely carbohydrate intake intervention. But there remain inconsistent results and lack of focus on carbohydrate subtypes, which may have distinct effects. This study aimed to investigate the associations between dietary carbohydrate subtypes and the MCDs incidence in hyperglycemic individuals. Participants with hyperglycemia (defined as having either fasting plasma glucose ≥ 5.56 mmol/L or diabetes mellitus) were included from the UK Biobank cohort. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models and multi-state modelling were employed to estimate the associations of total carbohydrate, free sugars, starch, and fiber intake with incident MCDs (diabetic kidney disease, retinopathy, neuropathy) and all-cause mortality. Restricted cubic splines were used to estimate the potential nonlinear relationship. A total of 32,720 participants were followed up for a median time of 13.19 years, and the intake of total carbohydrates was positively associated with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.07 per 5% increase in energy intake; P = 0.005) and all-cause mortality (1.03; 1.01-1.05; P = 0.020). Intake of free sugars was positively associated with DKD (1.11; 95% CI 1.07-1.15; P < 0.001), total MCDs (1.08; 1.04-1.11; P < 0.001) and all-cause mortality (1.06; 1.03-1.10; P < 0.001). Conversely, fiber intake was inversely associated with the risk of DKD (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.89-0.96 per 5g/d increase; P < 0.001) and total MCDs (0.95; 0.92-0.98; P = 0.008). Starch intake was not associated with any outcomes. Free sugar displayed a J-shaped association with all-cause mortality (10.4%, P-nonlinear = 0.042) and fiber presented an L-shaped relationship with MCD (17.4g/d, P-nonlinear = 0.033). Multi-state analysis found similar results in the trajectory from MCD-free to first MCD and death. Reducing free sugar intake and increasing fiber intake may help mitigate MCD risk and mortality in hyperglycemic individuals.

The role of seaweed-derived natural components in obesity: A systematic review.

Although recent studies suggest associations between temporal meal patterns, diet quality, and health outcomes such as obesity and cardiometabolic risk, the evidence remains inconclusive, highlighting the need for further investigation. This study aimed to evaluate meal patterns, including meal frequency, breakfast skipping and timing of energy intake (late or early), and their associations with diet quality and body mass index. The study was completed as asecondary analysis of two cross-sectional, national dietary surveys, Riksmaten Adults 2010-11 (n = 1796) and Riksmaten Adolescents 2016-17(n = 2967). Meal patterns were reported for 3-4days using two different web-based methods. Among adolescents, weight was measured using standardised methods, whereas adults provided self-reported weight. Diet quality was evaluated with the Swedish Healthy Eating Index 2025. Meal patterns differed according to weight status, where adults with obesity or adolescents with overweight or obesity reported a lower meal frequency and more often skipped breakfast. A low eating frequency, breakfast skipping, and a late energy distribution were negatively associated with diet quality. A high meal frequency (OR 0.44 CI 0.28-0.68) and a late energy distribution (OR 0.70 CI 0.57-0.85) were associated with a decreased risk for overweight or obesity in adolescents. Our study suggests that there may be a benefit in having a higher eating frequency and consuming breakfast, with regard to diet quality and weight.

Exposure to endocrine disruptors (EDs) is associated with increased susceptibility to obesity and metabolic dysfunction in epidemiological and preclinical studies. Accumulating evidence supports that various EDs promote energy intake and fat storage, but little is known about how they affect energy expenditure (EE). This systematic review examined the effect of EDs on EE in murine models and on mitochondrial bioenergetics in cell-based studies. We included 12 in vivo studies, which assessed the effect of phytoestrogens, DDT, tolylfluanid, benzene, bisphenol A, bisphenol S, butyl-phthalate, deltamethrin, and the mixtures of 23 chemicals and of organophosphate flame retardants. DDT, tolylfluanid, benzene, and the mixtures of 23 chemicals and of flame retardants decreased; bisphenol A, bisphenol S, and butyl-phthalate had a neutral effect; and phytoestrogens and deltamethrin increased EE. The effects of some EDs were sexually dimorphic, dose-dependent, and interacted with diet. Nine cell-based studies were included and indicated that mitochondrial bioenergetics was impaired by tolylfluanid, bisphenol A, and DDT in muscle cells; by bisphenol AF, BDE-99, DDT, DDE, and the mixture of DDE, trans-nonachlor, and oxychlordane in adipocytes; by bisphenol A in hepatocytes; and by tributyltin in pluripotent cells. Our findings indicate that EDs affect EE in mice in a sexually dimorphic pattern and impair mitochondrial bioenergetics in cellular models which are representative of key tissues involved in energy balance. While further studies are needed to fully elucidate the impact of EDs on energy balance and mitochondrial function, this review underscores the plausibility of mitochondrial dysfunction and altered EE as key pathways linking ED exposure to metabolic diseases.

