Energy Conservation Management Research Articles

Novel high-efficiency solid particle foam stabilizer: Effects of modified fly ash on foam properties and foam concrete

The preparation of foam concrete frequently encounters challenges such as foam collapse and stratification, which lead to a decline in material performance. Therefore, enhancing foam stability is paramount in the production of foam concrete. This study innovatively addresses this issue by investigating the use of waste fly ash particles (RFA) and modified fly ash (AMFA, BMFA, and CMFA) as foam stabilizers, and comparing their efficacy with that of traditional nano-silica stabilizers (NS), both independently and in combination. The results indicate that modified ultrafine fly ash particles (AMFA) exhibit foam stability properties (1-h settlement distance and bleeding rate) comparable to those of NS. Moreover, when combined with NS, the mixture surpasses the foam performance of NS alone. Utilizing these highly stable foams, lightweight foam concrete with a 600 kg/m³ density is produced, demonstrating exceptional mechanical properties (compressive strength of 3.42 MPa) and superior thermal insulation (thermal conductivity of 0.0914 W/m· K). The enhanced foam stability of the modified fly ash is primarily attributed to increased surface roughness, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces. Developing highly stable foams holds significant potential, contributing to energy conservation, emissions reduction, and waste management.

The Impact of Environmental Regulations on the Export of Hangzhou Enterprises

This paper studies the impact of Hangzhou environmental regulation on the export of enterprises, and takes Hikvision as a case to analyze the input of the enterprise in green transformation and its impact on the export of overseas markets. Through the analysis of Hikvision's financial and ESG reports from 2019 to 2023, the following conclusions were drawn: Hikvision gained a competitive edge in the international market through green transformation measures; By promoting green production and product certification, Hikvision has enhanced its international reputation, and this responsible corporate image has contributed to the growth of its exports; Energy conservation and resource management measures have significantly reduced resource waste and energy consumption, thereby improving the company's profitability and competitiveness in the international market; Hangzhou's environmental regulations significantly promoted Hikvision's green innovation and had a positive impact on the company's export. The research shows that Hangzhou's environmental regulation policy has a positive impact on Hikvision's export.

Demand-side management scenario analysis for the energy-efficient future of Pakistan: Bridging the gap between market interests and national priorities

Pakistan is facing the worst level of energy and economic crisis of its history. The underlying reason of the economic crisis is basically due to the energy crisis. Various approaches have been adopted to tackle the energy crises which the country is facing for over 2 decades. Demand-side management (DSM) is the most potent and cost-effective option to redress the energy crisis, which, unfortunately, has been the most neglected strategy in Pakistan. DSM has the potential to save up to 10.0%–15.0% of primary energy to ensure the country’s future energy security. Laws and codes do exist, but ironically, the most vital element of DSM’s policy framework and implementation mechanism is missing. Hence, the main objective of this research is to develop a DSM model for Pakistan and analyze the reference and DSM scenarios. Low-emission analysis platform (LEAP) is used to develop Pakistan’s DSM model for the study period 2021–2050. The three alternative DSM scenarios developed include energy efficiency (EEF), energy conservation (EC), and load management (LOM), and they are all analyzed. The model results estimate the electricity demand forecast of 1009.8 TWh under the reference scenario in 2050, whereas DSM tends to result in a 26.38% decreased electricity demand compared to the reference scenario. The alternative DSM scenarios also outperform the reference scenario. In 2050, the EC scenario reduces consumption by 178.0 TWh and GHG emissions by 19.20 million metric tons, the EEF scenario reduces consumption by 110.30 TWh and GHG emissions by 10.04 million metric tons, and the LOM scenario suggests reduced consumption by 101.0 TWh and GHG emissions by 6.20 million metric tons. This study concluded that the DSM must be institutionalized in Pakistan by building a robust regulatory framework and execution mechanism at the government and utility levels.

