Exogenous plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria boosting photosynthetic efficiency via thylakoid lipid restructuring in potato under low-potassium conditions.

Partial inactivation of glucokinase (GCK) is typically characterized by mild hyperglycemia and a favorable lipid profile compared to type 2 diabetes. Previous studies have shown that GCK activity influences serum lipid profiles in a diet-dependent manner; however, its role in hepatic lipid metabolism in the context of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) remains unclear. To address this, we utilized a newly established heterozygous GCK mutation knock-in mouse model (GCKMut) fed either a normal diet (ND) or a high-fat diet (HFD). Under ND conditions, GCKMut mice developed mild hyperglycemia without overt hepatic injury but displayed reduced hepatic glycogen storage, likely due to decreased energy flux. Metabolomic analyses further revealed substantial reprogramming of hepatic amino acid and lipid metabolism in GCKMut mice. Notably, levels of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs)-bioactive metabolites implicated in lipotoxicity and the pathogenesis of MASLD-were significantly reduced, as confirmed by ELISA. Under HFD conditions, GCK inactivation markedly attenuated hepatic lipid accumulation, as demonstrated by biochemical quantification and histological analysis. This protective effect was associated with downregulation of genes involved in de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid uptake, as revealed by transcriptomic analyses of primary hepatocytes. Moreover, both the expression of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and its product LPC were significantly reduced in GCKMut mice, whereas pharmacologic activation of GCK increased hepatic LPC accumulation. These findings suggest that partial GCK inactivation reprograms hepatic metabolism and mitigates lipid-induced hepatic stress, highlighting reduced hepatic GCK activity as a potential therapeutic strategy for early intervention in MASLD.

We show that Jacobson's thermodynamic derivation of Einstein's equations remains valid when local Rindler horizons are modeled as finite heat-capacity systems, resolving the infinite-bath assumption of Unruh thermodynamics. The horizon entropy then takes the form of Rényi entropy with nonextensivity parameter λ ∼ C − 1 , or equivalently an “Einstein entropy” that uniquely preserves Einstein's equations for arbitrary C . In both cases, the Unruh temperature is modified to T mod = ℏ κ 2 π 1 + S C , establishing a universal link between finite-capacity thermodynamics and generalized entropies. We further derive a corrected scalar Einstein equation with an upper bound on horizon energy flux, suggesting testable signatures in heavy-ion collisions, spin-polarization experiments, and analog gravity, emergent gravity.

ABSTRACT Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) systems aim to use electroactive microorganisms (EAMs) to achieve electricity‐driven CO 2 fixation for biosynthesis of multicarbon chemicals. However, the low efficiencies of extracellular electron transfer (EET) and CO 2 assimilation of EAMs remain the essential limiting factors that restrict performance of MES systems. Herein, we developed an electrosynthetic biohybrid system to synergistically supply electrons and CO 2 to Rhodopseudomonas palustris (an EAM) for lycopene biosynthesis. Intracellular carbon and energy fluxes were redirected by strengthening the lycopene biosynthesis pathway and blocking the nitrogen‐fixation pathway, resulting in 23‐fold increase in lycopene yield than that of the wild‐type R. palustris . To enhance extracellular transfer of CO 2 and electrons to R. palustris , metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) with high CO 2 adsorption capacity were assembled with polydopamine on cell membrane to construct a biohybrid MES system, which produced 3.55 mg/L lycopene in two consecutive MES cycles, the highest lycopene production from CO 2 . Electrochemical and transcriptomic analyses revealed that the biohybrid MES system stimulated microbial metabolism including EET, the Calvin‐Benson‐Bassham cycle and lycopene biosynthesis, thereby improving CO 2 ‐to‐chemical conversion. This study demonstrated directional supply of electrons and CO 2 to EAMs enabled high‐performance MES systems, which also offered insights into the mechanisms underlying efficient CO 2 fixation and carbon‐negative biomanufacturing.