Although physiological responses during ultra-endurance events are becoming better understood in recreational runners, very little is known about how these responses manifest in elite athletes. This case study reports the physiological, nutritional, and thermoregulatory responses of an elite ultra-endurance athlete who completed the 2025 Western States Endurance Run (WSER 100) in 14:19:22, finishing 3rd overall, and within 10 min of the course record. This case study provides the first comprehensive in-race assessment of energy expenditure and intake, hydration, and renal responses in a world-class athlete under competitive race conditions. Measurements included within-event total energy expenditure (doubly labelled water), energy intake, heart rate, gastrointestinal temperature (telemetric ingestible pill), body mass, renal biomarkers (NGAL, KIM-1), and durability assessed from GPS-derived pacing data. Total energy expenditure was 16,104 kcal. Energy intake totaled 6,720 kcal (~86 g carbohydrate/h). The athlete consumed 12.5 L of fluids (0.87 L/h; 18.5 g sodium) and lost 4.3% body mass. Mean gastrointestinal temperature was 37.1°C and peaked at 39.4°C. Urinary biomarkers showed transient renal stress, with NGAL concentrations increasing from 9.4 to 25.4ng/mL and KIM-1 from 0.30 to 1.70 pg/mL, alongside mild proteinuria and hematuria. Pacing analysis showed a mean normalized speed of 84.8% of predicted critical speed, with a 15% decline across the race, demonstrating exceptional fatigue resistance. This case defines the upper range of energy expenditure (~18.8 kcal/min) and carbohydrate ingestion sustainable in ultra-marathon running.

Nutritional status represents an individual’s overall physical condition, which is influenced by dietary intake and the body’s ability to utilize nutrients efficiently. Among the various determinants, physical activity and fruit–vegetable consumption play essential roles. According to the 2018 Basic Health Research data in Makassar City, the prevalence of nutritional status among adolescents aged 13–15 years was 2.69% severely thin, 7.01% thin, 63.21% normal, 17.67% overweight, and 9.42% obese. This study aimed to analyze the association between physical activity, fruit–vegetable consumption, and nutritional status among 65 female adolescents at SMPN 40 Makassar. Data were collected from November 2024 to February 2025 using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) for dietary assessment and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) for activity measurement. Nutritional status was classified based on the Body Mass Index-for-Age (BMI/A) criteria from the World Health Organization (WHO, 2007). Statistical analysis employed the Chi-Square test. The results showed no significant association between physical activity and nutritional status (p = 0.210) nor between fruit–vegetable consumption and nutritional status (p = 0.243). These null findings suggest that other dietary or lifestyle factors, such as total energy intake, meal frequency, or sedentary behavior, may play a more dominant role in determining adolescent nutritional status in urban settings. Future studies are recommended to expand the scope by including multiple determinants of adolescent health and nutrition behaviors

This study investigated the acute effects of two isoenergetic high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) sessions, running (HIIE-RUN) and cycling (HIIE-BIKE), on post-exercise oxygen consumption ( ), carbon dioxide production ( ), substrate oxidation and 24-h energy intake (EI) in men with overweight or obesity. Twelve fasted men (44.4±14.5 years; body mass index: 28.3±1.9kgm-2) completed both HIIE sessions. and were measured before, during and after exercise, while substrate oxidation was calculated before and after exercise. The rate of perceived exertion was recorded during each exercise. Appetite was assessed throughout each session using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and EI was recorded via a 24-h dietary questionnaire. Both exercise modalities resulted in similar energy expenditure (EE), but HIIE-BIKE elicited a significantly higher respiratory exchange ratio (P=0.002). No significant effect of exercise modality or time × modality interaction was observed for and EE during the post-exercise period. Fat oxidation was significantly increased during recovery compared with the pre-exercise levels (P<0.001), but did not differ between modalities. Appetite and 24-h EI were unaffected by the exercise modality. In men with overweight or obesity, isoenergetic HIIE-RUN and HIIE-BIKE seem to induce comparable post-exercise , EE and substrate oxidation during the 2-h recovery period. Both modalities similarly promoted fat oxidation without specific dietary compensation observed.

