Problem Of Energy Consumption Research Articles

Research progress of bio-slurry remediation technology for organic contaminated soil.

Bio-slurry remediation technology, as a controllable bioremediation method, has the significant advantage of high remediation efficiency and can effectively solve the problems of high energy consumption and secondary pollution of traditional organic pollution site remediation technology. To further promote the application of this technology in the remediation of organically polluted soil, this paper summarizes the importance and advantages of bio-slurry remediation technology compared with traditional soil remediation technologies (physical, chemical, and biological). It introduces the technical infrastructure and its technological processes. Then, various factors that may affect its remediation performance are discussed. By analyzing the applications of this technology to the remediation of typical organic pollutant-(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs), total petroleum hydrocarbons(TPH), and pesticide) contaminated sites, the following key features of this remediation technology are summarised: (1) the technology has a wide range of applications and can be used in a versatile way in the remediation projects of various types of organic-contaminated soil sites such as in clay, sand, and high organic matter content soil; (2) the technology is highly controllable. Adjusting environmental parameters and operational conditions, such as nutrients, organic carbon sources (bio-stimulation), inoculants (bio-augmentation), water-to-soil ratio, etc., can control the remediation process, thus improving the restoration performance. To sum up, this bio-slurry remediation technology is an efficient, controllable and green soil remediation technology that has broad application prospects.

Combined Dual-Prediction Based Data Fusion and Enhanced Leak Detection and Isolation Method for WSN Pipeline Monitoring System

In a Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) based fluid pipeline leak monitoring system, numerous sensors are deployed along the pipeline networks. A great amount of measurements are continuously transmitted from the sensor nodes to their corresponding sink nodes. The energy consumed on data transmission dominates the power depletion of a WSN system. To reduce the amount of data transmission and prolong the lifetime of WSN, in this paper, a Combined Dual-Prediction based Data Fusion (CDPDF) method is proposed. Transmissions are only triggered if the measurement is substantially different from the predicted value. Furthermore, unlike existing methods which establish the predictor by merely considering the measurements from a single sensor, the proposed CDPDF learns and updates the predictor by integrating measurements from multiple neighboring sensors, hence the spatial cross-correlation is taken into account and the prediction accuracy is significantly improved. In this paper, an Enhanced Leak Detection and Isolation (EnLDI) method is also proposed in which several important parameters, such as the friction factor and the pressure wave propagation speed, can be online updated, resulting in improvement of the leak localization accuracy. Experimental case studies are conducted. By employing the proposed CDPDF and EnLDI methods in pipeline networks monitoring, the accuracy of leak isolation is significantly increased with reduced data transmission demands. Note to Practitioners—This work delivers a hybrid scheme that combines machine learning based data fusion and transmission, with model-based leak detection and isolation. The work is motivated by the problem of high energy consumption on data transmission and poor leak diagnosis accuracy in WSN based pipeline networks monitoring system. To reduce the energy consumed during frequent transmissions among sensor nodes, in this paper, a machine learning based data fusion method is proposed which can eliminate most of the redundant transmissions. Among the investigated schemes, the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) based predictor can not only achieve satisfactory prediction accuracy but also has low computational cost, hence it can be easily implemented in most of the embedded micro-controller systems in practice. At the base station of a WSN, in the leak diagnosis phase, traditional model-based methods employ the fixed model parameters which should be adjustable in different pressure and flow conditions etc. In this paper, an online model parameter estimation procedure is introduced and incorporated in the scheme designed to estimate the leak size and location, thus, the leak localization accuracy is significantly improved. Moreover, the algorithmic procedures, mathematical expressions, evaluation process and results are also provided for practical implementation.

Waste heat recovery and reuse for ship hydraulic oil temperature control system

In order to solve the problems of high energy consumption and serious waste of heat energy in the traditional oil cooler of Marine hydraulic system, the waste heat recovery and reuse of Marine hydraulic oil temperature control system is proposed. The hydraulic system waste heat recovery test platform has been established, the influence of electrical load, oil flow rate and working medium flow rate on system operation and energy characteristics is studied. The experimental results show that under the same working condition, compared with the oil cooler of the same specification, the maximum thermal efficiency of the proposed organic Rankine cycle waste heat recovery system is increased to 2.56%. The expander pressure ratio and system thermal efficiency increase with the increase of electric load and oil flow. The experimental results analyzed the energy saving effect of waste heat recovery system on hydraulic system, and obtained the rule of system operation efficiency.