Energy Consumption Calculation of Civil Buildings in Regional Integrated Energy Systems: A Review of Characteristics, Methods and Application Prospects

Civil buildings play a critical role in urban energy consumption. The energy consumption of civil buildings significantly affects energy allocation and conservation management within regional integrated energy systems (RIESs). This paper first analyzes the influencing factors of civil building energy consumption, as well as the energy consumption characteristics of different types of buildings such as office buildings, shopping malls, hospitals, hotels, and residential buildings. Subsequently, it reviews methodologies for calculating operational energy consumption, offering valuable insights for the optimization and strategic adjustments of an RIES. Finally, the paper assesses the application potential of these calculation methods within an RIES and discusses the future development trend of calculating civil building energy consumption.

Preparation and characterization of eicosane-paraffin/expanded graphite/polyurethane as form-stable composite phase change materials with wide phase change temperature range

Phase change materials (PCMs) with wide phase change temperature range, high latent heat, good thermal conductivity, and shape stability are essential for applications such as solar energy conservation and thermal management of electronic devices. Form-stable composite PCMs (FSCPCMs) with a broad phase change temperature range of 18–65 °C were successfully developed by using a mixture of eicosane and paraffin mixture along with cross-linking polyurethane as PCM, expanded graphite as thermally conductive filler and supporting material. The prepared FSCPCMs demonstrated excellent thermal stability and thermal conductivity with a latent heat up to 142.5 J/g. In conclusion, the synthesized FSCPCMs exhibit promising potential for practical applications in thermal energy storage.

A Study of Financial Planning and Forecasting With Reference to Indian Oil Corporation Limited

Financial planning is a ceaseless procedure of guiding and designating financial assets to meet strategic goals and targets. The yield from financial planning appears as budgets. The most generally utilized type of budgets is Pro Forma or Budgeted Financial Statements. The establishment for Budgeted Financial Statements is Detail Budgets. Detail Budgets incorporate sales conjectures, production figures, and different gauges in help of the Financial Plan. On the whole, these budgets are alluded to as the Master Budget. We can likewise separate financial planning into planning for tasks and planning for financing. Working individuals centre around sales and production while financial planners are keen on the best way to back the tasks. In this manner, we can have an Operating Plan and a Financial Plan. Be that as it may, to keep things basic and to ensure we incorporate the procedure completely, we will consider financial planning as one single procedure that includes the two tasks and financing. Financial Planning begins at the highest point of the organization with strategic planning. Since strategic choices have financial ramifications, you should begin your planning procedure inside the strategic planning process. Inability to interface and associate planning with strategic planning can result in budgets that are "dead on landing." Strategic planning is a formal procedure for setting up goals and targets as time goes on. Strategic planning includes building up a statement of purpose that catches why the organization exists and plans for how the organization will flourish later on. Strategic targets and relating goals are created dependent on an exhaustive evaluation of the organization and the outer condition. At last, strategic plans are executed by building up an Operating or Action Plan. Inside this Operating Plan, we will incorporate a total arrangement of financial plans or budgets. Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL), also known as Indian Oil, is an Indian government-owned oil and gas explorer and producer, a significant player in the country's energy sector. Headquartered in New Delhi, it is the largest commercial oil company in the country, with a significant presence across the value chain of the petroleum industry, including refining, pipeline transportation, and marketing of petroleum products. IOCL's Chennai operations are a vital part of its extensive network, contributing significantly to its overall performance. IOCL's operations in Chennai also include a sprawling network of pipelines. These pipelines are crucial for the efficient transportation of crude oil to the refinery and the distribution of refined petroleum products to different parts of the region. This network ensures a consistent and reliable supply of fuel, which is vital for the economic development of the area. The retail network of IOCL in Chennai and the surrounding region is extensive, with numerous petrol and diesel stations. These retail outlets not only provide fuel but also offer a range of services and products to consumers. IOCL's focus on customer satisfaction and service quality has made it a preferred brand among consumers. Moreover, IOCL has been at the forefront of adopting innovative technologies and sustainable practices in its operations. The company has undertaken several initiatives in the areas of energy conservation, emission reduction, and waste management to minimize its environmental footprint. These efforts underscore IOCL's commitment to environmental sustainability and its role in promoting green energy alternatives. Indian Oil Corporation Limited's Chennai operations are integral to its strategic objectives and overall success. Through its refinery, pipeline network, and retail outlets, IOCL not only contributes significantly to India's energy security but also plays a pivotal role in the economic development of the region. With a focus on innovation, sustainability, and customer satisfaction, IOCL is poised to continue its leadership role in the Indian petroleum industry. I have chosen Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) for a project offers a unique opportunity to engage with one of India's leading public sector enterprises, playing a pivotal role in the country's energy sector. IOCL's diverse operations, spanning across refining, pipeline transportation, and marketing of petroleum products, provide a rich learning ground for interns. The exposure to a vast spectrum of operations allows for an in-depth understanding of the energy industry's complexities, offering invaluable insights into both the technical and business aspects of the field. The mentorship and training provided by industry veterans at IOCL are unparalleled, equipping interns with the skills and knowledge necessary to thrive in their future careers. Additionally, the organization's emphasis on corporate social responsibility and community engagement initiatives offers a broader perspective on the impact of business operations on society and the environment. In IOCL is not just a step in one's career journey but a leap into a world of opportunities for growth, learning, and making a meaningful contribution.