Screen time refers to the duration a person spends looking at electronic device screens, such as cell phones, computers, tablets, or televisions. High screen time can influence various aspects of life, including energy intake, physical activity, and nutritional status. This study aims to explore the relationship between screen time and nutritional status among students of the Faculty of Medicine, Muslim University of Indonesia (UMI) class of 2021. Using an observational cross-sectional design, the study involved students as respondents. Results indicated that 51% of students had sufficient screen time, while 49% had normal nutritional status. Data analysis using the chi-square test yielded a p-value of 0.118, suggesting no significant relationship between screen time and nutritional status (p &gt; 0.05). Although screen time is often linked to lifestyle changes, such as reduced physical activity or unhealthy eating, this study concludes that it does not directly impact nutritional status in this population. The findings may serve as a foundation for future research that considers additional factors influencing nutritional status.

Meal timing is increasingly recognized as a critical determinant of metabolic health, alongside diet quality and caloric intake. Late-night eating—particularly dinner consumed close to sleep onset—has been associated with obesity, impaired glucose metabolism, and features of metabolic syndrome. This study investigated the relationship between late dinner habits and metabolic outcomes in young adults, integrating evidence from a cross-sectional survey and a comprehensive literature review. A survey with 30 adult volunteers, from Skopje, North Macedonia, aged 28–35 years, with a validated questionnaire, assessing dinner timing, dietary patterns, and self-reported health conditions; anthropometric data was completed. Among participants, 70% reported eating dinner after 21:00. Late eaters had higher prevalence of overweight (67% vs. 22% in early eaters) and metabolic conditions, including diabetes, elevated cholesterol, fatty liver, hypertension, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Most late eaters (85%) consumed high-fat or high-sugar meals. These observations align with extensive human studies showing that late meals are linked to higher body mass index, reduced insulin sensitivity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidaemia, and altered energy expenditure, independent of total energy intake. Mechanistic evidence implicates circadian misalignment, disrupted secretion of appetite-regulating hormones, impaired diet-induced thermogenesis, and perturbation of gut microbiome rhythms. Behavioral and social factors such as skipping breakfast, irregular work schedules, and evening social activities further contribute to delayed meal timing. Collectively, these findings indicate that late dinner consumption is a modifiable behavioral risk factor with clinically meaningful implications. Promoting earlier, balanced dinners and aligning meal timing with the body’s circadian rhythm may support metabolic health, prevent obesity, and reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome in young adults and the general population.

Intentional weight loss improves obesity-related outcomes but reduces lean body mass, raising concern about skeletal muscle mass, function and long-term health. GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) produce clinically meaningful weight loss primarily by lowering energy intake and slowing gastric emptying, with additional benefits on insulin sensitivity and inflammation. To clarify GLP-1RAs' effects on skeletal muscle tissue, body composition and physical function by reviewing preclinical and clinical evidence. Across randomized and controlled studies, GLP-1RAs reduce fat mass more than lean body mass. Functional measures appear preserved. Preclinical and early clinical data suggest improvements in muscle quality (microvascular recruitment, mitochondrial efficiency, reduced intramuscular fat) rather than hypertrophy. GLP-1RA-induced weight loss is largely fat mass with modest absolute lean body mass decline and no consistent deterioration in strength or function. Progressive resistance training, adequate/high-quality protein and periodic monitoring of body composition and performance should accompany therapy, especially in higher-risk patients.

