Energy Feed Ingredients Research Articles

A Mini Review of the Effects of NSP and Exogenous Enzymes in Broiler Diets on Digestibility and Some Intestinal Functions

Summary NSP (non-starch polysaccharides) are a large group of compounds, which vary greatly in their chemical structure and properties. They are linked with the use of some of the alternative proteins or energy feed ingredients in broiler nutrition. Exogenous enzymes which act on NSP are sometimes in broiler production with the purpose of increasing digestibility of nutrients and consequently increasing broiler performance in production. This paper will attempt to review changes occurring in the digestive tract as a result of the use of feed with NSP soluble and insoluble in water, and the effect of NSPase on them, in terms of how an animal organism is burdened or helped to overcome the problems.

Accuracy of predicting metabolizable energy from invitro digestible energy determined with a computer-controlled simulated digestion system in feed ingredients for ducks.

Two experiments were conducted to study the accuracy of predicting true metabolizable energy (TME) of ingredients for ducks from in vitro digestible energy (IVDE) determined with a computer-controlled simulated digestion system. Experiment 1 was to establish TME prediction models from the IVDE of 9 energy feed ingredients and 12 protein feed ingredients using regression analysis. Experiment 2 was to validate the accuracy of the predicted ME of 10 ingredients randomly selected from Exp. 1. Ten diets were formulated with 2 to 6 of 10 ingredients. Dietary in vivo TME values were compared with calculated values based on the TME predicted in Exp. 1. In Exp. 1, the correlation coefficients between TME and IVDE were 0.9339 (P < 0.05) in 9 energy feed ingredients and 0.8332 (P < 0.05) in 12 protein feed ingredients. No significant difference was observed on the slope and intercept of TME regression models between 9 energy feed ingredients and 12 protein feed ingredients. Therefore, the regression model of TME on IVDE for 21 feed ingredients was TME = 0.7169 × IVDE +1,224 (R2 = 0.7542, P < 0.01). Determined and predicted TME differed by less than 100 kcal/kg of DM in 11 ingredients, and the difference ranged from 100 to 200 kcal/kg of DM in 5 ingredients. However, the difference between determined and predicted TME varied from 410 to 625 kcal/kg of DM in rice bran, rapeseed meal, corn gluten meal, and citric acid meal. In Exp. 2, the determined and calculated TME were comparable (3,631 vs. 3,639 kcal/kg of DM) and highly correlated (r = 0.9014; P < 0.05) in 10 diets. Determined and calculated TME differed by less than 100 kcal/kg of DM in 7 diets and by 106 to 133 kcal/kg of DM in 3 diets. These results have demonstrated that TME can be accurately predicted from IVDE in most feed ingredients, but it is less accurate for rice bran, rapeseed meal, corn gluten and citric acid meal.

285 Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae oil improves growth performance of nursery pigs

Abstract Insect-derived protein and lipid sources are sustainable, alternative ingredients for the feed industry. The present study was conducted to determine the impact of increasing levels of supplemental black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) oil on growth performance and serological and hematological indices in nursery pigs. Newly weaned, 21-day old pigs (n = 192; BW=6.9±0.15 kg) were randomly assigned within sex and BW blocks to 1 of 4 dietary treatments, using 48 pens (4 pigs/pen; 12 replicates/treatment). Treatments consisted of 0, 2, 4, and 6% supplemental BSFL oil (mainly contained C12:0, C18:2, C16:0, C18:1, and C14:0 at 36.9, 17.3, 14.6, 13.1, and 9.8 g/100 g of lipid, respectively), replacing equal amounts of corn oil. Dietary treatments were fed in 3 dietary phases (14, 11, and 15 d for Phase 1 to 3, respectively). Supplementation of BSFL oil linearly increased BW (P ≤ 0.052) on d 14, 21, 25, 33, and 40 (final BW of 27.83, 27.62, 28.84, and 28.44 kg, respectively) and ADG during Phase 1 (P = 0.017), 2 (P = 0.055), and overall (P = 0.048; 523, 518, 548, and 539 g/d). Gain:feed was improved linearly during Phase 1 (P = 0.001) and 2 (P = 0.049), but ADFI was not affected (P &amp;gt; 0.36). Supplemental BSFL oil did not affect (P &amp;gt; 0.18) serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, urea N, creatinine, glucose, Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl, triglycerides, amylase, lipase, or creatine phosphokinase, but linearly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.001) serum cholesterol. White blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils were not affected (P &amp;gt; 0.17) by BSFL oil, but platelet count tended to linearly increase (P = 0.082). All serological and hematological analytical results were within normal expected ranges. In conclusion, BSFL oil is a promising, high energy feed ingredient that can be successfully fed to nursery pigs, while improving their growth performance.