Abstract Metric reconstruction is the general problem of parameterizing GR in terms of its two “true degrees of freedom” e.g., by a complex scalar “potential”—in practice mostly with the aim of simplifying the Einstein equation (EE) within perturbative approaches. In this paper, we re-analyze the metric reconstruction procedure by Green, Hollands, and Zimmerman (GHZ) [Class. Quant. Grav. 37, 075001 (2020)], which is a generalization of the Chrzanowski-Cohen-Kegeles (CCK) approach. Contrary to the CCK method, that by GHZ is applicable not only to the vacuum, but also to the sourced linearized Einstein equation (EE) on Kerr. Our main innovation is a version of the GHZ integration scheme that is suitable for the initial value problem of the sourced linear EE. By iteration, our scheme gives the metric to as high an order in perturbation theory as one might wish, in principle. At each order, the metric perturbation is a sum of a corrector, obtained by solving a triangular system of transport equations, a reconstructed piece, obtained from a Hertz potential as in the CCK approach, and an algebraically special perturbation, determined by the ADM quantities. As a byproduct, we determine the precise relations between the asymptotic tail of the Hertz potential in the GHZ and CCK schemes, and the quantities relevant for gravitational radiation, namely, the energy flux, news- and memory tensors, and their associated BMS-supertranslations. We also discuss ways of transforming the metric perturbation to Lorenz gauge.

The brain is energetically expensive. Energy availability may, therefore, determine whether costly cognitive processes such as long-term memory can be expressed. However, there is a limited understanding of the metabolic costs associated with long-term memory formation. Here, we explored the potential induced costs of long-term memory formation using honeybees (Apis mellifera) as a model species. We monitored the sucrose intake of bees over the 20-hour period following a classical spaced olfactory conditioning protocol that induced long-term memory formation, relative to a control group that experienced the same reward schedule but no odour pairing. Bees in the experimental treatment drank significantly more sucrose than controls. We then tested whether the increased energy demands of long-term memory formation showed parallel increases in metabolic rate, by measuring carbon dioxide production in groups of bees at four timepoints following conditioning (1-hour, 4-hours, 24-hours and 72-hours). We found no change in metabolic rate between learning and control groups across all time points, suggesting that long-term memory formation does not impact metabolic rate to an extent that is detectable by our group metabolic rate protocol. While our findings point to dietary costs associated with long-term memory formation, any metabolic consequences may operate at a resolution below that detectable in group-level analyses and may be more effectively examined using individual or cellular-level energy flux approaches.

ATP synthasome contributes to efficient energy flux in malignant breast cancer.

Abstract Near‐inertial waves (NIWs) are an important source of turbulence for the ocean interior. Mesoscale anticyclonic eddies are known to facilitate their propagation at depth while trapping them. However, in situ observations have so far focused on large ( km radius), energetic eddies, whereas most of the ocean is populated by smaller, moderately energetic fine‐scale structures. Are these smaller structures efficient to trap NIWs and enhance turbulence? Here, we present in situ observations from the BioSWOT‐Med 2023 cruise addressing this issue by surveying a fine‐scale frontal area of the North Balearic front in the Mediterranean Sea, assisted by the first high‐resolution Sea Surface Height images of the new Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission during its Calibration/Validation phase. We explore how fine scales modulate the evolution of turbulence below the mixed layer after experiencing two consecutive strong wind events. We show that turbulence remains low in the front and its cyclonic side, while being greatly enhanced in the anticyclonic side. The latter side is dominated by a fine‐scale anticyclone (12.8 km of radius, Rossby number of 0.5) that trapped NIWs, increasing turbulent dissipation level to several W . The NIW‐induced vertical kinetic energy flux reach up to 5.1 mW below the pycnocline and represent % of the wind power input into inertial motions, higher or similar to previous estimations outside and inside mesoscale anticyclones. Future work is needed to investigate whether these results extend to fine scales elsewhere in the world ocean, especially in regions with larger baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation.