The increasing prevalence of hyperuricemia in children is a global health con-cern. Plant dietary fiber may influence uric acid levels by improving gut health and lowering blood glucose and lipid levels. This study aims to examine the relationship between plant-based dietary fiber intake and hyperuricemia risk in Chinese children aged 6-17 years. This study analyzed di-etary fiber intake data from 11,423 children (aged 6-17 years) from the China Children and Lactating Wom-en Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CCLWNHS) conducted between 2016 and 2019. Plant dietary fiber intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression was performed, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and energy intake. Restricted cubic splines (RCS) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were utilized to explore nonlinear relationships and identify cut-off values for dietary fiber intake. Among the 11,423 children, 1,730 (15.1%) were diagnosed with hyperuricemia. The average daily fiber intake was 8.28 ± 5.90g, with cereal fiber accounting for 56.1-57.8%. A significant negative correlation was found between cereal dietary fiber intake and hyperuricemia risk (p = 0.0004). Stratified analysis indicated that overweight/obesity status modi-fied this relationship. ROC curve analysis identified optimal intake cut-off values: 8.35 g/day for boys and 11.1 g/day for girls. Processed and ultraprocessed foods still have a lower contribution to ener-gy and nutrient intake in Jakarta than nonprocessed foods and processed ingredients.

Excess energy intake causally increases the blood pressure and hypertension risk: A two sample Mendelian randomization analysis.

Measurement error in total energy intake in the United Kingdom National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008-2015).

Children's satiety responsiveness moderates the association between food reinforcement and eating in the absence of hunger.

To reduce the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with established cardiovascular disease (CVD), guidelines recommend adopting a more plant-based diet. The EAT-Lancet diet, which focuses on plant-based foods, is associated with a lower risk of CVD in apparently healthy people. However, the relationship in patients with established CVD is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this research was to quantify the relationship between the EAT-Lancet Healthy Reference Diet (HRD) and risk of recurrent CVD in patients with established CVD. Patients with established CVD from the Utrecht Cardiovascular Cohort-Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease were studied. Dietary intake was measured using a food frequency questionnaire and the relationship between the EAT-Lancet HRD (score from 0 to 140 points) and non-fatal myocardial infarction and stroke was assessed using Cox regression adjusted for age, sex, educational background, lifestyle factors, and energy intake. During a follow-up of 24,212 person-years 209 non-fatal vascular events occurred. The median score for the EAT-Lancet HRD was 57 out of 140 points (IQR: 41-68). After adjustment for confounders, a diet more in line with the EAT-Lancet HRD was associated with a lower risk of non-fatal vascular events (HR 0.87 (95% CI 0.79-0.96) per 10-point increase); stroke (HR 0.76 (95% CI 0.63-0.91) per 10-point increase); and a trend towards lower risk of myocardial infarction (HR 0.90 (95% CI 0.81-1.02) per 10-point increase). In patients with established CVD, a dietary pattern more in line with the EAT-Lancet HRD is associated with a lower risk of non-fatal stroke and myocardial infarction.

Comparison between the consumption of red meat with and without visible fat: Associations with prospective changes in cardiometabolic risk factors in adults 40 years of age and older.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common complications of pregnancy. Women with GDM have an increased risk of adverse outcomes during pregnancy and delivery. Although diet and physical activity play a crucial role for pregnant women in the management of GDM, studies on dietary quality and physical activity in these individuals prior to diagnosis remain limited. Therefore, the purpose of our study is to evaluate the association between the women dietary diversity score (WDDS) and the level of physical activity assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) during pregnancy with the incidence of GDM. A total of 390 pregnant women were recruited, including 209 with GDM and 181 without GDM. Anthropometric and medical data were collected and WDDS was assessed using a 24-h recall method. Our results showed that high pre-pregnancy BMI, physical inactivity, a personal history of GDM, polycystic ovary syndrome and previous spontaneous abortion were positively associated with GDM. Additionally, our results showed that diets rich in total carbohydrate (excluding fibre), fat, starchy staples, dairy products or eggs as well as diets poor in legumes, nuts and seeds were positively associated with GDM. Interestingly, a significantly higher WDDS, a low IPAQ score and energy intake were positively associated with GDM. A more diversified diet and physical inactivity may be risk factors for GDM. These findings highlight the importance of women's dietary diversity and physical activity as potential modifiable factors for the prevention of GDM.