Reliability optimization design of intelligent mechanical structure for waste heat recovery

In order to solve the problems of high energy consumption and serious waste of heat energy in the cooling of traditional oil cooler in hydraulic system, the author proposed the reliability optimization design of intelligent mechanical structure for waste heat recovery. The author has built a waste heat recovery test platform for hydraulic system, the influence of electrical load, oil flow rate and working medium flow rate on system operation and energy characteristics is studied. The experimental results show that: under the same working condition, compared with the oil cooler of the same specification, the maximum thermal efficiency of the proposed organic Rankine cycle waste heat recovery system is increased to 2.56%. The expander pressure ratio and system thermal efficiency increase with the increase of electric load and oil flow rate. With the increase of the flow rate of the working medium, the superheat of the working medium at the inlet of the expander decreases significantly, while the heat exchange of the evaporator and the output power of the expander increase. Under the test condition, the maximum heat exchange of evaporator is 4.18 kW, and the maximum output power of expander is 356 W. The energy saving effect of waste heat recovery system of hydraulic system is obtained, and the influence law of operation parameters on system performance is obtained.

Operation Energy Saving of Fan-Coil Unit based on Auto-counting of People Number

In the current context of “peak carbon emissions and carbon neutral”, today’s society has put forward higher requirements for reducing building energy consumption. Therefore, to address the problems of high energy consumption and poor comfort of central air conditioning system in large public buildings, this paper proposes an energy-saving control method for fan coil unit based on auto-counting of people number to reduce the operating energy consumption of air conditioning system as much as possible while meeting the comfort of indoor personnel. It is concluded that the operation strategy can effectively reduce the operational energy consumption of the air conditioning system by 20%. It is applicable to the central air conditioning system of public buildings with large changes in the number of people, and has certain application prospects.

Firefly Algorithm with Tabu Search to Solve the Vehicle Routing Problem with Minimized Fuel Emissions: Case Study of Canned Fruits Transport

Abstract Nowadays, logistics is used to assess economic growth and address energy consumption and environmental problems. Optimizing collection and delivery routes reduces fuel consumption and cost, thereby minimizing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The vehicle routing problem with time windows (VRPTW) is addressed to identify routes that minimize total transportation costs, fuel consumption, and GHG emissions based on collection and delivery activities. Firefly Algorithm (FA) integrated with Tabu Search (TS) as (FATS) was proposed within the case study concerning canned fruit transport. The results showed that the proposed method outperformed the existing approaches and reduced the fuel consumption from 31,286 to 26,314 litres per year. The proposed algorithm also reduced the number of used vehicles from seven to six, as five 6-wheel trucks and one 4-wheel truck, with transportation cost reduced from 1,061,851 to 893,108 Baht per year, as well as greenhouse gas emissions, which were reduced from 90,730 to 76,312 kg CO 2 per year.

Analysis on overall energy efficiency and flexibility of thermal integrated energy system

In order to solve the problem of energy consumption, improve the efficiency of energy utilization and develop new energy, the total energy consumption and fluctuation of thermal integrated energy were analyzed. Four suggestions are put forward for the integrated power system of flexible thermal power plant, namely, electric heat storage system, electric heat pump heat storage system, g, heating system and high pressure heating system via steam turbine, which can improve the air energy consumption capacity of the system and reduce the total coal consumption of the system. Among them, in the case of small air conditioning units or small air conditioning units do not use electric heating furnace and electric heat pump furnace. Heat storage technology of thermal power unit is not suitable for daily exhaust. In contrast, the high pressure/IP bypass heating process of steam turbine is more flexible and less restrictive, which is the best method for comparison. Compared with other schemes discussed by the author, this scheme has the highest flexibility and the least restrictions, and is the best one among the four.

Multi-Criteria Problems of Energy Consumption in Buildings Considering Technical and Economic Indices

Abstract This study focuses on economic modelling of the energy consumption in buildings considering controllable appliances scheduling in stand-alone electrical grids. The economic modelling is implemented via coordination of the energy generation of the renewable energies with controllable appliances by using demand shifting strategy (DSS). On the other side, uncertainty and stochastic modelling of the renewable energies are considered in the optimal coordination. Also, optimal coordination is modelled by multi-criteria problems of the technical and economic indices. Solving of the multi-criteria problem is done by fuzzy and augmented epsilon-constraint methods. To investigate the effectiveness of the proposed model, it is applied on a 25-node test system through defining two scenarios. The obtained results show that modelling the optimal coordination to supply the demand of the grid can increase the efficiency of the system.