Recycled polyethylene terephthalate/ FeCo@C/ Silver nanowire/ polyimide sandwich membrane for electrothermal heating and electromagnetic interference shielding

The increasing frequency of global warming and extreme weather events raises concerns regarding energy conservation and efficient personal thermal management. As communication and technology progress, multifunctional wearable thermal management devices are gaining significant attention. In this study, a novel green recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET)-based sandwich composite with FeCo@C nanoparticles, silver nanowires (AgNWs), and polyimide tape (rPET/FeCo@C/AgNWs/PI) assembled by an efficient “filtering and taping” method was developed for multi-functions, including excellent Joule heat performance that rapidly increase to 165.7 ℃ at 0.9 V voltage in 12 s, electromagnetic interference shielding property with 49.35 dB at 120 μm thickness in the X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz), antibacterial and self-cleaning properties. Experimental results confirm the potential to the rPET/FeCo@C/AgNWs/PI composite for the thermal management and electromagnetic interference shielding.

Pathways to green urbanism: evaluating Jeddah’s environmental sustainability progress and prospects

Abstract This research provides a comprehensive analysis of environmental sustainability in Jeddah, focusing on the unique challenges and opportunities it faces as a rapidly urbanizing city in an arid region. The study evaluates Jeddah’s performance across multiple environmental areas, including energy and carbon dioxide emissions, land and building use, transportation, waste management, water use, sanitation and air quality. A detailed SWOT analysis identifies the city’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in achieving sustainable urban development. The results reveal high per capita carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption and waste generation, along with challenges in managing water resources and maintaining air quality. The study highlights Jeddah’s efforts in renewable energy policies, urban mass transportation and waste management strategies. The conclusion provides a set of comprehensive recommendations for policy improvement, focusing on the need for sustainable urban planning, energy conservation, improved waste and water management and public engagement. This research contributes significantly to the understanding of urban sustainability in arid environments, providing a valuable framework for policymakers and urban planners.