Velocity and temperature distributions are both crucial for modeling compressible wall-bounded turbulent flows. The compressible law of the wall for velocity has been extensively examined through velocity transformations. However, a well-established temperature transformation remains an open issue. We propose new Van Driest type (VD-type) and semi-local type (SL-type) temperature transformation for compressible turbulent channel flow. Our approach is based on an analysis of the momentum and energy balance equations in the overlap layer. It accounts for the influences of mixing length model, the work of the body force, and the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) flux. The proposed transformations are evaluated using data from direct numerical simulations and wall-resolved large eddy simulations of compressible turbulent channel flow. The SL-type transformation provides better data collapse than the VD-type in the viscous sublayer and buffer layer. With a suitable mixing length model, the SL-type transformed temperature agrees well with the incompressible temperature profile or the extended law of the wall. For the isothermal wall, the integral mean error over the entire boundary layer remains below 2% for most cases, with root mean square value of about 1.7%. The results highlight the importance of mitigating the energy imbalance in the transformation. This work identifies the multi-layer structure of the turbulent TKE flux, which in turn enables approximate models and corresponding simplified yet effective temperature transformations. Applications of the proposed approach in near-wall modeling and inverse transformation, as well as its potential extension to more general configurations, are also discussed.

Corrigendum to “Interannual climatic sensitivity of surface energy flux densities and evapotranspiration in a disturbed and rewetted ombrotrophic bog” [Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 367 (2025) 110501

Abstract Flash droughts, known for their rapid onset and intensification, pose a significant threat to agriculture and water resources. The 2011 Texas flash drought, with its widespread agricultural losses exceeding $7.6 billion (U.S. dollars) and severe ecological consequences, was a stark demonstration of their devastating impacts. This study investigates the crucial role of vegetation in numerical modeling of flash droughts, focusing on the 2011 Texas event. Utilizing the NASA Unified Weather Research and Forecasting (NU-WRF) and NASA Land Information System (LIS) modeling frameworks and the Noah land surface model (LSM) with multiparameterization options (Noah-MP) land surface model, we examine the influence of vegetation dynamics on simulating drought characteristics. By integrating satellite-derived vegetation observations and conducting controlled numerical experiments, we evaluate the model’s ability to reproduce observed features of the 2011 drought. Our findings underscore the importance of vegetation representation in capturing the complex land–atmosphere feedbacks that drive the evolution of flash droughts. The incorporation of observed vegetation anomalies into the model leads to improved simulations of surface energy fluxes, atmospheric warming, and evapotranspiration patterns, particularly during the crucial onset and intensification phases of the drought. This points to the potential importance of representing vegetation variability in dynamically based forecasts of flash drought.

We argue that turbulent irreversibility is best explained as an asymptotic feature of a singular inviscid limit—a reclassification of admissible entities and balances at ν→0—rather than as a mere residual effect of molecular viscosity. Tracing a conceptual line from Euler and Kármán–Howarth to Onsager, Duchon–Robert, Kato/Prandtl, and modern convex integration results, we show that the limit theory reclassifies the admissible entities: from smooth Euler fields (energy conserving) to rough weak solutions equipped with a positive defect measure in the energy balance. The constant inter-scale process (energy flux) observed at high-Reynolds number therefore persists at ν=0 as a structural feature of the limit ontology. We articulate three selection principles—the local energy inequality, the exact third-order law, and scale-locality—as ontological constraints that reconcile mathematical non-uniqueness with physical uniqueness. A brief conceptual history clarifies how the arrow of time in turbulence emerged through successive shifts of entities and invariants, and a comparison with other singular limit explanations (Boltzmannian irreversibility, shocks, renormalization) situates the account within general foundations of physics. Methodologically, we recast LES/closures as asymptotic mediators validated by flux plateaus and viscosity-free diagnostics, not microscopic subgrid fidelity.