Determination of ruminal dry matter and crude protein degradability and degradation kinetics of several concentrate feed ingredients in cashmere goat

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to determine the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradation parameters of several commercially available concentrate feed ingredients used in Shaanbei White Cashmere Goat (SWCG). Three 4-year-old female SWCGs fitted with permanent rumen fistula were fed with corn straw and concentrate feed. Tested energy and protein feed ingredients were corn, wheat bran (WB), corn germ meal, soybean meal (SBM), rape seed meal (RSM), and distillers dried grains. The feed samples were placed in a nylon bag and incubated in the rumen for 0, 2, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h to measure the ruminal disappearance of DM and CP. The exponential model was used to calculate the degradation kinetics. There were significant differences between sources in terms of DM and CP disappearance and degradability. In terms of energy feed ingredients, the potential degradability of DM and CP of corn was significantly higher than those of the other energy feed ingredients, whereas the effective degradability (ED) of CP of WB at three outflow rates was significantly higher than those of the others. In protein feed ingredients, SBM had the highest potential degradability of DM and CP. Furthermore, the ED of DM of SBM at three outflow rates was significantly higher than those of the other protein feed ingredients, whereas the ED of CP of RSM at three outflow rates was significantly higher than those of others. Those feed ingredients with low degradability can increase the bypass nutrients, which will be digested in the small intestine. The degradation parameters obtained in this experiment using SWCG would be useful in improving the accuracy of formulation of cashmere goat diet in Northwest of China.

Cassava Root Chips as an Alternative Energy Feed Ingredient in Broiler Ration

Cassava Root Chips as an Alternative Energy Feed Ingredient in Broiler Ration

Effects of Corn Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles on Production and Egg Quality in Laying Hens

Corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a completely new feed ingredient in the Korean feed market. There is an ever increasing need for the Korean feed industry to import and make the best of it as a high protein and high energy feed ingredient. A layer feeding trial was conducted for 10 weeks to investigate the effects of addition of light-colored DDGS to layer diets on laying performance, egg qualities and yolk fatty acid composition. Also, the economics of using DDGS in the Korean situation was analyzed. Nine hundred Hy-line Brown layers, 24 weeks of age, were employed in a feeding trial consisting of four dietary treatments (0, 10, 15, and 20% DDGS), and five replicates per treatment. All experimental diets were prepared as iso-protein (17%) and iso-calorie (TMEn 2,780 kcal/kg). The use of DDGS up to 20% in layer diets did not exert any influence on feed intake, laying rate, total egg mass, mean egg weight and feed conversion ratio (p>0.05). The color and breaking strength of eggshell, as well as the albumin height and Haugh unit were not affected by the addition of DDGS up to 20% in the diet. The yolk color was significantly increased by DDGS supplementation (p<0.05). As the DDGS level increased, the oleic acid content decreased, and the linoleic acid increased (p<0.05) in egg yolk. The degree of saturation of yolk fatty acids was not affected by DDGS supplementation. The inclusion of light-colored DDGS up to 20% in layer diets resulted in a decrease of feed cost per kg without any undesirable effect on laying performance. In conclusion, the light-colored DDGS (L* 56.65) could be used up to 20% in layer diets without any harmful effect on laying performance, and possibly provide economic benefits to the Korean poultry industry.

Chemical composition and nutritive value of ghee residue for chickens

Ghee residue, a by-product of the dairy industry, was found to be a good source of protein and energy, containing in dry matter 25.8% crude protein, 50.8% fat, 12.3% lactose, 14.4 MJ of apparent ME g −1, 16.5 MJ of true ME kg −1, 43.7 gross protein value, 8.98% ash, 0.88% calcium, 0.50% phosphorus, 14.4% nitrogen free extract and no crude fibre. Replacing about 40% of dietary protein in a chick starter diet with ghee residue protein resulted in poor growth rate, feed efficiency and nitrogen retention, but increased the liver weight and carcass and liver fat contents. However, lysine and methionine supplementation improved the growth rate, feed efficiency and carcass nitrogen retention, and reduced the liver and carcass fat contents, but methionine supplementation alone was not effective in improving these traits, except the liver and carcass fat contents. Lysine appeared to be the first limiting amino acid in ghee residue. Ghee residue appeared to be a potential high protein and high energy feed ingredient for poultry and could be incorporated in chick starter diets at up to 35.4% without any adverse effect, if supplemented with lysine and methionine.

Production of animal protein from nonprotein nitrogen chemicals.

Ruminants obtain amino acids (AA) from microbial protein synthesized in the rumen and from feed proteins that escape ruminal degradation. Synthesis of microbial protein provides a mechanism for obtaining AA from NPN. Effectiveness of NPN utilization depends upon production and utilization of ammonia by rumen microbes. Because ammonia is produced from protein and NPN, feeding proteins resistant to microbial degradation forces utilization of ammonia derived from NPN. The quantity of microbial cells formed in the anaerobic rumen fermentation system is primarily dependnt upon energy supply but can be modulated by types and supplies of other nutrients (i.e. amino-N, minerals growth factors) and by growth rate of rumen bacteria. Potential quantities of NPN that can be utilized with different feed ingredients can be estimated from amounts of feed protein degraded in the rumen, and requiring transformation into protein via growth of rumen microbes, and from amounts of energy provided by feed ingredients. High energy feed ingredients with low amounts of degradable protein are most favorable for NPN utilization, but NPN has also been used successfully with high-fibrous, low energy feed materials. Growth, lactation and reproduction have been obtained on diets containing more than 97% of the nitrogen from NPN, but microbial protein alone cannot provide quantities of AA needed for high levels of productivity. Regulating ruminal degradation of dietary protein and utilizing NPN for rumen protein production is a highly desirable strategy for producing human foods with ruminants.