Design of Dynamic Monitoring and Prediction System for Energy Consumption in Public Organizations Based on Energy Efficiency Diagnosis

Abstract Energy is an important global issue at present, and reducing energy consumption of public organizations can promote the development of a low-carbon economy and low-carbon society, which is of immense significance to both economic and social development. In this paper, we gather dynamic energy consumption data from public institutions using the energy consumption dynamic monitoring platform, preprocess the information, and apply the 3-sigma criterion method to identify abnormal energy consumption points in these institutions. We then propose an energy consumption prediction model based on the PSO-BP neural network, use the Markov model to backtest historical energy consumption data, correct the model’s prediction results, and construct an energy consumption prediction system for public organizations. The study shows that the prediction effect of this system on energy consumption is better than that of the RS model and DS model for 1 hour and 24 hours in advance. This paper’s energy consumption prediction system effectively and timely detects and diagnoses energy consumption anomalies in public organizations’ operations, thereby supporting their energy conservation management. This paper lays the foundation for the establishment of an energy consumption prediction system and the study of energy-saving strategies. It can provide the basis and strong guidance for the optimization of energy-saving operations in public institutions.

A Guideline of Fuel Oil Saving in Manufacturing Sector of Thailand

Fuel oil is the primary fuel used in Thailand's manufacturing sector. Currently, the use of fuel oil is steadily increasing, and the world's oil reserves are slowly depleting. Therefore, the Thai manufacturing sector needs to adapt to this situation. The purpose of this research is to investigate possible strategies for fuel oil savings in the manufacturing sector of Thailand by looking at different types of factory sizes. Qualitative research was conducted through in-depth interviews with nine experts to create tools for quantitative research. A focus group discussion of 11 experts was conducted to reach a consensus on the model of this research, and qualitative research methods were used when analyzing five-hundred factories. The results showed that a strategy for fuel oil saving in the manufacturing sector of Thailand aimed to achieve sustainability encompassing four factors. 1) Innovation and Technology (X ̅= 4.65); an essential item was "Using Smart Plant technology to control fuel oil properly. 2) Organization System (X ̅= 4.64); the most important item was "Annual budget allocation for investment expenses for energy conservation and oil energy management. 3) Eco-efficiency (X ̅ = 4.61): The most important item was the installation of a solar rooftop on the factory roof for lighting systems. 4) Mindset (X ̅= 4.60). The most important item was encouraging personnel to participate in the formulation of fuel-oil-saving measures. The hypothesis testing revealed that differences in the number of personnel in the organization between "less than 200 people" and "greater than or equal to 200 people" revealed overall aspects significantly different at the level of 0.05. An analysis of the structural equation model showed that the results passed the assessment criteria using empirical data. The Chi-square Probability Level (CMIN-p) was 0.064, and the relative chi-square (CMIN/DF) was 1.134. The Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) was 0.954. The Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) was 0.016.

Construction of Teaching Content of Introduction to Energy Conservation Management Based on Grounded Theory

Energy saving and carbon reduction has attracted the attention of the whole society, and the Introduction to Energy Saving Management can be developed into a general elective course. In order to enrich and improve the curriculum system of energy conservation management, this paper sums up, summarizes and codes 23 original materials obtained from existing teaching records and interviews by taking root in the theoretical method, and conducts a qualitative analysis of the content system of energy conservation management curriculum in combination with Hall's system engineering methodology, and constructs a spatial model consisting of three dimensions of energy conservation management stage, energy conservation management mechanism and energy conservation management knowledge, The intersection in this space constitutes the teaching content system of energy-saving management course. In terms of time, the content can be roughly divided into four stages: decision-making, design, implementation, operation and maintenance; In terms of mechanism, it can be divided into four categories: market, government compulsion, voluntary negotiation and energy contract management; The knowledge field can be divided into five aspects: regulations and policies, energy consumption assessment, information software, planning management and cleaner production. It provides a clear logical framework and a solid theoretical basis for the course.