A Novel Energy Efficient Harvesting Technique for SDWSN using RF Transmitters with MISO Beamforming

Software Defined Wireless Sensor Networks (SDWSN) is emerged to overcome the additional energy consumption in WSN. Even then the sensor nodes in the SDWSN suffer from scarce battery resources. Generally, the Radio Frequency (RF) transmitters are deployed around the base station in the SDWSN to overcome the high energy consumption problem. To enhance harvesting energy and coverage of nodes in the network, a new energy harvesting technique using RF transmitters with Multiple Input and Single Output (MISO) beamforming is proposed. In this method, multiple antenna RF transmitters and single antenna sensor nodes are deployed. The optimization problem subject to Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and energy harvesting constraints is formulated for hybrid beamforming design to reduce the transmit power in the network. The optimization problem based on convex Second Order Cone Programming (SOCP) is derived to get the optimal solution for hybrid beamforming design. The beamforming technique is used to steer the beam in the desired direction and null to the other direction improves the energy harvesting. The simulation results show that the proposed technique provides better average harvesting energy, average transmit power, average residual energy and throughput than the existing RF transmitter based energy harvesting methods.

CO2-CH4 Reforming Based on Nickel-based Catalysts

The current environmental problems are serious in nature. Due to greenhouse impact and a series of chain reactions caused by the massive emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere, the ecological environment of the earth has been seriously damaged. The removal and reuse of CO2 is a current hot topic. The use of two greenhouse gases, CO2 and methane (CH4). And these two greenhouse gases can be used to produce different industrial products. However, the CO2-CH4 reforming reaction is difficult. The introduction of a catalyst in the reaction can avoid the problems of low conversion rate, long time and high energy consumption. At present, nickel-based catalysts are being greatly concerned in this reaction due to their low cost and high efficiency. Based on this background, this research focuses on four preparation methods for nickel-based catalysts, including deposition precipitation method, reflux impregnation method, solution combustion method and ammonia evaporation method. Three types of nickel-based catalysts, including single metal nickel-based catalysts, bi-metallic nickel-based catalysts, and multi-component nickel-based catalysts, are introduced about their activity performances in the CO2-CH4 reforming reaction. To sum up, the introduction of nickel-based catalysts can promote the directional regulation of reaction products, which can be carried out faster, saving energy and reducing consumption, which has very important research significance.

Analysis of development state of the thermal flow sensors of general, biomedical and ecological designation

The paper analyzed the characteristics of microelectronic flow sensors, which made it possible to draw a number of important conclusions, namely: modern microelectronic thermal flow sensors, and in particular biomedical sensors, are characterized by a significant variety of principles of signal formation - from elementary linear converters based on one sensitive element to non-linear ones ( generation, time-dependent) converters based on matrices of functionally integrated elements. The problem of energy consumption of thermal flow sensors remains relevant. This is especially characteristic when powering destination sensors from autonomous, i.e., small-sized, low-power, low-voltage electrochemical cells. A decrease in energy consumption (power and heating temperature) leads to the parasitic effect of signal line resistances and, as a result, to the deterioration of functional characteristics, in particular, to a decrease in the accuracy of flow rate measurement.

The Influence of Operation Platform on the Energy Consumption of Container Handling

Because container terminals are facing pressure to achieve carbon neutrality in China, saving energy has become an important objective of container terminals. This paper analyzed the movement path of containers between the quay carne and the yard, and found that paths in the vertical direction existed, requiring unnecessary energy consumption. To solve the unnecessary energy consumption problem, a completely new work mode called the high platform operation mode was proposed. In this new mode, a high platform is built above the yard and container trucks drive onto the high platform. By building an energy consumption model to compare the energy consumption of the traditional and new modes, we found that the new mode is able to save 1.478 kWh of electricity compared to the traditional mode when handling one container. A terminal company in Tianjin Port was taken as an example to examine and validate the efficiency of the proposed mode. The computational results indicate that the electricity saved in 12 years would be able to cover the cost of building the high platform, meaning that the new mode could reduce container terminals’ energy consumption and accelerate the achievement of carbon neutrality.

Research on energy‐saving virtual machine migration algorithm for green data center

AbstractThe cloud computing center can dynamically respond to various needs, schedule computing resources, and provide users with convenient IT services. As the demand for cloud computing services continues to increase, the scale of the data center is getting larger and larger, and the problem of high energy consumption of equipment is becoming more and more prominent. Therefore, building a green data center is key to ensuring the development of the technology industry. Virtual machine online migration technology has been widely used in energy consumption management, which plays an important role in the energy‐saving management of large‐scale data centers. Considering the problem of energy consumption in a multi‐data center environment, a cross‐data center virtual machine migration strategy is proposed, EVMA. First, the target data center of the virtual machine migration is determined according to the bandwidth between data centers, and then the overload host and virtual machine selection strategy is determined according to the historical CPU load. The experimental results showed that the algorithm had a good performance in reducing the energy consumption of the data center and ensuring the quality of service.