Precision field measurements were conducted to evaluate the mechanism of organic basin mulching on water and thermal dynamics in arid date palm orchards in central Saudi Arabia. Partly mulched zones (20 m radius) and fully mulched basins were compared with adjacent bare soil using micrometeorological sensors and microlysimeters. In partly mulched areas, soil heat flux (G) decreased by 68.3% while sensible heat flux (H) increased up to 86.9% during late spring, indicating enhanced energy redistribution. Bare soil exhibited slightly negative latent heat flux (λE) in early spring, reflecting vapor adsorption, whereas fully mulched basins substantially reduced evaporation, with Water Conservation Efficiency Index (WCEĪ) values of 0.33 in spring and 0.27 in summer, corresponding to 33% and 27% water savings, respectively. Root-zone thermal moderation, quantified by the Root-Zone Thermal Moderation Index (RTMI), confirmed effective buffering of subsurface temperatures by 6–7 °C across 2–10 cm depths, despite slightly elevated surface temperatures. These results demonstrate that basin mulching stabilizes soil moisture, moderates diurnal thermal fluctuations, and optimizes soil–atmosphere energy partitioning under arid conditions. By integrating direct lysimeter measurements with continuous energy flux observations and index-based analysis, this study provides novel, field-based insights into the dual role of organic mulching in enhancing water conservation and thermal regulation in arid date palm orchards.

Plasma diagnostics have a shortage of fast and sensitive calorimetric sensors that can track low-energy fluxes during plasma-assisted microfabrication. In this work, energy fluxes from argon and oxygen radio frequency (RF) glow discharges have been probed using a novel nanocalorimeter sensor. The probe consists of an ultrathin SiNx membrane (100 nm) with a lithographically defined Pt microstrip (100 nm) that serves as a calibrated resistance thermometer. The sensor temperature can increase from room temperature to several hundred degrees within a second upon exposure to RF plasma, depending on the experiment’s geometry and plasma parameters. Such sensitivity and response time are due to the predesigned reduced heat capacity of the sensor and significantly reduced thermal conductance of the cooling channels. These features enable the sensitive detection of low-energy plasma fluxes on surfaces and their rapid discrimination, as in the case of ion and electron fluxes, by biasing the sensor at negative or positive potentials. These biased nanocalorimeter energy readings have been compared with ion and electron kinetic energy dissipations assessed using a Langmuir probe and retarding field energy analyzer. Finally, the robustness of the plasma nanocalorimeter is discussed in terms of its baseline drifts, degradation, and longevity.

Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) systems aim to use electroactive microorganisms (EAMs) to achieve electricity-driven CO2 fixation for biosynthesis of multicarbon chemicals. However, the low efficiencies of extracellular electron transfer (EET) and CO2 assimilation of EAMs remain the essential limiting factors that restrict performance of MES systems. Herein, we developed an electrosynthetic biohybrid system to synergistically supply electrons and CO2 to Rhodopseudomonas palustris (an EAM) for lycopene biosynthesis. Intracellular carbon and energy fluxes were redirected by strengthening the lycopene biosynthesis pathway and blocking the nitrogen-fixation pathway, resulting in 23-fold increase in lycopene yield than that of the wild-type R. palustris. To enhance extracellular transfer of CO2 and electrons to R. palustris, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with high CO2 adsorption capacity were assembled with polydopamine on cell membrane to construct a biohybrid MES system, which produced 3.55mg/L lycopene in two consecutive MES cycles, the highest lycopene production from CO2. Electrochemical and transcriptomic analyses revealed that the biohybrid MES system stimulated microbial metabolism including EET, the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle and lycopene biosynthesis, thereby improving CO2-to-chemical conversion. This study demonstrated directional supply of electrons and CO2 to EAMs enabled high-performance MES systems, which also offered insights into the mechanisms underlying efficient CO2 fixation and carbon-negative biomanufacturing.