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring: A Review

The rapid development of technology in the electrical energy sector within the last 20 years has led to growing electric power needs through the increased number of electrical appliances and automation of tasks. In parallel the global climate protection goals, energy conservation and efficient energy management arise interest for reduction of the overall energy consumption. These requirements have led to the recent adoption of smart-meters and smart-grids, as well as to the rise of Load Monitoring (LM) using energy disaggregation, also referred to as Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), which enables appliance-specific energy monitoring by only observing the aggregated energy consumption of a household. The real-time information on appliance level can be used to get deeper insights in the origin of energy consumption and to make optimization, strategic load scheduling and demand management feasible. The three main contributions are as follows: First, a generalized up-to-date review of NILM approaches including a high-level taxonomy of NILM methodologies is provided. Second, previously published results are grouped based on the experimental setup which allows direct comparison. Third, the article is accompanied by a software implementation of the described NILM approaches.

Hierarchical gradient mesh surfaces for superior boiling heat transfer

• Hi-GM exhibits 313% and 811% enhancements in CHF and HTC over the plain surface. • Microchimney effect coupling with superior capillary enhances the performance. • Hi-GM transcends the classical predictions of capillary and bubble dynamics theory. • The concept of inducing bubble and liquid transport sheds light on thermal design. Engineered surfaces enabling remarkable phase change heat transfer have elicited increasing attention due to their ubiquitous applications in energy conservation and thermal management. Despite extensive efforts, designing micro/nanostructures that accelerate both the liquid wicking and bubble cycles to extend the boiling performance remains challenging. Here, we develop a hierarchical gradient mesh surface that exhibits exceptionally high critical heat flux (CHF) of 300 W/cm 2 and heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of 34.52 W/(cm 2 K), which are 313% and 811% larger than those of the plain surface with de-ionized water under 1 atmosphere pressure. By simply sintering multilayer meshes with controllable porosity and superhydrophilic micro/nanostructured coating, the surface developed is cost-effective, and capable of exhibiting strong wicking effect and rapid small bubble detachment characteristic via a chimney-like architecture. Such a rational design transcends the classical predictions of the capillary wicking model and bubble dynamics theory for superior boiling. The proposed concept of tailoring structures to induce bubble and liquid transport for efficient phase change heat transfer may point in a new direction for thermal engineering.

Electrically-triggered nucleation of supercooled sodium acetate trihydrate phase change composites

Phase change energy storage technology has broad applications in many engineering fields, such as building energy conservation, aerospace, and thermal management of electric equipment. However, the inorganic phase change materials suffer a lot from supercooling, phase separation, and low thermal conductivity. Therefore, this paper aims at developing a novel electrically-triggered phase change composite by making use of its supercooling characteristics, achieving a controllable release of latent heat as it is wanted. Polished by radial and axial grinding respectively, both surface-triggered electrodes (STE) with a uniform rough structure and point-triggered electrodes (PTE) with the gradient rough structure were prepared to investigate the effect of surface structure on the electrical crystallization. The 100-cycle test results indicated the newly-prepared electrode achieved a stable electrically-triggering ability. The oxidation rate of electrodes was significantly affected by interface characteristics of the gas–liquid-solid interfaces. What’s more, the effect of voltage and supercooling degree on the crystallization behaviours, like induction time, morphology, and growth of the dendrite, and heat transfer process, were comprehensively investigated. With the increase of the supercooling degree, the dendrite shape gradually changed from acicular crystal to flocculent crystal, and the induction time decreased rapidly. To improve the thermal conductivity, a novel phase change composite using sodium acetate trihydrate/carboxymethyl cellulose/expanded graphite (SAT/CMC/EG) was developed. Considering both thermal conductivity and electrical nucleation, the optimized mass ratio of SAT: CMC: EG was 100:1:8. These research findings would provide valuable guidance in the intelligently-controllable energy storage technology.