Energy Management Strategy of Hydrogen Fuel Cell/Battery/Ultracapacitor Hybrid Tractor Based on Efficiency Optimization

With the application of new energy technology, hybrid agricultural machinery has been developed. This article designs a hybrid tractor energy management method to solve the problem of high energy consumption caused by significant load fluctuation of the tractor in field operation. This article first analyzes the characteristics of the hydrogen fuel cell, power battery, and ultracapacitor and designs a hybrid energy system for the tractor. Second, the energy management strategy (EMS) of multi-layer decoupling control based on the Haar wavelet and logic rule is designed to realize the multi-layer decoupling of high-frequency, low-frequency, and steady-state signals of load demand power. Then, the EMS redistributes the decoupled power signals to each energy source. Finally, a hardware-in-loop simulation experiment was carried out through the model. The results show that, compared with single-layer control strategies such as fuzzy control and power-following control, the multi-layer control strategy can allocate the demand power more reasonably, and the efficiency of the hydrogen fuel cell is the highest. The average efficiency of the hydrogen fuel cell was increased by 2.87% and 1.2%, respectively. Furthermore, the equivalent hydrogen consumption of the tractor was reduced by 17.06% and 5.41%, respectively, within the experimental cycle. It is shown that the multi-layer control strategy considering power fluctuation can improve the vehicle economy based on meeting the power demanded by the whole vehicle load.

Catalytic degradation of carbamazepine by metal organic frameworks (MOFs) derived magnetic catalyst Fe@PC in an electro-Fenton coupled membrane filtration system: Performance, pathway, and mechanism

The treatment of pharmaceutical and personal care products (abbreviated as PPCPs) have the problems of high energy consumption and low efficiency. Herein, an electro-Fenton (EF) coupled membrane filtration system was constructed to cost-efficiently degrade micromolecular carbamazepine (CBZ, a kind of PPCPs) from aquatic environment. Aqueous solution containing CBZ and the mixture of humic acid (HA, a kind of dissolved organic matters, with the molecular weight bigger than 400) was firstly filtered by polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/carbon fiber cloth composite cathode membrane, which rejected HA while let CBZ pass through the membrane. The CBZ was then participated in the following EF process and decomposed with high efficiency. In the EF process, Fe-based metal–organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs) derived magnetic nanoconfinement catalyst, with iron nanoparticle as core and porous carbon (PC) as shell (abbreviated as magnetic Fe@PC), was prepared and applied to the EF process. The results indicated the rejection rates of the cathode membrane towards HA and CBZ were 69.91% and 3.35%, respectively, indicating most of the HA was rejected in the filtering process. In the EF process, the magnetic Fe@PC exhibited excellent catalytic degradation performance towards CBZ, with a total removal rate of 98.34%. Among which, the contributions of different processes including adsorption, electrodegradation and EF degradation were 0.90%, 4.97%, and 89.08%, respectively. Quenching test indicated both OH radical and O2– radical played crucial roles during the degradation process, which were generated by the in-situ decomposition of H2O2 in the coexistence of the magnetic Fe@PC. Based on the degradation intermediates of CBZ, four probable degradation pathways were proposed, and the most accessible pathway was also verified by theoretical calculations. The eco-toxicity assessment results showed most of the intermediate products were in lower toxicity than CBZ. Besides CBZ, the system also exhibited excellent degradation performance towards various kinds of PPCPs. This work indicated the EF coupled cathode membrane system is one of the efficient technologies in the removal of PPCPs in complex water environment.

Toward Trusted IoT by General Proof-of-Work

Internet of Things (IoT) is used to describe devices with sensors that connect and exchange data with other devices or systems on the Internet or other communication networks. Actually, the data not only represent the concrete things connected but also describe the abstract matters related. Therefore, it is expected to support trust on IoT since blockchain was invented so that trusted IoT could be possible or, recently, even metaverse could be imaginable. However, IoT systems are usually composed of a lot of device nodes with limited computing power. The built-in unsolved performance and energy-consumption problems in blockchain become more critical in IoT. The other problems such as finality, privacy, or scalability introduce even more complexity so that trusted IoT is still far from realization, let alone the metaverse. With general Proof of Work (GPoW), the energy consumption of Bitcoin can be reduced to less than 1 billionth and proof of PowerTimestamp (PoPT) can be constructed so that a global even ordering can be reached to conduct synchronization on distributed systems in real-time. Therefore, trusted IoT is possible. We reintroduce GPoW with more mathematic proofs so that PoPT can be optimal and describe how PoPT can be realized with simulation results, mining examples and synchronization scenario toward trusted IoT.