Comparison of 4.5PN and second-order self-force gravitational energy fluxes from quasicircular compact binaries

Active solids using energy influx to generate non-equilibrium forces undergo spontaneous mechanical failure, but how topological defects concentrate internal stresses and control breakage in active materials is unknown. Here we assemble a reconstituted two-dimensional actomyosin network that lacks fluidity but exhibits nematic order and network elasticity. Surprisingly, we found that interacting multidefect configurations, especially defect quadrupoles with two +1/2 and two -1/2 defects, play a crucial role. Combining experimental data with an active solid fracture model, we demonstrate that a head quadrupole with mutually facing +1/2 defects can trigger crack opening and material tearing. Meanwhile, tail quadrupoles with mutually opposing +1/2 defects drive transient filament clustering and condenses into asters. We establish a deep learning model to predict the eventual aster formation from the initial topological structures. Our work uncovers a defect-mediated mechanism for spontaneous failure in active solids and provides topological design principles for controlling targeted damage in soft and living systems across scales.

Abstract Brazil’s coastal zones exhibit landscapes of significant international ecological importance, serving as critical habitats for biodiversity and supporting the livelihoods of local populations. The state of Bahia, possessing the longest coastline among Brazil’s federative units, encompasses the Dendê Coastal Region, which contains the state’s most extensive protected remnant of native Atlantic Forest. This study aims to delineate and classify geoecological units at a cartographic scale of 1:250,000, integrating the inherent heterogeneity of the coastal environment, its systemic dynamics, energy and material fluxes, and the capacity of each unit to sustain ecosystem services. The analytical framework employed a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating physical-natural, socio-economic, and cultural parameters. Data sources included official governmental repositories and remote sensing technologies. The preliminary cartographic analysis considered variables such as geology, geomorphology, hydrography, pedology, vegetation physiognomy, and oceanographic conditions, alongside land use and land cover classification derived from WPM Camera imagery and CBERS 04 A satellite data. Geoprocessing techniques facilitated the identification of discrete territorial segments, referred to as geoecological units. A total of seventeen landscape units were delineated, each characterized by distinct geoecological processes and land use patterns, reflecting varying degrees of conservation and anthropogenic influence. More than 50% of the study area is under formal conservation. The maintenance of ecosystem services within these units is closely linked to the presence of traditional communities, whose practices, such as sustainable land stewardship, extractive economies, artisanal fisheries, and shellfish harvesting, contribute to the ecological resilience of mangrove forests, coastal tropical scrubland (restinga formations), and tropical forest ecosystems. These practices also support the integrity of hydrological services across riverine, estuarine, and marine domains within the coastal system.

Phase dynamics and their role determining energy flux in hydrodynamic shell models

Modeling nonequilibrium gas flows within a continuum framework remains a significant challenge, particularly in specifying accurate boundary conditions for macroscopic equations. In this work, we revisit a largely overlooked approach to deriving slip boundary conditions, originally proposed by Patterson and later extended by Shidlovsky–known as the half-flux method. While the original half-flux method provides physical insight and simplicity, it neglects intermolecular collisions within the Knudsen layer, thereby limiting its accuracy. To address this limitation, we propose a high-order half-flux method that incorporates the effects of collisions within the Knudsen layer. Specifically, we distinguish between the velocity slip and temperature jump at the outer edge of the Knudsen layer and those near the wall. The proposed method not only enforces the conservation of momentum and energy flux across the Knudsen layer but also accounts for the approximate conservation of stress and heat flux. We derive slip boundary conditions based on both the Maxwell and Cercignani–Lampis–Lord scattering models and apply them to a range of rarefied flows within the Navier–Stokes–Fourier framework. The resulting numerical predictions show improved agreement with molecular-level simulations, demonstrating the method’s enhanced accuracy and effectiveness in slip boundary modeling.