Dynamic Characteristic and Decoupling Relationship of Energy Consumption on China’s Construction Industry

(1) Background: The decoupling of energy consumption from economic growth in the construction industry is crucial to the sustainable development of the global construction industry. The existing studies focus on the advancements in energy efficiency by designers for building monoliths or construction techniques, involving no exploration of energy efficiency management from a regional perspective, which is unfavorable for the formulation of energy efficiency policies and systematic control of the construction industry by local governments. (2) Methods: From the perspective of regional management, this paper constructs an integrated analysis and application framework of “spatio-temporal characteristics + matching evaluation + policy design” based on the decoupling model and GIS tools. It studies the spatio-temporal characteristics of energy consumption in the construction industry in 30 provinces of China from 2010 to 2019, and its decoupling relationship with the economic development of the construction industry, and proposes an optimal zoning and recommendations for energy consumption in the construction industry, providing a reference for energy conservation management in the construction industry in China. (3) Results: First, the change of energy consumption amount (ECA) in the construction industry in the provinces was dominated by ascent, while the energy consumption intensity (ECI) predominantly decreased, and most provinces are still in a period of growth or plateau in energy consumption. Second, ECA and ECI had prominent spatial heterogeneity and aggregation. High-energy-consuming regions are concentrated along the coast and along the Yangtze River, while low-energy-consuming regions are mainly clustered in remote areas, such as the northeast, northwest, and southwest of China. Energy consumption shows a clear north-south difference in intensity, with high-intensity regions clustered in the north compared to low-intensity regions in the south. Third, most of the provinces were in strong negative decoupling, expansive coupling, and weak decoupling, and better decoupling regions were mainly gathered in south and central China. Nearly one half of these provinces showed decoupling degradation and only a few achieved evolution, with evolutionary regions clustered mainly in central and southern China. The northeast and northwest were the key problem areas of energy-saving transformation in China’s construction industry. (4) Conclusion: The 30 provinces were divided into three types: leader, intermediate, and laggard, and the development goals and suggestions on low energy consumption in the construction industry for three zones were put forward, significantly improving the precision of policy design and implementation. The study in this paper expands the research perspective on energy saving management in the construction industry and provides a methodology and basis for developing energy efficiency policies and plans for the construction industry in China and similar developing countries.

Dynamic evaluation of environmental-economic performance of vehicle emission reduction policy from the perspective of the loss-aversion effect

With increasing intensification of vehicle pollutants and CO2 emissions, it has become difficult to realize the co-control of pollution reduction and carbon reduction. Considering the limitations of the single-congestion charging policy, this study first analyzed the dual effect of charging on vehicle travel using the loss-aversion effect and constructed a decision algorithm of vehicle trips based on this effect. In the second step, the strategy of public publicity and public transport priority policy (PTPP) were introduced to establish a vehicle energy conservation and emission reduction (ECER) management model based on the mode of “charging + public publicity + public transport priority” (CPP). Finally, the following conclusions were drawn based on a dynamic simulation: (1) The single-charging mode can induce side effects, leading to a rebound in the number of vehicle trips. (2) Increasing the investment in publicity funds and expanding the scope of publicity forms can significantly raise the public's awareness of environmental protection and have a restraining effect on vehicle trips. (3) Compared with the single-charging policy, the CPP mode has multiple performance levels for the environment and economy. Moreover, the CO, CO2 emissions, and economic costs decreased by 45.67%, 31.93%, and 45%, respectively.

Multi-field driven thermochromic films with phase change energy storage properties

Phase change energy storage microcapsules (PCESM) are commonly used for energy storage and energy conservation management. The device has the function to absorb and store external energy by doping PCESM. In the field of optoelectronic displays, the multi-field driven thermochromic film (TCF) was driven through continuous action of electric field and temperature field to realize the special display function of TCF. The study presents a multi-field driven thermochromic films with phase change energy storage properties (PCES-TCF). PCES-TCF is constructed by thermochromic liquid crystal layer and polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer. In the performance experiments, the effects of diluent, liquid crystal and PCESM contents on the electro-optical properties of PCES-TCF were mainly investigated. In the film formation experiments, PCES-TCF is driven by the electric and temperature fields for transmittance and color change, while preparing multi-color patterns. The film formation on either rigid or flexible substrates possesses stable phase change energy storage as determined by infrared thermography and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). PCES-TCF has a strong potential for application by reducing external energy consumption based on enhanced color change time controllability.