Climate Adaptability Analysis on the Shape of Outpatient Buildings for Different Climate Zones in China Based on Low-Energy Target

Under the impact of COVID-19 and the needs for urban expansion, a large number of outpatient buildings have been rapidly constructed, but the problem of high energy consumption has always been ignored. There is a lack of research on the adaptability of building shape in different climate zones. Many studies have shown that a reasonable shape in the early stage of design can significantly reduce the energy consumption of buildings. Therefore, it helps if architects quickly select a reasonable shape that can effectively reduce energy consumption. This study summarized a number of outpatient building cases in China and proposed three typical building shapes: centralized-type (Shape-1), corridor-type (Shape-2), and courtyard-type (Shape-3). The Design Builder tool was used to simulate and analyze the typical building energy consumption in different climate zones. The simulation results show that Shape-2 (angle: 0°) should be chosen in severe cold zone; Shape-1 (angle: 90°) should be chosen in cold zone; Shape-1 (angle: 0°) should be chosen in hot summer and cold winter zone; Shape-1 (angle: 60°) should be chosen in hot summer and warm winter zone; and Shape-1 or Shape-2 can be chosen in warm zone. The results of this study can provide suggestions for the energy saving design of outpatient buildings in China and other areas with similar conditions. The result can help architects make rapid shape selection in the early stage of design.

An Unequal Clustering Method Based on Particle Swarm Optimization in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) currently provide an important technical means of underwater communication, but there are difficulties in power updating or power replenishment because the sensor nodes work in an underwater environment. Therefore, energy consumption optimization has become the focus of research on UASNs. Node clustering is widely considered to be able to optimize network energy consumption. Although the current clustering-based routing method prolongs the network life cycle to a certain extent, some nodes may fail due to excessive energy consumption caused by excessive data transmission tasks, and the problems of high and uneven energy consumption still exist. To extend the life cycle of UASNs, this article proposes an unequal clustering method based on particle swarm optimization. Our method uses iterative updates to dynamically adjust the cluster size based on the remaining energy of the cluster head, the distance from the cluster head to the Sink node, and the number of times the cluster head forwards data between clusters to balance the cluster head load. The energy consumption of the whole path from the cluster head to the Sink node and the number of hops required are considered in the intercluster transmission phase. Simulation results show that this method can effectively reduce the network energy consumption.

Energy saving properties and development products of low radiation glass

With the development of modern society, more and more buildings have appeared, and the problem of building energy consumption has also attracted people's attention. The problem of building energy consumption really needs to be solved. It needs to work together from many aspects to reduce energy consumption, including the use of energy-saving glass. This article analyzes and summarizes the existing literature on energy-saving glass to explain the energy-saving principle and manufacturing process of low radiation glass in detail. The method of data analysis is adopted to compare the energy-saving effect of different energy-saving glasses based on the existing data, and the energy-saving effect of low radiation glass is objectively analyzed. The research found that the low radiation glass has strong heat insulation ability and heat preservation effect, and has significant energy saving effect, which is very suitable for the concept of energy-saving buildings in contemporary society.

Pre-Drying of Chlorine-Organic-Contaminated Soil in a Rotary Dryer for Energy Efficient Thermal Remediation.

In response to the current problem of the high energy consumption of direct thermal desorption systems when treating soils with a high moisture content, we propose using the waste heat of the system to pre-dry soil to reduce its moisture. Taking chlorine-organic-contaminated soil as an object, an experimental study on the drying and pollutant desorption characteristics of soil in an indirect rotary dryer was carried out. The results show that the non-isothermal drying process was divided into warm-up and falling rate periods, and no constant period was observed. The higher the rotation speed, the lower the soil outlet temperature and the higher the drying tail gas temperature. Soil outlet and dry tail gas temperatures were lower for soils with a higher moisture content. Benzene and cis-1,2-dichloroethylene are easily desorbed. Therefore, the disposal of dry tail gas should be determined according to the type and concentration of soil pollutants present. The volumetric heat transfer coefficient was found to be 85-100 W m-3 °C-1, which provides a key parameter for the size design of a rotary dryer.