Modeling of occupant energy consumption behavior based on human dynamics theory: A case study of a government office building

The diversity and complexity of non-physical factors make it difficult to predict occupant behavior accurately. It's also the main reason for the great difference between actual and simulated energy consumption. In this paper, the human dynamics method is introduced to establish the occupant energy consumption behavior (OECB) models of multiple offices in a government office building, and the possible generation mechanism of the OECB is discussed to analyze its underlying reason for improvement of energy consumption system design. The results show the models of different single/multi-person office rooms can be well fitted by non-exponential distributions, such as truncated power-law distribution, stretched exponential distribution and log-normal distribution. Among them, the truncated power-law distribution model is the most suitable model for fitting the temporal statistical characteristics of OECB, and the power exponents of the models are close to 1. Furthermore, the generation mechanism of OECB in office rooms is well explained by Priority-based task queue model (PBTQM). The modeling results in this paper can be applied for occupancy classification with similar energy use habits, building performance simulation, energy consumption system design and energy conservation management.

Risk allocation for energy performance contract from the perspective of incomplete contract: a study of commercial buildings in China

PurposeThis article aims to establish a dynamic Energy Performance Contract (EPC) risk allocation model for commercial buildings based on the theory of Incomplete Contract. The purpose is to fill the policy vacuum and allow stakeholders to manage risks in energy conservation management by EPCs to better adapt to climate change in the building sector.Design/methodology/approachThe article chooses a qualitative research approach to depict the whole risk allocation picture of EPC projects and establish a dynamic EPC risk allocation model for commercial buildings in China. It starts with a comprehensive literature review on risks of EPCs. By modifying the theory of Incomplete Contract and adopting the so-called bow-tie model, a theoretical EPC risk allocation model is developed and verified by interview results. By discussing its application in the commercial building sector in China, an operational EPC three-stage risk allocation model is developed.FindingsThis study points out the contract incompleteness of the risk allocation for EPC projects and offered an operational method to guide practice. The reasonable risk allocation between building owners and Energy Service Companies can realize their bilateral targets on commercial building energy-saving benefits, which makes EPC more attractive for energy conservation.Originality/valueExisting research focused mainly on static risk allocation. Less research was directed to the phased and dynamic risk allocation. This study developed a theoretical three-stage EPC risk allocation model, which provided the theoretical support for dynamic EPC risk allocation of EPC projects. By addressing the contract incompleteness of the risk allocation, an operational method is developed. This is a new approach to allocate risks for EPC projects in a dynamic and staged way.

PERSPEKTIF ISLAM TERHADAP TINGKAH LAKU HIJAU PEKERJA

Increased global warming and climate change have long been a global problem of concern, and workplace organizations may have their own contributing elements. Thus, this study focuses on the concept of employee green behavior (EGB) that contributes to environmental sustainability by producing something sustainable and environmentally friendly, and at the same time can improve job performance. The objective of this study is to explain the concept of EGB, identify its components and describe it from Islamic perspective. The importance of EGB is also studied and its implications as an organization's ability to remain competitive while prioritizing environmental sustainability. Data were collected through reading highlights from previous research results related to EGB and the like. The results of previous research either according to Islamic or contemporary perspectives were also found to uphold and be optimistic about the idea of implementing EGB initiatives in the workplace as it has shown significant results in the development of individual employees in terms of psychological, emotional, and physical. The practice of EGB needs to be integrated with the guidelines set out in the teachings of Islam to produce a more holistic sustainability. This EGB practice has a positive impact not only on the organization, but on the community and the world as well. Organizations certainly need to have green policies in the workplace and be actively practiced not only for energy conservation or effective resource management approaches, but also as a commitment to universal sustainability.